Lancelot

"Lancelot du Lac" redirects here. For the 1974 film, see Lancelot du Lac (film).
Sir Launcelot, from The Book of Knowledge (1911)

Sir Lancelot (or Launcelot) du Lac (/ˈlænsələt/, /ˈlɔːnsələt/, /ˈlænsəlɒt/, or /ˈlɔːnsəlɒt/; and /djuːˈlæk/ or /djuːˈlɑːk/) was one of the Knights of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend. He most typically features as King Arthur's greatest champion whose love affair with Queen Guinevere brings about the end of Arthur's kingdom.

His first appearance as a main character is in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charette, or "Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart", written in the 12th century. In the 13th century, he was the main focus in the lengthy Vulgate Cycle, where his exploits are recounted in the section known as the Prose Lancelot. Lancelot's life and adventures have been featured in several medieval romances, often with conflicting back-stories and chains of events.

Origins

Pre-Romance origins

Illustration from page 278 of The Boy's King Arthur: Launcelot and Guinevere - "He rode his way with the Queen unto Joyous Gard."

Prior to his appearance in the works of Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot is virtually unknown. Scholar Roger Sherman Loomis suggested that Lancelot is related to either the character Llenlleog the Irishman from Culhwch and Olwen (which associates him with the "headland of Gan(i)on"), or the Welsh hero Llwch Llawwynnauc (probably a version of the euhemerized Irish deity Lugh Lonbemnech), possibly via a now-forgotten epithet like "Lamhcalad".[1][2][3] Due to the fact that their names are similar and that they both wield a sword and fight for a cauldron in both Preiddeu Annwn and Culhwch, many scholars think they are the same figure.[3]

Modern scholars are less certain. One suggestion has been that, given the manuscript evidence of L'Ancelot, the name may have been an invention by Chretien de Troyes, since "ancelot" means "servant." Another suggestion has been that the name may have derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth's Anguselaus. However, one scholar has suggested that Lancelot may be a variant of the name "Lancelin".[4] Lancelot or Lancelin may have instead been the hero of an independent folk-tale which had contact with and was ultimately absorbed into the Arthurian tradition: the theft of an infant by a water-fairy, the appearance of the hero at a tournament on three consecutive days in three different disguises, and the rescue of a queen or princess from an Other-World prison are all features of a well-known and widespread tale, variants of which are found in almost every land, and numerous examples of which have been collected by Theodore Hersart de la Villemarqué in his Barzaz Breiz, by Emmanuel Cosquin in his Contes Lorrains, and by J. F. Campbell in his Tales of the West Highlands.

Earliest appearance

The character Lancelot is first introduced by writer Chrétien de Troyes in the 12th century. In Chrétien's earliest known work, Erec and Enide, the name Lancelot appears as third on a list of knights at King Arthur's court. The fact that Lancelot's name follows Gawain and Erec indicates the presumed importance of the knight at court, even though he did not figure prominently in Chrétien's tale. Lancelot reappears in Chrétien's Cligès. Here, Lancelot takes a more important role as one of the knights that Cligès must overcome in his quest.[5]

Illustration from page 38 of The Boy's King Arthur: "I am Sir Launcelot du Lake, King Ban's son of Benwick, and knight of the Round Table"

It is not until Chrétien's Le Chevalier de la Charrette, however, that Lancelot becomes the protagonist. In this text, he is presented as the most formidable knight at King Arthur's court. His adulterous relationship with the Queen is also introduced in this text. According to Pamela Raabe, in Chrétien de Troyes’ work, Lancelot is portrayed as not only the bravest of knights, but one that everyone he meets is forced to describe as uniquely perfect. His deeds are recounted for their uniqueness, not only among living knights, but of all men who have ever lived. The problem is that critics have been unable to agree on how to reconcile his perfect “saintliness” with his obvious adultery with King Arthur’s Guinevere. How can the lovers’ consummation be considered a “saintly affair” when it is also adultery? And against King Arthur, to whom William Bowman Piper suggests all knights owe selfless respect, according to Arthurian politics.[1] It is also Chrétien who first gives Lancelot the name Lancelot du Lac (“Lancelot of the Lake”)[6] which was later picked up by the Anglo-French Lancelot-Grail and then Malory.[7]

Lancelot is constantly tied to the Christianity associated with Arthurian Legend. Raabe compares Lancelot’s quest for Guinevere in “Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart,” as a quest likening to Everyman’s quest for salvation and Christ’s quest for the human soul. This becomes intensified when he becomes the prophesied saviour of the captives of Logres. His adventure among the tombs is described in terms that suggest Christ’s “harrowing of Hell” and resurrection: he effortlessly lifts the lid off the sarcophagus, which bears an inscription foretelling his freeing of the captives.[8]

Danielle MacBain’s study of Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d'Arthur claims Lancelot’s affair with Guinevere is often seen as parallel to that of Tristram, or Tristan, and Iseult. MacBain suggests that it is Lancelot who is ultimately identified with the tragedy of chance and human failing that is responsible for the downfall of the round table.

Although Lancelot will be later associated with the Grail Quest, Chrétien does not include him at all in his final romance, Le conte du graal. In this story, which introduces the Grail motif in medieval literature, Perceval is the sole seeker of the grail. Lancelot's involvement in the Grail legend is first recorded in the Perlesvaus written between 1200 and 1210.[9]

Later amplifications

Lancelot's character is perhaps most fully developed in the Vulgate Cycle, where he appears prominently in the third and fourth parts, known as the Prose Lancelot (or Lancelot du lac) and the Queste del Saint Graal (or The Quest for the Holy Grail) respectively. While Gaston Paris argues that the Guenivere-Meleagant episode of the Prose Lancelot is an almost literal adaptation of Chrétien's poem, the Prose Lancelot can be seen as a considerable amplification of Chrétien's tale. Whereas Chrétien treats Lancelot as if his audience were already familiar with the character's background, most of the exploits associated with Lancelot today are first mentioned here (e.g. Lancelot's parentage; Lancelot and the Grail; Lancelot, Guenivere and the fall of Camelot; etc.).

Knighthood and adventures

Birth and childhood

Lancelot fighting the lions, from a medieval illumination

Lancelot (father of Galahad)[10] is the son of King Ban of Benwick (or Benoic) and Elaine.[11] While Lancelot is an infant, his father is driven from his kingdom, seen in Britain, by his enemy Claudas de la Deserte.[12] Ban and Elaine flee, carrying the child with them. As Elaine is tending to her wounded husband, Lancelot is carried off by the Lady of the Lake who raises the child in her magical kingdom. It is from this upbringing that Lancelot earns the surname du lac (English: "of the lake").

Lancelot's double-cousins, Lionel and Bors, sons of King Bors of Gaunnes and Elaine of Benoic's sister Evaine, are first taken by a knight of Claudas and later spirited away to the Lady of the Lake. They become Lancelot's companions. Both Evaine and Elaine enter a nunnery. Following a vision of Lancelot and his cousins in the Lady of the Lake's garden, both queens are happy and Evaine dies.[13]

Early adventures

The Lady of the Lake sends him to King Arthur's court, where he becomes a knight at the behest of Sir Gawain. Almost immediately upon his arrival, Lancelot falls in love with the Queen, and one of his very first adventures is rescuing Guinevere from Arthur's enemy, Meleagant[14] (however, in Le Morte D' Arthur, this rescue takes place after the adventures of the Sangreal). Lancelot seems to be related to a Celtic abduction tale called the aithed. In this legend, a mysterious stranger kidnaps a married woman and takes her to his home. The husband of the woman then rescues her against insurmountable odds.[15]

Early in Lancelot's career, he faces the Dolorous Guard. After setting out for adventure, Lancelot comes across a castle guarded by the Copper Knight. To meet this challenge, Lancelot must battle ten knights at the first wall, ten knights at the second wall, and finally the Copper Knight himself. However, after defeating many more than twenty knights (with the aid of his foster mother, the Lady of the Lake), he discovers that the Copper Knight has fled. The townspeople lead Lancelot to a cemetery, where he finds a metal slab stating that only one knight can lift the slab and that this knight's name is written beneath the slab. Lancelot (who has heretofore been known as simply the "White Knight") is able to lift it and discovers that his name is, in fact, Lancelot.[1] The name of the Dolorous Guard is changed to the Joyous Guard and becomes Lancelot's home.[1]

Lancelot plays an important role in a war between Arthur and Galehaut. Although Galehaut is Arthur's enemy and poised to become victor, Galahaut is taken by Lancelot's battlefield performance and offers him a boon in return for the privilege of one night's company in the bivouac. Lancelot accepts and uses his boon to demand Galahaut surrender peacefully to Arthur. Initially, Lancelot continues to serve Galahaut, but eventually Arthur invites Lancelot to become a member of the Round Table, and Galahaut as well. In spite of this happy outcome, Galehaut is the one who finally convinces Guinevere she may return Lancelot's affection, an action that at least partially results in the fall of Camelot.[1]

Later, with the help of King Arthur, Lancelot defeats Claudas and recovers his father's kingdom, though he again decides to remain at Camelot with his cousins Sir Bors and Sir Lionel and his illegitimate half-brother Ector de Maris.[1]

Lancelot, Galahad, and the Grail

Lancelot at the Chapel of the Holy Grail by the Pre-Raphaelite painter Edward Burne-Jones

When Lancelot became one of the most famous knights of the Round Table, Elaine of Corbenic, daughter of the Fisher King, suddenly falls in love with him. She tricks him into believing that she is Queen Guinevere, and he sleeps with her, and the ensuing pregnancy results in the birth of Galahad.[1][16]

Guinevere hears of the affair and is furious, she criticizes him for his behavior and banishes Lancelot. Broken by Guinevere's reaction, Lancelot goes mad and wanders the wilderness for two years until he arrives at Corbin. He is then recognized by Elaine. Lancelot is shown the Holy Grail through a veil which cures his madness. Shortly after he recovers, he returns to Camelot after being found by Sir Percival and Sir Hector. They were both told to look for him by Queen Guinevere.

Upon his return to court, Lancelot takes part in the Grail Quest with Percival and Galahad, though as an adulterer and a man minded of earthly honours that have come with his knightly prowess, he is only allowed a glimpse of the Grail itself. It is instead his son, Galahad, who ultimately achieves the Grail to drink from (along with Lancelot's nephew Sir Bors and Sir Percival, the son of King Pellinore).[1]

Later years and death

Royal Military College of Canada memorial window Sir Lancelot whole armour of God

Ultimately, Lancelot's affair with Guinevere is a destructive force,[17] resulting in the death of Gawain's brothers and his two sons, the estrangement of Lancelot and Gawain, and Mordred's betrayal of King Arthur.[1] Upon hearing the news of Arthur's death, Lancelot finds that Guinevere has become a nun.[8] [18] She blames all the destruction of the Round Table upon her and Lancelot's love, which, indeed, according to Le Morte D'Arthur, is the seed of all the dismay that followed. She refuses to kiss Lancelot one last time, tells him to return to his lands, and that he will never see her face again. Instead, Lancelot declares that if she will take upon her a life of penitence, then so will he. Lancelot then retires to a hermitage to live the remainder of his life in penitence with eight of his kin, including Sir Bors, joining him. Eventually he becomes a priest, later conducting rites over the deceased body of Guinevere (who has become an abbess). As she had indicated, he never saw her face again in life. She had prayed that she might die before he arrived, and so she did, half-an-hour before his arrival (he had been told to go due to a dream he had had the night before).

After the queen's death, Lancelot and his fellow knights escort her body to be interred beside King Arthur (it was in the same place that Gawain's skull was kept). Lancelot, distraught for the loss of his beloved king and queen, begins to fail. In fact, even before this time, Le Morte D' Arthur states that he had lost a cubit of height due to his penitent fastings and prayers. Six weeks after the death of the queen, Lancelot dies. It is implied that he wished to be buried beside the king and queen; however, because he had some time before made a vow to be buried at Joyous Gard, he asks that he be buried there so as not to break his word.

According to Le Morte D'Arthur, after Lancelot's death, the eight knights of his kindred that had joined him in living a life of penitence return to France, take care of the affairs of their lands, then, acting on Lancelot's request of them, go to the Holy Land and fight against the Turks. There they died on Good Friday, fighting against the Moors.

It is possible that originally Lancelot's tale did not include an affair with Guinevere, as the German Lanzelet knows nothing of it. The original tale may have been simply about a youth who was raised by a lake fairy. It is possible that Lancelot has a prototype in Welsh folklore.

Film, television, and other media

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Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Sir Lancelot, Biography : Lancelot
  2. ↑ Bruce, Christopher W (1998). The Arthurian name dictionary. Lancelot: Routledge. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-8153-2865-0.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://www.facesofarthur.org.uk/articles/guestdan13.htm
  4. ↑ Goulven Péron, La légende de Lancelot du Lac en Anjou, Les Cahiers du Baugeois, n°92, mars 2012, pp.55-63, ISSN 0999 6001.
  5. ↑ Bruce, Christopher W (1998). The Arthurian name dictionary. Lancelot: Routledge. pp. 305–306. ISBN 978-0-8153-2865-0.
  6. ↑ Chretien de Troyes and the Dawn of Arthurian Romance - Page 13 William Farina - 2010 "Strictly speaking, the name Lancelot du Lac (“Lancelot of the Lake”) first appears in Chrétien's Arthurian debut, Erec and Enide (line 1674), as a member of the Roundtable."
  7. ↑ A companion to Malory - Page 170 Elizabeth Archibald, Anthony Stockwell Garfield Edwards - 1996) "This is the book of my lord Lancelot du Lac in which all his deeds and chivalric conduct are contained and the coming of the Holy Grail and his quest (which was) made and achieved by the good knights, Galahad, ...".
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pyle, Howard (1993). King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. New York City, New York: Waldman Publishing Corporation. p. 238. ISBN 0-86611-982-5.
  9. ↑ Grail Legends (Perceval's Tradition)
  10. ↑ Lancelot du lac, p. 40
  11. ↑ Lancelot at the Camelot Project
  12. ↑ Lancelot du lac
  13. ↑ Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (1995). Lancelot–Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation, Volume 3 of 5. New York: Garland.
  14. ↑ Le Chevalier de la charette
  15. ↑ Kibler, William W., The Romance of Arthur, New York & London, Garland Publishing,Inc. 1994 p. 121
  16. ↑ Mike Ashley, Michael Ashley (2005). The mammoth book of King Arthur. Running Press. p. 582. ISBN 978-0-7867-1566-4.
  17. ↑ Dover, Carol (2003). A Companion to the Lancelot-Grail Cycle. D.S.Brewer. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-85991-783-4.
  18. ↑ Umland, Samuel J (1996). The Use of Arthurian Legend in Hollywood Film: From Connecticut Yankees to Fisher Kings. Praeger. p. 91. ISBN 0-313-29798-3.

See also

Media related to Lancelot at Wikimedia Commons

References

Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Bibliography

External links