Ladysmith Black Mambazo

Ladysmith Black Mambazo

Ladysmith Black Mambazo in concert at the Ravinia Festival, Illinois 2006
Background information
Origin Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Genres Isicathamiya, mbube
Years active 1960–64 (original group)
1964–present (current incarnation)
Labels Gallo, Warner Bros., Shanachie, Wrasse, Heads Up International, Listen2
Website www.mambazo.com
Members Joseph Shabalala
Thamsanqa Shabalala
Sibongiseni Shabalala
Thulani Shabalala
Msizi Shabalala
Albert Mazibuko
Abednego Mazibuko
Russel Mthembu
Ngane Dlamini
Past members Jockey Shabalala
Jabulani Dubazana
Inos Phungula
Ben Shabalala
Geophrey Mdletshe
Headman Shabalala
Milton Mazibuko
Funokwakhe Mazibuko
Joseph Mazibuko
Walter Malinga
Matovoti Msimanga

Ladysmith Black Mambazo is a male choral group from South Africa that sings in the vocal styles of isicathamiya and mbube. They rose to worldwide prominence as a result of singing with Paul Simon on his 1986 album Graceland, and have won multiple awards, including four Grammy Awards. They were formed by Joseph Shabalala in 1960 and later became one of South Africa's most prolific recording artists, with their releases receiving gold and platinum disc honors.[1] The group has now become a mobile academy, teaching people about South Africa and its culture.

History

Joseph Shabalala formed Ladysmith Black Mambazo because of a series of dreams he had in 1964, in which he heard certain isicathamiya harmonies (isicathamiya being the traditional music of the Zulu people). Following their local success at wedding ceremonies and other gatherings, Shabalala entered them into isicathamiya competitions. The group was described as 'so good' that they were eventually forbidden to enter the competitions, but welcomed to entertain at them.[2] Although they had been recognised as an isicathamiya group in 1964, they had been singing together since the early 1950s. They released their first album, Amabutho, in 1973. The album, along with many other releases by the group, received gold disc certification.[3] Ladysmith Black Mambazo's collaboration with Paul Simon in 1986 paved the way for international releases.

1960–86

"The Black Ones" redirects here. For the Hindu goddess, see The black one. For the 2005 drone metal album, see Black One.

The first incarnation of Ladysmith Black Mambazo was "Ezimnyama" ("The Black Ones"), formed by Joseph Shabalala in December 1960. The members of the group were relatives (mostly brothers and cousins) of Shabalala, with many having sung with him while he was growing up on the farm where he was born. Although the group did sing well together and captured the sound of cothoza mfana ("tiptoe boys", a 1960s slang term for isicathamiya) and mbube groups of the time, they were unknown outside of the Ladysmith district.[4]

In 1964, Shabalala had a series of recurring dreams during his sleep, over a period of six months, featuring a choir singing in perfect harmony.[5] Shabalala described this as a beautiful sound, and one not yet achieved by his group of the time. As a result, he reformed the group, bringing on board newer (younger) relatives but keeping the group name. He strove to teach them the harmonies from his dreams, creating what was to become a signature tune for the group: "Nomathemba" (a girl's name - meaning "hope"). After deciding that this group well replicated the beautiful, soft sounds from his dreams, Shabalala entered the group into isicathamiya competitions, held on Saturday nights in the halls of hostels in Durban and Johannesburg. The group managed to win nearly every competition that was held. As a result, Shabalala decided to change the name of the group to be more descriptive of its talent. The name "Ezimnyama" was replaced by "Ladysmith Black Mambazo".

The three elements of the new name were: the hometown of Shabalala's family, Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal; the black ox, considered to be the strongest farm animal; and mambazo, which means "axe" in the Zulu language, and is symbolic of the choir's ability to "chop down" the competition.

Eventually, by the early 1970s, the group was forbidden to compete in the competitions because of their continual success. They were, however, welcome to perform without taking part in the competition itself.[6]

In 1967, the group began to make recordings for the SABC station Radio Zulu, appearing in DJ Alexius Buthelezi's popular Cothoza Mfana programme, which spotlighted the music of several local choirs.[7] Their success was so great that music producers began enticing the group to sign a recording contract. In 1972 the group signed with Gallo Record Company under producer West Nkosi at the organisation's African music division, Mavuthela Music Company (Nkosi was also well known in South Africa as a saxophone jive star). Ladysmith Black Mambazo released their first album the following year, Amabutho, which received gold status and was the first album by a black musician or group in South Africa to do so. Their subsequent albums also received gold or platinum certification.[8] With the release of their second album, they had become professional singers.[7]

The group saw many changes; whereas the early line-ups were formed of a few Shabalalas and two (Funokwakhe and Joseph) Mazibukos, the group largely included members unrelated to Joseph.[9]

Joseph Shabalalas' cousin Mdletshe Albert Mazibuko (the eldest of the six brothers) joined Mambazo in 1969<ref name=""Nearly 25 years after 'Graceland,' Ladysmith Black Mambazo is still going strong"">Soeder, John. "Nearly 25 years after 'Graceland,' Ladysmith Black Mambazo is still going strong". John Soeder, The Plain Dealer (Northeast Ohio). Retrieved 24 February 2010.</ref> as a tenor voice, with his younger brother Milton as an alto voice. Albert is the longest remaining member of Ladysmith Black Mambazo aside from Joseph Shabalalas and has been a full-time member of the group since 1973. After the killing of his brother Milton in 1980[10] Albert remained in the line-up, by which time his brothers Funokwakhe and Joseph Mazibuko had left, and his youngest brother Abednego had joined.

In 1973 Joseph Mazibuko a master accordion player (and former member of Mambazo) recorded "Lamuza Ndoda" with the Boyoyo Boys.[11] A cassette tape of Boyoyo Boys Accordion Jive Hits (vol. II) was among the music that first enticed Paul Simon to use real South African musicians on his Graceland album and not just simulate the sound.[12]

In 1976, Shabalala converted to Christianity and a host of religious material now entered the group's repertoire. Mambazo's first religious album, Ukukhanya Kwelanga, was released soon afterwards. It earned a double platinum disc award, and the group's repertoire came to be dominated by hymns, mostly Methodist. Their 1977 LP Ukusindiswa became one of their most popular religious albums, selling double gold discs within three weeks of release.[8] By 1981, the group's popularity was such that the apartheid government allowed the members to travel to Cologne, Germany as part of a South African folk music festival.[13] The group toured West Germany and appeared on television, and learned some of the German language; for the group's 1981 album Phansi Emgodini, Shabalala composed a song entitled "Wir Grüssen Euch Alle" ("We greet you all"). The following year, the group traveled back to Germany to appear on a televised quiz programme, bringing about requests for more live appearances.[13] A track by the group also appeared on the groundbreaking British compilation album The Indestructible Beat of Soweto.

1986–93

In 1985, Paul Simon traveled to South Africa in the hope of collaborating with African musicians for his Graceland album. Simon contacted Shabalala and conversed with him in person - after much discussion and excitement, the group traveled to London to record with Simon. The first recording was "Homeless" - the music and chorus were composed by Simon, with Shabalala composing the Zulu introduction and main (non-English) body of the song. They also sang on the song "Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes" and "You Can Call Me Al". In fact, Simon brought the group to New York City to perform on Saturday Night Live and they performed "Diamonds..." prior to the album or song being released. Graceland was released in late 1986, and although both Joseph Shabalala and Paul Simon were accused of breaking the cultural boycott of South Africa,[14] the album became a huge success and sold 16 million copies[15] and further boosted Ladysmith Black Mambazo's international image. This also paved the way for other African acts such as Stimela and Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens to gain popularity among Western audiences.[16]

After Graceland, Simon acted as producer for their first album for US Release on Warner Brothers Records Shaka Zulu (1987). Shaka Zulu won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Recording in 1988. Two more records were recorded for Warner Brothers Records in the US Journey of Dreams (1988) and Two Worlds, One Heart (1990). On the latter album, the group recorded with The Winans, Julia Fordham and George Clinton among other then-popular artists.

The success of the "Graceland" recording and subsequent concert tours led to a strong touring life for the group that continues to this day. Ladysmith Black Mambazo perform concert tours around the world for six or more months every year.

In 1988, Ladysmith Black Mambazo appeared in Michael Jackson's movie Moonwalker, where they performed "The Moon Is Walking" (an abridged version of the song "Lindelani", which appears on Journey of Dreams) over the end credits. Ladysmith Black Mambazo was also featured in the Sesame Street song "Put Down The Duckie", as well as "The African Alphabet" .

In 1988, Ladysmith Black Mambazo sang "Mbube" during the opening sequence of the Eddie Murphy movie Coming to America, but the song was not released on the soundtrack.

On 10 December 1991, Shabalala's brother and one of the bass members in the group, Headman Shabalala, was shot and killed by Sean Nicholas, a white off-duty security guard.[17][18] Headman's death was followed by the retirement of two members in 1993, and Shabalala recruited three of his sons into the group.

1993–2002

The Apartheid system was abolished in 1994. The release of Nelson Mandela after 27 years imprisonment brought a celebratory album release - 1993's Liph' Iqiniso. Mandela (shortly after his release from prison) publicly stated that the members of Ladysmith Black Mambazo were "South Africa's cultural ambassadors".[19] At Mandela's request, Ladysmith Black Mambazo accompanied the future President of South Africa to the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony in Oslo, Norway, in 1993. Mambazo sang again at President Mandela's inauguration in May 1994, and then later at his birthday celebrations.[20]

In 1996, the group appeared on Dolly Parton's album Treasures, collaborating with Parton on a cover of Cat Stevens' "Peace Train"; they joined Parton for an appearance on a November 1996 U.S. network television special to perform the song.

In 1997, for a run of U.K. television advertisements entitled "Toast for Life" for Heinz soups, baked beans and tomato ketchup, the group recorded an abridged version of "Inkanyezi Nezazi" ("The Star and the Wiseman"). The adverts proved so popular that the original studio version (recorded back in 1992) was released as a single and reached #2 on the UK Pop Charts. The single was followed up by The Best of Ladysmith Black Mambazo - The Star and the Wiseman in 1998, a compilation release that became so popular it was certified triple platinum, selling 1 million copies in Britain alone.[21] The Heinz campaign led to a reawakening of the group in Britain, and many television and radio performances beckoned over the next few years, as well as performing for the British royal family. In 1999, the group collaborated with Irish pop group B*Witched on their single "I Shall Be There", which hit #13 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2001, the group was referenced in the Family Guy episode "Lethal Weapons".

A film documentary about Ladysmith Black Mambazo, titled "On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom",[22] was released in 2000. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) in 2001, but lost out to "Big Mama". The movie was presented the Best Short Documentary award by the 2001 International Documentary Association.

2002–06
"Selingelethu Sonke" (2003)
This was the first time the group had written a song specifically about fair trade in Africa. They had originally spoken of it in Oxfam's campaign, Make Trade Fair.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The group began preparations for Wenyukela, an album of new material, in 2002. However, the making of the record underwent severe strain when, in May 2002, Shabalala's wife of 30 years (and lead singer in the allied group "Women of Mambazo"), Nellie, was murdered in a church car park by a masked gunman. Shabalala's hand was injured trying to protect his wife.[23] Joseph's son Vivian Nkosinathi was accused of hiring a hitman to murder his stepmother Nellie. During the court trial, Nkosinathi supposedly testified that the South African police offered some kind of reprieve if he would implicate his own father, Joseph, in the murder.[24] Wenyukela, however, went ahead, as Shabalala began to recover.

Wenyukela was a success in South Africa, prompting its release in Britain in March 2003 on Wrasse Records. Following the repeated success of the album, the American-based Heads Up International released the album in January 2004 and it garnered the group their second Grammy Award.

Joseph's brother Ben Shabalala, a former member of the group who had retired in 1993 after the death of Headman, was killed in a Durban suburb in June 2004.[10][25]

2006–08

Ladysmith Black Mambazo performing in 2006 at the Ravinia Festival, Illinois

Long Walk to Freedom, a celebration of 45 years of Ladysmith Black Mambazo, was released by the group in January 2006. On the album the group recorded with a multitude of artists including Zap Mama, Sarah McLachlan, Melissa Etheridge, Joe McBride, Natalie Merchant, Emmylou Harris, and Taj Mahal as well as South African musicians Lucky Dube, Phuzekhemisi, Bhekumuzi Luthuli, Nokukhanya, Thandiswa, Vusi Mahlasela and Hugh Masekela. The release garnered the group their 13th Grammy Award nomination. Though it did not win the Grammy Award it showed the group's creative powers were still being recognized.

In April 2006, Mambazo collaborated with Josh Groban for his third studio album, Awake. The songs, "Weeping" and "Lullaby", featured a clear South African influence; lines from a Mambazo song, "Wangibambezela" ("Message from his Heart") were added to the backing track of "Weeping". Following this, in August 2006, Mambazo began working with Mavis Staples in a collaboration for Staples's new album.[26] The television program Saturday Night Live parodied the group in a TV Funhouse sketch, hosted by Dennis Haysbert, about failed Saturday morning cartoons starring black cartoon characters, one of which was a cartoon featuring the group, called Ladysmith Black Mambazo in Outer Space. Members of the group added commentary to the short for the DVD release of the SNL special The Best of TV Funhouse.[27]

On 17 October 2006,[28] Ladysmith Black Mambazo performed a sold-out concert, at New York's famed Carnegie Hall, billed as Long Walk to Freedom: An Evening with Ladysmith Black Mambazo and Friends. The night included special guest appearances by Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Mahotella Queens, Vusi Mahlasela, and Pete Seeger. The concert was recorded but due to venue restrictions is not being allowed to be released.

Their 2007 CD, Ilembe, was released in South Africa on 26 February 2007 and worldwide on 22 January 2008, under the title Ilembe: Honoring Shaka Zulu, on Heads Up International.

2008–present

There had been many questions on when founder, director, composer, and lead singer Joseph Shabalala would finally retire from his group. On 23 January 2008, Shabalala issued a statement on this.[29]

The full statement is reproduced below:

“ In the early 1960s I had a dream of a type of singing group that I wanted to create. Not just a dream, in the wishful way, but an actual dream while I was asleep. This beautiful dream led to the creation of my group, Ladysmith Black Mambazo. Now, some forty five plus years later this original dream has led to so many more dreams. We have been awarded Grammy Awards, represented our homeland of South Africa at many prestigious events, including accompanying Nelson Mandela to Norway to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, traveled the world so many times and most importantly, spread a message of Peace, Love and Harmony to millions of people.

This was never a dream a black South African could ever imagine.

As the years have passed, and the 20th century became the 21st, I started to get asked what will happen to Ladysmith Black Mambazo once I retired, if I ever retired. Well, I have spent much time thinking about this. Ladysmith Black Mambazo was never about one person. Ladysmith Black Mambazo is a mission. A mission to spread our message and to keep our culture alive and known. South Africa is a most wonderful place, filled with beautiful people. By touring, as we have, almost seven months every year for over twenty years, we have wanted to keep South Africa alive in people's hearts.

Ladysmith Black Mambazo is a family. Within the group I have had brothers and cousins singing together. Over the past fifteen years, because of retirements and death, I have been joined by four of my sons. They are the future of Ladysmith Black Mambazo, our next generation. The mission and message will continue. When the time comes for me to finish touring and to stay home they will carry on my dream. As well, my son Thamsanqa (Tommy) will become the new leader of the group. Thus, the dream I had over forty five years ago will continue well into the 21st century. Ladysmith Black Mambazo must continue as the message of Peace, Love and Harmony never must be silenced. We never will be silenced and we hope our fans and friends around the world will keep wanting to hear this message.

Ngiyabonga! Thank you!

 ”

—Joseph Shabalala, 23 January 2008

Ladysmith Black Mambazo's 2007 release, Ilembe: Honoring Shaka Zlu, garnered success around the world. In 2008 the group won the SAMA Award for Best Traditional A Cappella Album for Ilembe and in 2009 won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional World Music Album, marking their third Grammy Award.

In January 2011 the group released a recording of original songs, Songs from a Zulu Farm. It received some of the best reviews the group had ever known, landing in the top five of most "Best World Music Releases" for 2011. It was nominated for a Grammy Award but did not win. It was also nominated for the Best Album of 2011 at the South African Music Awards.

In January 2013 the group released a new album, Live: Singing for Peace Around the World, which was dedicated to South African icon and former President Nelson Mandela.[30] On 6 December 2013 it was announced that the album had been nominated by the Grammy Awards for Best World Music CD. This announcement came the day after the passing of Mandela. On 26 January 2014, the Grammy Awards announced it had won Best World Music CD for 2013. This was the fourth Grammy Award for the group and third since 2004. As well, in January 2014, Ladysmith released Always With Us, as a tribute to Joseph Shabalala's deceased wife. They are also currently recording a CD of American gospel songs, which will have a well known American singer joining them on the CD. They are also recording a follow-up recording to their recent Grammy-winning CD, to be called Songs of Peace & Love for Kids & Parents Around the World.

Ladysmith Black Mambazo was featured on the track "Lift Me Up", along with Norwegian duo Nico & Vinz, on David Guetta's 2014 album Listen.

Foundation

In January 1999, Joseph Shabalala founded "The Ladysmith Black Mambazo Foundation". The aim of the organization is to teach young Zulu South African children about their traditional culture and music, isicathamiya. Today, the Mambazo Academy is currently being built, with plans for a rehearsal hall, teaching areas and a professional recording studio. The main aim is to promote and teach the history of isicathamiya music to young people.

Awards and nominations

Awards

1981 SARIE Award Best Choral Group on Disc
1988 Grammy Award Best Traditional Folk Recording Shaka Zulu
1993 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Music in a Play The Song of Jacob Zulu (stage)
1996 Drama Desk Award Best Original Music Score Nomathemba (stage)
1997 SAMA Award Best Zulu Music Album Ukuzala-Ukuzelula
1997 SAMA Award Best Duo or Group Award Ukuzala-Ukuzelula
2001 SAMA Award Best Zulu Music Album Lihl' Ixhiba Likagogo
2004 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Raise Your Spirit Higher
2008 SAMA Award Best Traditional A Cappella Album Ilembe
2009 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Ilembe: Honoring Shaka Zulu
2013 Grammy Award Best World Music Album Live: Singing For Peace Around The World

Nominations

1988 Grammy Award Best Traditional Folk Recording Shaka Zulu
1991 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Classic Tracks
1993 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Best of - Vol. 1
1995 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Liph' Iqiniso
1995 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Gift of the Tortoise
1996 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Thuthukani Ngoxolo
1998 Grammy Award Best Contemporary World Music Album Heavenly
1999 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Live at the Royal Albert Hall
2001 Academy Award Best Short Documentary Film On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom
2002 Emmy Award Best Cultural Documentary On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom
2005 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Raise Your Spirit Higher
2006 Grammy Award Best Contemporary World Music Album No Boundaries
2007 Grammy Award Best Contemporary World Music Album Long Walk to Freedom
2007 Grammy Award Best Surround Sound Production Long Walk to Freedom
2009 Grammy Award Best Traditional World Music Album Ilembe: Honoring Shaka Zulu

Touring past and future

Ladysmith Black Mambazo in 2008 in Innsbruck, Austria

Competitions and the first Mambazo concerts

After the release of the group's first album in 1973, they were banned from competing in the isicathamiya competitions because of their ability to win many of the competitions.[31] They were, however, welcome to perform for the audience. Following this, the group started performing for their own audiences in shows that were specially made and, soon afterwards, the group began touring around South Africa in their own concerts, but due to the Apartheid system in use, they were often stopped by police guards; on some of these occasions they were even made to lie down on the ground whilst being searched. Shortly afterwards, they were allowed to tour without permits.

Graceland success

By 1986, the group had a very small number of white fans in South Africa; the majority of their fan base was black people (the group mainly toured in townships). After Paul Simon included the group on his "Graceland Tour of 1987", the group began touring by themselves and became very widely known.

Future touring

The group has been recognized as the most successful world music artists and have a healthy touring schedule. When asked if the group has any plans to stop their travelling, of over six months each year, the response has always been "Not as long as the people of the world want to hear our music. We are the traveling musical academy for South African culture and it is our responsibility to continue on this journey."

Membership

Initially, the group comprised Joseph Shabalala, his brothers Headman and Enoch, cousins Albert, Milton, Funokwakhe, Abednego and Joseph Mazibuko, as well as close friends Matovoti Msimanga and Walter Malinga. Altogether, the group has had more than 30 different members at one point or another over the past 45 years.[32] However, since 1993 there have only been two membership changes due to retirements.

The members of the group currently reside in or near Pinetown, just outside of the coastal city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal. The chorus' members are Joseph Shabalala; his sons Thamsanqa, Msizi, Thulani, and Sibongiseni; cousins Albert and Abednego Mazibuko; and close friends Russel Mthembu and Ngane Dlamini.

Discography

Ladysmith Black Mambazo first recorded in 1973 on the Gallo label in South Africa. Since then the group has recorded over 50 albums, many of which have received gold- and/or platinum-disc certification.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Erlmann, V: "Nightsong", pp. 291-92. The University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  2. ↑ Shabalala, J.: "On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom". New Video Group, 2004.
  3. ↑ Erlmann, V: "Nightsong", interview with Joseph Shabalala (p. 294). The University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  4. ↑ Maile, Sam R.: Amabutho, liner notes. Gallo Record Company, 1973.
  5. ↑ Simonson, E.: "On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom", interview with Joseph Shabalala. New Video Group, 2004.
  6. ↑ Erlmann, V.: "Nightsong", interview with Joseph Shabalala (p. 292). The University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Simonson, E.: "On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom", interview with Patrick Buthelezi (Radio Zulu announcer). New Video Group, 2004.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Erlmann, V.: "Nightsong", p. 293. The University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  9. ↑ "Movie Soundtrack Artists "League-of-extraordinary-gentlemen". www.debate.org. Retrieved 1 August 2003.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Belfast Festival: Ladysmith sing on". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. INM. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  11. ↑ Gogo Records. "Radio Lesotho Hits Vol. 1". Joseph Mazibuko & the Boyoyo Boys 'Lamuza Ndoda'. Gogo Records. Retrieved 1973. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ↑ "The Story of Graceland.". Paul Simon. Sony Music Entertainment, 2012. Retrieved 2012.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Nkosi, W.: "Ezulwini Siyakhona", liner notes. Gallo Record Company, 1986.
  14. ↑ Simonson, E.: "On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom", interview with Paul Simon on the Apartheid system. New Video Group, 2004.
  15. ↑ Classic Albums - Graceland (interviews with Paul Simon), Harcourt Films - Isis Productions, 1997.
  16. ↑ Mankwane, M.: "Mahlathini, Mahotella Queens and Makgona Tsohle Band - Mbaqanga at its Best!", interviews with Marks Mankwane and Mildred Mangxola. Gallo Record Company, 1997.
  17. ↑ "Headman Tshabalala, founding member of the band Ladysmith Black Mambazo, is shot and killed". South African History Online. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  18. ↑ "Headman Tshabalala, 44, Singer With Ladysmith Black Mambazo". The New York Times. 13 December 1991. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  19. ↑ Shabalala, J.: "Adam Boulton Meets Ladysmith Black Mambazo", interviews with members of the group. Sky News, 1999.
  20. ↑ Boulton, A.: "Adam Boulton Meets Ladysmith Black Mambazo". Sky News, 1999.
  21. ↑ Simonson, E.: "On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom". New Video Group, 2004.
  22. ↑ Internet Movie Database. "On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom". IMDb. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  23. ↑ iAfrica.com news report, "Tragedy Strikes Ladysmith Black Mambazo".
  24. ↑ IOL news report, "Shabalala's Son Walks Free".
  25. ↑ Leila Cobo (22 June 2004). "Ladysmith Black Mambazo's Ben Shabalala Killed". Billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  26. ↑ Ladysmith Black Mambazo tour blog entry entitled "Mavis Staples & Ry Cooder". Retrieved 3 September 2006.
  27. ↑ Ladysmith Black Mambazo tour blog entry entitled "We're still in outer space". Retrieved 3 September 2006.
  28. ↑ Ladysmith Black Mambazo homepage, entry entitled "Ladysmith Black Mambazo to perform at New York's Carnegie Hall with Special Friends". Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  29. ↑ Harp Magazine, "Ladysmith Black Mambazo's Shabalala To Retire, Names Successor". Retrieved 24 January 2008. archived copy
  30. ↑ Jennifer Leigh, "The Soundtrack of Peace", Inweek, 12 March 2014.
  31. ↑ Simonson, E.: "On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom", commentary by Joseph Shabalala on the Durban YMCA competitions of 2004. New Video Group, 2004.
  32. ↑ Erlmann, V.: "Nightsong", brief history of Ladysmith Black Mambazo (p. 93). The University of Chicago Press, 1996.

References

External links