Languages of Switzerland

Languages of Switzerland
Official languages
  German
  French
The blue areas represent bodies of water
Main immigrant languages Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, English, Dutch, Greek, Macedonian, Portuguese, Serbian, Slovenian, Spanish, Tamil, Turkish and Ukrainian.
Main foreign languages English
Sign languages Swiss German Sign Language, French Sign Language, Italian Sign Language[1]
Common keyboard layouts
QWERTZ

The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian and Romansh.[2] All but Romansh maintain equal status as official languages at the national level within the Federal Administration of the Swiss Confederation.[3]

Native speakers of German (chiefly Swiss German, though Standard German is also understood) number about 4.6 million (64%); for French (mostly Swiss French, but including some Arpitan dialects) they number 1.5 million (20%); for Italian (mostly Swiss Italian, but including Lombard dialects), 500,000 (6.5%); and for Romansch, 35,000 (0.5%).[4]

The German region (Deutschschweiz) is roughly in the east, north and center; the French part (la Romandie) in the west and the Italian area (Svizzera italiana) in the south. There remains a small Romansh-speaking native population in Graubünden in the east. The cantons of Fribourg, Bern and Valais are officially bilingual; Graubünden is officially trilingual.

History

The main languages of Swiss residents from 1950 to 2012, in percentages, were as follows:[4]

Year German French Italian Romansh other
2012 64.9 22.6 8.3 0.5 21.0
2000 63.7 20.4 6.5 0.5 9.0
1990 63.6 19.2 7.6 0.6 8.9
1980 65.0 18.4 9.8 0.8 6.0
1970 64.9 18.1 11.9 0.8 4.3
1960 69.4 18.9 9.5 0.9 1.4
1950 72.1 20.3 5.9 1.0 0.7

In 2012, for the first time, respondents could indicate more than one language, causing the percentages to exceed 100%[5]

National languages and linguistic regions

German

Distribution of High Alemannic dialects. Marked in red is the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line.
Distribution of Highest Alemannic dialects.

The German-speaking part of Switzerland (German: Deutschsprachige Schweiz, French: Suisse alémanique, Italian: Svizzera tedesca, Romansh: Svizra tudestga) comprises about 65% of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps).

In 17 Swiss cantons, German is the only official language (Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Glarus, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Uri, Zug, Zurich).[6]

In the cantons of Bern, Fribourg and Valais, French is co-official; in the trilingual canton of Graubünden, more than half of the population speaks German, while the rest speak Romansh or Italian. In each case, all languages are official languages of the respective canton.

While the French-speaking Swiss prefer to call themselves Romands and their part of the country la Romandie, the German-speaking Swiss used to refer to (and, colloquially, still do) the French-speaking Swiss as "Welsche", and to their area as Welschland, which has the same etymology as the English Welsh (see Walha). In Germany Welsch and Welschland refer to Italy; there, the term is antiquated, rarely used, and somewhat disparaging.

The German-speaking Swiss do not feel like a uniform group: the average German-speaking Swiss feels foremost belonging to Solothurn, St. Gallen, or Uri, and sees himself not speaking Swiss German, but the Baseldytsch (dialect of Basel), Bärndütsch (dialect of Bern) or Züridütsch (dialect of Zurich). This is hardly surprising, however, since there is no single unifying or standard form of Swiss German itself, whereby the term "Swiss German" is simply a generic umbrella term referring in general to all of the various different dialects of German within German-speaking Switzerland. The marked subsidiarity of the Swiss federalism, where many political decisions are taken at municipal or cantonal level, supports this attitude.

By the Middle Ages, a marked difference had developed between the rural cantons of the German-speaking part of Switzerland and the city cantons, divided by views about trade and commerce. After the Reformation, all cantons were either Catholic or Protestant, and the denominational influences on culture added to the differences. Even today, where all cantons are somewhat denominationally mixed, the different historical denominations can be seen in the mountain villages, where Roman Catholic Central Switzerland abounds with chapels and statues of saints, and the farm houses in the very similar landscape of the Protestant Bernese Oberland show Bible verses carved on the housefronts, instead.

French

The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map.
Arpitan language area map with place names in arpitan and historic political divisions.
Main articles: Swiss French and Suisse romande

Romandy (French: Romandie, la Suisse romande, German: Romandie, Welschland, Welschschweiz or Westschweiz,[7]Italian: Svizzera romanda) is the French-speaking part of Switzerland. It covers the area of the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Jura as well as the French-speaking parts of the cantons of Bern (German-speaking majority), Valais (French-speaking majority), and Fribourg (French-speaking majority). 1.9 million people (or 24.4% of the Swiss population) live in Romandy.[8]

Standard Swiss French and the French of France are the same language, with some differences. For example, like some other regions of the French-speaking world, Swiss people (as well as most Francophone Belgians) use septante (seventy) instead of soixante-dix (literally, "sixty ten") and nonante (ninety) instead of "quatre-vingt-dix" ("four twenties and ten"). In the cantons of Vaud, Valais and Fribourg, speakers use huitante (eighty) instead of the Standard French "quatre-vingts" (four twenties).[9] "Sou" is used throughout Romandy for a 5-centime coin, as is "tune" (or "thune") when referring to a 5-Swiss-franc piece.

Historically, the vernacular language used by inhabitants of most parts of Romandy was Franco-Provençal. Franco-Provençal (also called Arpitan) is a language sometimes considered to be halfway between the langue d'oïl (the historical language of northern France and ancestor of French) and Occitan (the langue d'oc, spoken in southern France). Standard French and Franco-Provençal/Arpitan, linguistically, are distinct and mutual intelligibility is limited. Increasingly, Franco-Provençal/Arpitan is used only by members of the older generations.

The term Romandy does not formally exist in the political system, but is used to distinguish and unify the French-speaking population of Switzerland. The television channel Télévision Suisse Romande (TSR) serves the Romande community across Switzerland, is syndicated to TV5, and CanalSat Romande on October 2.

Italian

A map showing the Italian-speaking areas of Switzerland: darker areas indicate where Italian is most prominent

Italian Switzerland (Italian: Svizzera italiana, Romansh: Svizra taliana, French: Suisse italienne, German: italienische Schweiz) is the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland, which includes the Canton of Ticino and the southern part of Graubünden. Italian is also spoken in the Gondo Valley (leading to the Simplon Pass, on the southern part of the watershed) in Valais.

The linguistic region covers an area approximately 3,500 km² and has a total population of around 350,000 inhabitants,[10] with the number of Italophones residing in Switzerland being 545,274 (about 7% of the Swiss population).[11]

The proportion of Italian-speaking Swiss has been decreasing since the 1970s, after reaching a high of 12% of the population during the same decade. This is entirely because of the reduced number of immigrants from Italy in the country: the percentage of native Italian-speaking Swiss has held steady at 5% since the 1950s.[4]

Romansh

Distribution of Romansh in the canton Graubünden (2000).
  Romansh speaking
  German speaking
  Italian speaking
Further information: Graubünden

On the cantonal level, Romansh is an official language only in the trilingual canton of Graubünden, where the municipalities in turn are free to specify their own official languages.

Significant communities of Romansh speakers remain in the Surselva, the Oberhalbstein valley, the lower Engadin and the Val Müstair.

Romansh has been recognized as one of four "national languages" by the Swiss Federal Constitution since 1938. It was also declared an "official language" of the Confederation in 1996, meaning that Romansh speakers may use their language for correspondence with the federal government and expect to receive a Romansh response – in Romansh Grischun, because the federal authorities use the standardized language exclusively.

Other languages

Besides the official languages and the many varieties of Swiss German, several regional Romance and Germanic languages are spoken natively in Switzerland: Franco-Provençal, Lombard, and Walser. About 20,000 Romani speak Sinte, which is an Indic language. Five sign languages are used: Swiss-German, French, Italian, Austrian,[12] and German.[12]

Immigrant languages

Top 10 languages

The immigrant language with the largest number of native speakers is Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian, with 103,000 speakers (1.4%) in 2000,[13] followed by Albanian with 95,000 (1.3%),[13] Portuguese with 90,000 (1.2%), Spanish with 78,000 (1.1%),[13] English with 73,000 (1.0%),[13] Turkish with 14,000 (0.2%),[13] Dutch with 12,000 (0.2%) Greek with 9,500 (0.2%),[13] Russian with 9,000 (0.1%),[13] Chinese with 8,300 (0.1%),[13] Thai with 7,600 (0.1%),[13] Kurdish with 7,500 (0.1%), and Macedonian and Bulgarian with 6,400 (0.1%).[13] Speakers of all other non-official languages totaled 173,000. Altogether, roughly 10% of the population has a native language other than the four official languages.[4]

Mother tongue in Switzerland according to the 2000 census (over 1,000 speakers)[14]
Mother
language		 2000
Number %
German 4,639,762 63.66%
French 1,484,411 20.37%
Italian 470,961 6.46%
Croatian & Serbian 103,350 1.42%
Albanian 94,937 1.3%
Portuguese 89,527 1.23%
Spanish 76,750 1.05%
English 73,422 1.01%
Turkish 44,523 0.61%
Romansch 35,072 0.48%
Tamil 21,816 0.3%
Arabic 14,345 0.2%
Dutch 11,840 0.16%
Russian 8,570 0.12%
Chinese 8,279 0.11%
Thai 7,569 0.1%
Kurdish 7,531 0.1%
Macedonian 6,415 0.09%
Hungarian 6,194 0.08%
Swedish 5,560 0.08%
Czech 5,444 0.07%
Polish 5,206 0.07%
Greek 4,792 0.07%
Vietnamese 4,226 0.06%
Japanese 4,100 0.06%
Persian 3,467 0.05%
Romanian 3,397 0.05%
Tagalog 3,019 0.04%
Danish 2,739 0.04%
Somali 2,661 0.04%
Finnish 2,628 0.04%
Slovak 2,018 0.03%
Slovene 1,601 0.02%
Bulgarian 1,579 0.02%
Hindi-Urdu 1,407 0.02%
Norwegian 1,361 0.02%
Aramaic 1,333 0.02%
Korean 1,202 0.02%
Hebrew 1,176 0.02%
Tibetan 1,108 0.02%

Notes and references

  1. ↑ (Italian) Sguardo su una lingua e una realtà lavorativa - Articolo - VPOD SSP regione Ticino
  2. ↑ "The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, article 4". Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  3. ↑ "Diversité des langues et compétences linguistiques en Suisse". Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lüdi, Georges; Werlen, Iwar (April 2005). "Recensement Fédéral de la Population 2000 — Le Paysage Linguistique en Suisse" (PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT) (in French, German, and Italian). Neuchâtel: Office fédéral de la statistique. Retrieved 5 January 2006.
  5. ↑ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html
  6. ↑ "The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, article 1". Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  7. ↑ "Welsch" is an old German word for "Foreign" and is the same word the Anglo-Saxons used for the original British inhabitants i.e. the people from Wales. It is considered a derogatory term in Switzerland which is not appreciated by the French Swiss unlike the word "Romandie" which derives from "Roman"
  8. ↑ Statistique suisse, Bilan de la population résidante permanente (total) selon les districts et les communes, retrieved 2010-12-21
  9. ↑ (French) Septante, octante ou huitante, nonante
  10. ↑ (French) Bilan de la population résidante permanente selon les cantons; calculated adding up the inhabitants in Ticino and 11% of the inhabitants of Grigioni
  11. ↑ "Bevölkerung, Strukturerhebung der eidgenössischen Volkszählung 2011: Bevölkerung nach Sprache und Religion, Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren nach zuhause gesprochenen Sprachen, 2011" (XLS). http://www.bfs.admin.ch'' (Statistics) (in German, French, and or Italian). Neuchâtel: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, 2013. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215–88.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 Eidgenössiche Volkszählung 2000. Sprachenlandschaft in der Schweiz
  14. ↑ "Tableau 7: Population résidante selon la langue principale avec au moins 600 locuteurs, en nombres absolus, en 2000". Statistics of Switzerland. Statistics of Switzerland.

See also

External links

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