Lacing (drugs)

Lacing is the act of adding one or more substances to another. Some street drugs are commonly laced with other chemicals for various reasons, but it is most commonly done so as to bulk up the original product or to sell other, cheaper drugs in the place of something more expensive. Individuals sometimes lace their own drugs with another substance to combine or alter the physiological or psychoactive effects.

Reasons for lacing

In order to maximize profitability many drugs are adulterated with substances of similar physical and/or chemical properties. Inert substances with similar physical properties can be used to increase weight. Compounds with similar chemical properties may be used because they are less expensive, or easier to obtain.

Other drugs are adulterated with substances to create addiction, an example being the adulteration of cannabis in British Columbia with methamphetamine.[1] This practice is rare, as most addictive street drugs are more expensive than common "soft" recreational drugs.

Commonly laced drugs

Cocaine

The most common adulterants found in 1998 in samples in Rome, Italy were lidocaine and caffeine.[2] Cocaine is sometimes mixed with methylamphetamine, methylphenidate, and ephedrine, but is usually mixed with non psychoactive chemicals such as mannitol, inositol, pectin, glucose, lactose, saccharin, white rice flour, and maltodextrin. Other local anesthetics such as procaine are very commonly used.

US Drug Enforcement Administration and state testing laboratories report that more than 70% of the illicit cocaine analyzed in July 2009 was positive for levamisole, an antiparasitic drug used by veterinarians to treat worm infestations. This represents an increase over previous reports indicating that levamisole contaminated only 30% of cocaine seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration from July to September 2008. Furthermore, a recent analysis found that almost 80% of the individuals who test positive for cocaine also test positive for levamisole.

Levamisole used as an adulterant in cocaine has resulted in 20 confirmed or probable cases of agranulocytosis, including 2 deaths, according to an alert from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Marijuana and Hashish

Though marijuana is less likely to be adulterated than hard drugs are, it still occurs, and has been reported in several countries.

In the Netherlands two chemical analogs of Sildenafil (Viagra) were found in adulterated marijuana.[3]

In 2008, 30 German teenagers were hospitalized after the marijuana which they smoked was found to have been contaminated with lead (presumably metallic lead particles), which was added in order to increase its weight.[4]

Rarely, cannabis (especially that of low quality) is laced with PCP, particularly in the United States.[5][6] However, it is not always done surreptitiously. Dealers who do so often (but not always) advertise their wares as being "enhanced" with other substances, and charge more money than they would otherwise, even if they do not say exactly what the lacing agents are. Such concoctions are often called "fry", "wet", "illy", "sherm", "water-water", "dust(ed)", "super weed", "grecodine" or other names.

Ecstasy

Black market ecstasy pills are frequently found to contain other drugs in place of or in addition to methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). Since the slang term "ecstasy" usually refers only to MDMA, any pill which contains other compounds may be considered adulterated. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), amphetamine, methylamphetamine, benzylpiperazine (BZP), trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), caffeine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and dextromethorphan (DXM) are all commonly found in pills being sold as ecstasy. Less common drugs in ecstasy include diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, 5-MeO-DiPT, 2C-B, procaine, and phencyclidine (PCP). Ecstasy pills sometimes contain dimethylamylamine to increase its stimulant effects. Ecstasy pills might also contain a low dose of 2C-I to potentiate its loved up, energetic, euphoric effects. Pharmaceutical pills are sometimes sold as ecstasy, as well as pills that contain no psychoactive chemicals at all. Ecstasy sometimes contains 10 mg to 20 mg of baclofen to reduce overheating caused by ecstasy. para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA or "Dr. Death", a drug that causes so much overheating that it can kill within 40 minutes) is sometimes sold as ecstasy. There is one published case of an ecstasy tablet being adulterated with 8 mg of strychnine, a toxic alkaloid with no recreational effects.[7] Recently, several groups advocating for drug safety through education have made reagent testing products available to confirm what substances there are.[8]

LSD

LSD is virtually never laced with other chemicals, but other lysergamides such as ALD-52 are sometimes sold as LSD-25. DOB, DOI, and other closely related drugs are sometimes sold as LSD. Several other highly potent hallucinogens such as Bromo-DragonFLY or 25I-NBOMe can be found in the form of blotters. LSD is also tasteless in normal dosages, so detection is only possible after ingestion or reagent testing. For these reasons, it is not uncommon to find blotters sold as LSD completely devoid of psychoactive substances.

Heroin

Heroin is commonly cut with quinine, caffeine, dimethocaine, procaine, lactose, inositol, dextrose, mannitol, and starch. Other opioids are sometimes sold as heroin or cut with heroin. Fentanyl sold as or laced into heroin has made the news in the past due to the numerous fatalities it causes when it appears on the market. Recently, Fentanyl and close analogues have been produced in pure powder form for very cheap. Dealers may cut with or sell heroin with Fentanyl due to the street cost of Fentanyl versus the cost of heroin. The potency of such mixtures (especially if made carelessly) can be far above that of pure heroin, and users frequently overdose due to this.

Psilocybin mushrooms

There have been confirmed cases of edible, non-psychoactive mushrooms found to be laced with other psychoactive chemicals, particularly in areas where psilocybin mushrooms are not readily available.

Prescription Medication

As the sources of prescription medication on the street are not verifiable through legitimate channels, misrepresentation of prescription medications is a common practice.

Testing

Personal test kits

There are several test kits that are available online and also sold at some head shops. These kits claim to be able to identify common adulterants in ecstasy.

Professional lab tests

There are services available for testing the contents of an ecstasy pill that can tell the user what chemicals are contained in the pill and at what ratio. The results are then posted on their website along with every other pill that they have tested. The tests are considered to be highly accurate. Their services were at one time free, but when they ran out of funding they had to charge a fee for every pill tested.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=82e58213-6a9a-4ab9-bfe3-9b4894296902
  2. ↑ Fucci N, De Giovanni N (August 1998). "Adulterants encountered in the illicit cocaine market". Forensic Sci. Int. 95 (3): 247–52. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00102-9. PMID 9800360.
  3. ↑ Venhuis BJ, de Kaste D (November 2008). "Sildenafil analogs used for adulterating marijuana". Forensic Sci. Int. 182 (1–3): e23–4. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.09.002. PMID 18945564.
  4. ↑ Childs, Dan (Apr 10, 2008). "Lead-Tainted Marijuana Poisons Users". ABC News. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  5. ↑ Loviglio, Joann (July 27 ????). "Kids Use Embalming Fluid as Drug". ABC News (Philadelphia). Retrieved 6 November 2010. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ Dowty, Douglass (August 3, 2009). "Illegal drug users dip into embalming fluid". The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY). Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  7. ↑ "Ecstasy tables containing Strychnine".
  8. ↑ https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_faq_testing_kits.shtml
  9. ↑ "Ecstasy Data Funding Info". ecstasydata. Retrieved 12 August 2014.