Languages of New Caledonia
New Caledonia being a part of French Republic, its official language is French, following the constitutional law 92-554 (June 1992). The thirty New Caledonian languages form a branch of the Southern Oceanic languages. Their speakers are known as Kanaks.
The languages present at the time of colonization
At the time of colonization, native speakers used their native language to communicate, and, in case of need, they used Bislama, an Anglo-Melanesian language whose lexical basis is essentially English. This language allowed them to communicate with shopkeepers or with the other Melanesian populations. Those native languages have been favoured by some of the missionaries to evangelize the population, the Catholic missionaries preferred the usage of French.
Thus, there were three languages used: French, English, and Bislama.
In 1853, a decree imposed the teaching of French in every school of the colony, and in 1863, only the teaching of French was allowed because the colonizers did not want the other languages to compete with French.[1]
The linguistic situation of New Caledonia in the present day
New Caledonia is constituted of numerous populations, but the vast majority is represented by Kanaks or Europeans. Nowadays, there are about 30 Melanesian languages present, and also other languages peculiar to the immigrant populations (Javanese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Chinese, and others). Those populations have immigrated to New Caledonia during the nickel rush. But only French is the official language. The native languages of New Caledonia are part of the Austronesian family. This family extends from the island of Madagascar, Taiwan, Southeast Asia and covers almost all of the Pacific. Those languages have great differences between them (in grammar, phonetic ). English (as a foreign language) is also present in New Caledonia, as everywhere in the world.[1]
Native languages
The forty native languages of New Caledonia form two branches of the Southern Oceanic languages, part of the Austronesian family; West Uvean is Polynesian. Their speakers are known as Kanaks. The most important are: Drehu, Nengone, Paicî, Ajië, and Xârâcùù. The other languages are spoken by a few hundred to couple thousand people and are endangered. Many Kanaks do not know their native languages very well because of the wide usage of French.
French
“Whites” or “Europeans” from New Caledonia speak French, but as said previously, Kanaks also speak a dialect of French, the New Caledonian French, which is characterized by some phonetic particularities and some specific grammatical constructions based on native languages.[1] Thus, this is a “regional French”, which differs from standard French, the official language used in administration, tribunals, schools, medias...
Languages from immigrant populations
These languages have to be taken into account too because of the numerous number of immigrants in New Caledonia (Polynesians, Vietnamese, Indonesians, Filipinos ...). Nevertheless, these languages are a minority, mainly spoken in the capital, Nouméa.
French in New Caledonia
New Caledonia being a part of French Republic, its official language is French, following the constitutional law 92-554 (June 1992). This law is applicable to every field (justice, tribunals, administration, schools...). At the level of legislation and justice, only French is recognized. In the administration, French is used because it is the official language, but in some occasions they may have recourse to a Melanesian language (in spoken conversation, for example). The language of education is, therefore, also French but a series of decrees and clauses allow the usage of Melanesian languages in some cases. The more important law to that purpose is the “Loi d’orientation d’Outre-Mer” (law 2000-1207, December 2000) which stipulates that we have to respect these native languages which are a part of New Caledonian culture.[1][2]
Education
Secondary school is under State authority (as opposed to nursery and primary school, which are under Provincial authority), therefore, the language in application is French. Some schools give optional native languages lessons, but it is still very rare. Nevertheless, four languages are proposed at the baccalaureate: Ajië, Drehu, Nengone and Paicî. There are a lot of problems in the educational system, because the programs are not adjusted to the population. Indeed, as with every “DOM-TOM” (French overseas administrative departments and territories), New Caledonia is almost exclusively under the power of France at the educative level and the textbooks imported reflect a European model in which New Caledonians do not find themselves. Moreover, French is a foreign language in this country and the textbooks are created for French native people. This situation has provoked a high rate of analphabetism and failure by New Caledonians students. The success rate at the baccalaureate is very low.[3] The ideal situation would be to teach native languages as “first languages” and to teach French as a foreign (or second) language. In that way, students could identify the linguistic differences between their native language and their “foreign” language, they could make correspondences... In brief, find a new and more appropriate pedagogic way to teach a foreign language to students. But this project is difficult to put in place because of the absence of a clear policy.[4]
References
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