Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

Artist's conception of LISA spacecraft
Operator	ESA
Launch date	2034 (planned)[1][2]
Satellite of	Sun
Orbital elements
Semimajor axis	1 AU
Orbital period	1 year

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a proposed space mission concept designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves^[3] — tiny ripples in the fabric of space-time — from astronomical sources. The LISA Project's present incarnation is the Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA).^[4]

The LISA project was previously a joint effort between the United States space agency NASA and the European Space Agency ESA. However, on April 8, 2011, NASA announced that it would be unable to continue its LISA partnership with the European Space Agency,^[5] due to funding limitations.^[6] ESA has therefore revised the mission's concept to fit into a European-only cost envelope. The scaled down design was initially known as the New Gravitational-wave Observatory (NGO) for ESA's L1 mission selection.^[7] Following this unsuccessful application, the name was changed to eLISA. The project was chosen as the L3 mission within the ESA Cosmic Vision Program, with a tentative launch date in 2034.^[2]

A proof-of-concept mission, LISA Pathfinder (LPF), designed to demonstrate the technology necessary for a successful full mission is due for launch in September 2015. ^[8][9]

eLISA will be the first dedicated space-based gravitational wave detector. It will measure gravitational waves directly by using laser interferometry. The LISA concept has a constellation three spacecraft, arranged in an equilateral triangle with million kilometre arms (5 million km for classic LISA, 1 million km for eLISA) flying along an Earth-like heliocentric orbit. The distance between the satellites is monitored to detect a passing gravitational wave.^[3]

A LISA-like mission is designed to directly observe gravitational waves, which are distortions of space-time travelling at the speed of light. Passing gravitational waves alternately squeeze and stretch objects by a tiny amount. Gravitational waves are caused by energetic events in the universe and, unlike any other radiation, can pass unhindered by intervening mass. Launching eLISA will add a new sense to scientists' perception of the universe and enable them to listen to a world that is invisible with light.^[10][11]

Potential sources for signals are merging massive black holes at the centre of galaxies,^[12] massive black holes ^[13] orbited by small compact objects, known as extreme mass ratio inspirals, binaries of compact stars in our Galaxy,^[14] and possibly other sources of cosmological origin, such as the very early phase of the Big Bang,^[15] and speculative astrophysical objects like cosmic strings and domain boundaries.^[16]

Mission description

LISA configuration.

The LISA/eLISA Mission’s primary objective is to detect and measure gravitational waves produced by compact binary systems and mergers of supermassive black holes. LISA/eLISA will observe gravitational waves by measuring differential changes in the length of its arms, as sensed by laser interferometry.^[17] Each of the LISA spacecraft contains two telescopes, two lasers and two test masses, arranged in two optical assemblies pointed at the other two spacecraft. This forms Michelson-like interferometers, each centred on one of the spacecraft, with the platinum-gold test masses defining the ends of the arms.^[18] The entire arrangement, which is ten times larger than the orbit of the Moon, will be placed in solar orbit at the same distance from the Sun as the Earth, but trailing the Earth by 20 degrees, and with the orbital planes of the 3 sciencecraft inclined relative to the ecliptic by about 0.33 degree, which results in the plane of the triangular sciencecraft formation being tilted 60 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic.^[17] The mean linear distance between the constellation and the Earth will be 50 million kilometers.^[19]

To eliminate non-gravitational forces such as light pressure and solar wind on the test masses, each spacecraft is constructed as a zero-drag satellite, and effectively floats around the masses, using capacitive sensing to determine their position relative to the spacecraft, and very precise thrusters to keep itself centered around them.^[20]

LISA Pathfinder

An ESA test mission called LISA Pathfinder (LPF) will prove LISA/eLISA´s key technologies in space. LPF consists of a single spacecraft with one of the LISA/eLISA interferometer arms shortened to about 38 cm, so that it fits inside a single spacecraft. LPF will be launched in 2015.^{[21] [22]}

Science

Detector noise curves for LISA and eLISA as a function of frequency. They lie in between the bands for ground-based detectors like advanced LIGO (aLIGO) and pulsar timing arrays such as the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA). The characteristic strain of potential astrophysical sources are also shown. To be detectable the characteristic strain of a signal must be above the noise curve.^[23]

Gravitational-wave astronomy seeks use direct measurements of gravitational waves to study astrophysical systems and to test Einstein's theory of gravity. The existence of gravitational waves has been confirmed from observations of the decreasing orbital periods of several binary pulsars, such as the famous Hulse–Taylor binary pulsar.^[24] However, gravitational waves have not yet been directly detected on Earth because of their extremely small effect on matter.

Observing gravitational waves requires two things: a strong source of gravitational waves —– such as the merger of two black holes —– and extremely high detection sensitivity. A LISA-like instrument should be able to measure relative displacements with a resolution of 20 picometers —– less than the diameter of a helium atom —– over a distance of a million kilometres, yielding a strain sensitivity of better than 1 part in 10²⁰ in the low-frequency band about a millihertz.

A LISA-like detector is sensitive to the low-frequency band of the gravitational-wave spectrum, which contains many astrophysically interesting sources.^[25] Such a detector would observe signals from binary stars within our galaxy (the Milky Way);^[26][27] signals from binary supermassive black holes in other galaxies;^[28] and extreme-mass-ratio inspirals and bursts produced by a stellar-mass compact object orbiting a supermassive black hole.^[29][30] There are also more speculative signals such as signals from cosmic strings and primordial gravitational waves generated during cosmological inflation.^[31]

Other gravitational-wave experiments

Previous searches for gravitational waves in space were conducted for short periods by planetary missions that had other primary science objectives (such as Cassini–Huygens), using microwave Doppler tracking to monitor fluctuations in the Earth-spacecraft distance. By contrast, LISA is a dedicated mission that will use laser interferometry to achieve a much higher sensitivity. Other gravitational wave antennas, such as LIGO, VIRGO, and GEO 600, are already in operation on Earth, but their sensitivity at low frequencies is limited by the largest practical arm lengths, by seismic noise, and by interference from nearby moving masses. Thus, LISA and ground detectors are complementary rather than competitive, much like astronomical observatories in different electromagnetic bands (e.g., ultraviolet and infrared).

History

The first design studies for gravitational wave detector to be flown in space were performed in the 1980s under the name LAGOS (Laser Antena for Gravitational radiation Observation in Space). LISA was first proposed as a mission to ESA in the early 1990s. First as a candidate for the M3-cycle, and later as 'cornerstone mission' for the 'Horizon 2000 plus' program. As the decade progressed, the design was refined to a triangular configuration of three spacecraft with three 5 million kilometer arms. This mission was pitched as a joint mission between ESA and NASA in 1997.^[32]

In the 2000s the joint ESA/NASA LISA mission was identified as a candidate for the 'L1' slot in ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme. However due to budget cuts, NASA announced in early 2011 that it would not be contributing to any of ESA's L-class missions. ESA nonetheless decided to push the program forward, and instructed the L1 candidate missions to present reduced cost versions that could be flown within ESA's budget. A reduced version of LISA was designed with only two 1 million kilometer arms under the name NGO (New/Next Gravitational wave Observatory). Despite NGO being ranked highest in terms of scientific potential, ESA decided to fly Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) as its L1 mission. One of the main concerns was, that the LISA Pathfinder mission had been experiencing technical delays, making it uncertain if the technology would be ready for the projected L1 launch date.^[32]

Soon afterwards, ESA announced it would be selecting themes for its L2 and L3 mission slots. A theme called "the Gravitational Universe" was formulated with the reduced NGO rechristened eLISA as a straw-man mission.^[33] In November 2013, ESA announced that it selected "the Gravitational Universe" for its L3 mission slot (expected launch in 2032).^[34]

See also

• Cosmic Vision program - ESA
• Beyond Einstein program - NASA
• Big Bang Observer - proposed LISA successor
• DECIGO - proposed Japanese equivalent

External links

• "eLISA Consortium portal". Retrieved 2013-11-13. 
• "ESA LISA homepage". Retrieved 2010-08-13. 
• "LISA Pathfinder mission". Retrieved 2013-05-22. 
• "LISA International Science Team website". Retrieved 2010-08-13. 
• "NASA LISA homepage". Retrieved 2010-08-13. 

References

Gravitational wave detectors Ground-based Operational AURIGA CLIO GEO 600 Virgo MiniGrail Mario Schenberg Under construction KAGRA Advanced LIGO Advanced Virgo Proposed AIGO ET INDIGO AGIS TOBA Decommissioned ALLEGRO Initial and Enhanced LIGO TAMA 300 Space-based LISA/eLISA DECIGO BBO Astronomical EPTA NANOGrav PPTA Data analysis Einstein@Home Gravitational-wave astronomy Tests of general relativity