Larissa

This article is about a city in Greece. For other uses, see Larissa (disambiguation).
"Larisa" redirects here. For the genus of moths, see Larisa (genus). For the Ancient city in the Troad, see Larisa (Troad).
Larissa
Λάρισα

The first ancient theatre of Larissa

Seal
Larissa

Coordinates: 39°38.5′N 22°25′E / 39.6417°N 22.417°ECoordinates: 39°38.5′N 22°25′E / 39.6417°N 22.417°E
Country Greece
Administrative region Thessaly
Regional unit Larissa
Districts 4+1
Government
 • Mayor Apostolos Kalogiannis
Area
 • Municipality 335.1 km2 (129.4 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 122.6 km2 (47.3 sq mi)
Elevation 67 m (220 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Municipality 162,591
 • Municipality density 490/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 146,926
 • Municipal unit density 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 41x xx
Area code(s) 241
Vehicle registration ΡΙ,ΡΡ
Website www.larissa-dimos.gr

Larissa (Greek: Λάρισα [ˈlarisa]) is the capital and largest city of the Thessaly region of Greece and capital of the Larissa regional unit. It is a principal agricultural centre and a national transportation hub, linked by road and rail with the port of Volos, the city of Thessaloniki and Athens. Larissa, within its municipality, has 162,591 inhabitants, while the regional unit of Larissa reached a population of 284,325 (in 2011).[1] The urban area of the city, although mostly contained within the Larissa municipality, also includes the communities of Giannouli, Platykampos, Nikaia, Terpsithea and several other suburban settlements, bringing the wider urban area population of the city to about 174,012 inhabitants and extends over an area of 572.3 km2. Today, Larissa is a major commercial and industrial centre in Greece. Legend has it that Achilles was born here, and that Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, died here.

Geography

Mount Ossa viewed from Pineios river in Larissa.

There are a number of highways including E75 and the main railway from Athens to Thessaloniki (Salonika) crossing through Thessaly. The region is directly linked to the rest of Europe through the International Airport of Central Greece located in Nea Anchialos a short distance from Larissa. Larissa lies on the river Pineios.

The Larissa Chasma, a deep gash in the surface of Dione, a natural satellite of Saturn, was named after Larissa.

Climate

The climate of Larissa is transitional. The winter is very cold and wet, and some snowstorms may occur. The summer is warm, and temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) may occur. Thunderstorms or heavy rain may cause agricultural damage. Larissa receives 450 mm (18 in) of rain per year.

Climate data for Larisa (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.8
(71.2)		 25.2
(77.4)		 26.8
(80.2)		 32.4
(90.3)		 40.0
(104)		 42.2
(108)		 45.2
(113.4)		 43.0
(109.4)		 39.2
(102.6)		 33.7
(92.7)		 29.0
(84.2)		 22.0
(71.6)		 45.2
(113.4)
Average high °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3)		 11.8
(53.2)		 14.9
(58.8)		 20.0
(68)		 25.7
(78.3)		 30.9
(87.6)		 33.0
(91.4)		 32.4
(90.3)		 28.7
(83.7)		 22.1
(71.8)		 16.0
(60.8)		 10.9
(51.6)		 21.3
(70.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2)		 6.8
(44.2)		 9.5
(49.1)		 14.0
(57.2)		 19.6
(67.3)		 24.9
(76.8)		 27.1
(80.8)		 26.0
(78.8)		 22.0
(71.6)		 16.1
(61)		 10.8
(51.4)		 6.3
(43.3)		 15.7
(60.3)
Average low °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9)		 1.5
(34.7)		 3.4
(38.1)		 6.3
(43.3)		 10.8
(51.4)		 15.0
(59)		 17.6
(63.7)		 17.1
(62.8)		 14.1
(57.4)		 9.8
(49.6)		 5.5
(41.9)		 1.8
(35.2)		 8.6
(47.5)
Record low °C (°F) −21.6
(−6.9)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −7.0
(19.4)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 1.4
(34.5)		 7.2
(45)		 11.0
(51.8)		 10.0
(50)		 5.0
(41)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 −17.5
(0.5)		 −21.6
(−6.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29.7
(1.169)		 34.9
(1.374)		 36.3
(1.429)		 28.9
(1.138)		 37.1
(1.461)		 23.5
(0.925)		 20.3
(0.799)		 15.5
(0.61)		 29.4
(1.157)		 47.1
(1.854)		 58.2
(2.291)		 52.3
(2.059)		 413.2
(16.268)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.0 5.3 3.5 2.0 1.7 2.8 5.5 6.5 6.9 56.6
Average relative humidity (%) 79.5 75.9 74.1 68.7 61.7 49.9 46.4 50.0 58.6 69.9 78.9 82.5 66.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 104.7 117.8 157.5 213.8 266.3 307.2 337.1 320.1 247.6 171.8 126.0 101.0 2,470.9
Source: NOAA[2]

Mythology

According to Greek mythology it is said that the city was founded by Acrisius, who was killed accidentally by his grandson, Perseus.[3] There lived Peleus, the hero beloved by the gods, and his son Achilles.

In mythology, the nymph Larissa was a daughter of the primordial man Pelasgus.[4]

The city of Larissa is mentioned in Book II of Iliad by Homer:

Hippothous led the tribes of Pelasgian spearsmen, who dwelt in fertile Larissa- Hippothous,and Pylaeus of the race of Mars, two sons of the Pelasgian Lethus, son of Teutamus.[5]

In this paragraph, Homer shows that the Pelasgians, Trojan allies, used to live in the city of Larissa. It is likely that this city of Larissa was different to the city that was the birthplace of Achilles. The Larissa that features as a Trojan ally in the Iliad was likely to be located in the Troad, on the other side of the Aegean Sea.

History

Antiquity

Didrachme of Thessalie.

Traces of Paleolithic human settlement have been recovered from the area, but it was peripheral to areas of advanced culture.[6] The area around Larissa was extremely fruitful; it was agriculturally important and in antiquity was known for its horses.

The name Larissa (Λάρισα Lárīsa) is in origin a Pelasgian (pre-Greek) word for "fortress". There were many ancient Greek cities with this name.[7] The name of Thessalian Larissa is first recorded in connection with the aristocratic Aleuadai family.[8]

Larissa is thought to be where the famous Greek physician Hippocrates and the famous philosopher Gorgias of Leontini died.

When Larissa ceased minting the federal coins it shared with other Thessalian towns and adopted its own coinage in the late 5th century BC, it chose local types for its coins. The obverse depicted the nymph of the local spring, Larissa, for whom the town was named; probably the choice was inspired by the famous coins of Kimon depicting the Syracusan nymph Arethusa. The reverse depicted a horse in various poses. The horse was an appropriate symbol of Thessaly, a land of plains, which was well known for its horses. Usually there is a male figure; he should perhaps be seen as the eponymous hero of the Thessalians, Thessalos, who is probably also to be identified on many of the earlier, federal coins of Thessaly.

The first ancient theatre of the city.

Larissa, sometimes written Larisa on ancient coins and inscriptions, is near the site of the Homeric Argissa. It appears in early times, when Thessaly was mainly governed by a few aristocratic families, as an important city under the rule of the Aleuadae, whose authority extended over the whole district of Pelasgiotis. This powerful family possessed for many generations before 369 BC the privilege of furnishing the tagus, the local term for the strategos of the combined Thessalian forces. The principal rivals of the Aleuadae were the Scopadac of Crannon, the remains of which are about 14 miles south west.

Larissa was indeed the birthplace of Meno, who thus became, along with Xenophon and a few others, one of the generals leading several thousands Greeks from various places, in the ill-fated expedition of 401 (retold in Xenophon's Anabasis) meant to help Cyrus the Younger, son of Darius II, king of Persia, overthrow his elder brother Artaxerxes II and take over the throne of Persia (Meno is featured in Plato's dialogue bearing his name, in which Socrates uses the example of "the way to Larissa" to help explain Meno the difference between true opinion and science (Meno, 97a–c) ; this "way to Larissa" might well be on the part of Socrates an attempt to call to Meno's mind a "way home", understood as the way toward one's true and "eternal" home reached only at death, that each man is supposed to seek in his life).[9]

The constitution of the town was democratic, which explains why it sided with Athens in the Peloponnesian War. In the neighbourhood of Larissa was celebrated a festival which recalled the Roman Saturnalia, and at which the slaves were waited on by their masters. As the chief city of ancient Thessaly, Larissa was taken by the Thebans and later directly annexed by Philip II of Macedon in 344. It remained under Macedonian control afterwards, except for a brief period when Demetrius Poliorcetes captured it in 302 BC.

It was in Larissa that Philip V of Macedon signed in 197 BC a treaty with the Romans after his defeat at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and it was there also that Antiochus III the Great, won a great victory in 192 BC. In 196 BC Larissa became an ally of Rome and was the headquarters of the Thessalian League.

Larissa is frequently mentioned in connection with the Roman civil wars which preceded the establishment of the Roman Empire and Pompey sought refuge there after the defeat of Pharsalus.

Middle Ages and Ottoman period

Gravure of Larissa c.1820
Inside the medieval fortres.
A street inside the fortress

Larissa was sacked by the Ostrogoths in the late 5th century, and rebuilt under the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. [10]

In the 8th century, the city became the metropolis of the theme of Hellas.[10] The city was captured in 986 by Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria, who carried off the relics of its patron saint, Saint Achilleios, to Prespa.[10] It was again unsuccessfully besieged by the Normans under Bohemond I in 1082/3.[10]

After the Fourth Crusade, the King of Thessalonica, Boniface of Montferrat, gave the city to Lombard barons, but they launched a rebellion in 1209 that had to be subdued by the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders himself.[10] The city was recovered by Epirus soon after.[10]

It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1386/87 and again in the 1390s, but only came under permanent Ottoman control in 1423, by Turahan Bey.[11] Under Ottoman rule, the city was known as Yeni-şehir i-Fenari, "new citadel". As the chief town and military base of Ottoman Thessaly, Larissa was a predominantly Muslim city.[11] The town was noted for its trade fair in the 17th and 18th centuries, while the seat of the pasha of Thessaly was also transferred there in 1770.[11] The city remained in Ottoman hands until Thessaly became part of the independent Greek kingdom in 1881, except for a period where Ottoman forces re-occupied it during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.[11]

In the 19th century, there was a small village in the outskirts of town very unusually inhabited by Africans from the Sudan, a curious remnant of the forces collected by Ali Pasha. In the 19th century, the town produced leather, cotton, silk and tobacco. Fevers and agues were prevalent owing to bad drainage and the overflowing of the river; and the death-rate was higher than the birth rate. It was also renowned for the minarets of its mosques (four of which were still in use in the early part of the 20th century) and the Muslim burial grounds.

Modern Greek era

The Thessalian theatre.
Alcazar park.

Larissa was the headquarters of Hursid Pasha during the Greek War of Independence. In 1881, the city, along with the rest of Thessaly, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece. A considerable portion of the Turkish population emigrated into the Ottoman Empire at that point. During the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the city was the headquarters of Greek Crown Prince Constantine. The flight of the Greek army from here to Farsala took place on April 23, 1897. Turkish troops entered the city two days later. After a treaty for peace was signed, they withdrew and Larissa remained permanently in Greece. This was followed by a further exodus of Turks in 1898.

Ecclesiastical history

Christianity penetrated early to Larissa, though its first bishop is recorded only in 325 at the Council of Nicaea. St. Achillius of the 4th century, is celebrated for his miracles. Lequien[12] cites twenty-nine bishops from the fourth to the 18th centuries; the most famous is Jeremias II, who occupied the see until 733, when the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian transferred it from the jurisdiction of the Pope of Rome to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. In the first years of the 10th century it had ten suffragan sees;[13] subsequently the number increased and about the year 1175 under the Emperor Manuel I Comnenus, it reached twenty-eight.[14] At the close of the 15th century, under the Turkish domination, there were only ten suffragan sees,[15] which gradually grew less and finally disappeared.

Larissa is an Orthodox Metropolis of the Church of Greece and remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.

Pineios river with the church of St. Achillios, patron saint of the city, in the background.
Inside the Jewish synagogue of Larissa.

Administration

The municipality Larissa was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[16]

Districts

The municipal unit of Larissa is divided into four city-districts or municipal communities (29 city areas) plus 2 suburban communities (Amphithea and Koulourion). The Municipality includes also the Community of Terpsithèa (with the suburban community of Argyssa).

1st Municipal District (pop. 26,035)

  1. Papastàvrou
  2. Saint Athanàsios
  3. Alkazàr
  4. Hippocrates-Pèra
  5. Potamòpolis
  6. Philippòpolis
  7. Livadàki
  8. Saint Thomas
  9. Saint Paraskevi-Mezourlo
  10. Neàpolis

2nd Municipal District (pop. 41,816)

  1. Saint Achellios
  2. Saint Nikòlaos
  3. Ambelòkipoi
  4. Saints Sarànta
  5. Saint Konstantinos
  6. Stathmòs

3rd Municipal District (pop. 30,121)

  1. Lachanòkipoi
  2. Nèa Smyrne-Kamynia
  3. Kalyvia-Saint Marina
  4. Saint Geòrgios
  5. Anatoli
  6. Koulouri
  7. Amphithèa

4rh Municipal District (pop. 26,814)

  1. Charavgi-Toumba-OKE
  2. Pyrovolikà-Pharos
  3. Avèrof-Sèkfo
  4. Nèa Politia
  5. Epiròtika
  6. Anthoupolis
  7. Neràida
  8. Kàmpos

Community of Terpsithèa (pop. 1,290)

  1. Terpsithèa
  2. Argyssa

From 1 January 2011, in accordance with the Kallikratis plan (new administrative division of Greece), the new municipality of Larissa includes also the former municipalities of Giannouli and Koilada.

Province

The province of Larissa (Greek: Επαρχία Λάρισας) was one of the provinces of the Larissa Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Larissa (except the municipal unit Giannouli) and Tempi (except the municipal units Gonnoi and Kato Olympos).[17] It was abolished in 2006.

Culture

Archaeological sites

Cuisine

Local specialities:

Museums

Transport

Larissa sits in the middle of the plain of Thessaly, with connections to Motorway A1 and national roads EO3 and EO6.

Sports

AEL FC Arena.

The local football club AEL 1964 FC currently participates in Football League Greece. The team became Greek Champion in 1988 and won the Greek Cup in 1985 & 2007. These titles place AEL among the 5 most important football clubs in Greece. AEL hosts its home games in the newbuild AEL FC Arena since November 2010, an UEFA-3 star rated football ground. Other important sport venues are the National Sport Center of Larissa (EAK Larissas), which includes the Alcazar Stadium and the Neapoli Indoor Hall. List of the city's major sports clubs:

Historical population

Statue of Nikolaos Plastiras (1883-1953) in Karditsa.
Year Municipal Unit Municipality
1991 118,090 129,429
2001 131,095 145,981
2011 144,651 162,591

Notable people

An engraving of Hippocrates.
Theoklitos Farmakidis.

Ancient

Modern

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Larissa is twinned with:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Detailed census results 2011" (in Greek).
  2. ↑ "Larissa Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  3. ↑ Stephanus Byzantius, s.v.
  4. ↑ Pausanias, 2.24.1
  5. ↑ Hippothous led the tribes of Pelasgian spearsmen, who dwelt in fertile Larissa- Hippothous, and Pylaeus of the race of Mars, two sons of the Pelasgian Lethus, son of Teutamus.
  6. ↑ Curtis Runnels and Tjeerd H. van Andel. "The Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Thessaly, Greece" Journal of Field Archaeology 20.3 (Autumn 1993:299–317) summarises the survey carried out in June 1991.
  7. ↑ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  8. ↑ "The city and the plain around it were settled in prehistoric times, and its name must be early, but it is first mentioned in connection with the(Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister, eds., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (Princeton University Press) 1976, 's.v. "Larissa, or Larisa, or Pelasgis, Thessaly").
  9. ↑ Cities and Locations of Ancient Greece. Larissa
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Larissa". In Kazhdan, Alexander. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1180. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Savvides, A. (2002). "Yeni Shehr". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume XI: W–Z. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 333. ISBN 90-04-12756-9.
  12. ↑ Oriens Christianus II, 103–112.
  13. ↑ Heinrich Gelzer, "Ungedruckte. . .Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum", Munich, 1900, 557.
  14. ↑ Parthey, Hieroclis Synecdemus, Berlin, 1866, 120.
  15. ↑ Gelzer, op. cit., 635.
  16. ↑ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (Greek)
  17. ↑ Detailed census results 1991 PDF (39 MB) (Greek) (French)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
  19. ↑ "Rybnik Official Website — Twin Towns". City of Rybnik. Urząd Miasta Rybnika, ul. Bolesława Chrobrego 2, 44–200 Rybnik. Retrieved 2008-11-01.

External links

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