La Palma

La Palma

Flag of La Palma
Geography
Location Atlantic Ocean
Coordinates 28°40′N 17°52′W / 28.667°N 17.867°W
Archipelago Canary Islands
Area 708.32 km2 (273.48 sq mi)
Highest elevation 2,426 m (7,959 ft)
Highest point Roque de los Muchachos
Country
Spain
Autonomous Community Canary Islands
Province Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Largest settlement Los Llanos de Aridane (pop. 21,145 (2011))
Demographics
Population 85,225[1] (as of 2013)
Density 122 /km2 (316 /sq mi)

La Palma (Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈpalma]), also San Miguel de La Palma, is the most north-westerly of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of 706 km2 making it the fifth largest of the seven main Canary Islands. The total population is about 86,000, of which 18,000 (2003 data) live in the capital, Santa Cruz de la Palma and about 20,000 (2004 data) in Los Llanos de Aridane.

In 1815, the German geologist Leopold von Buch visited the Canary Islands. It was as a result of his visit to Tenerife where he visited the Las Cañadas caldera and then La Palma where he visited the Taburiente caldera, that the Spanish word for cauldron - "caldera" - was introduced into the English language geological vocabulary. La Palma has "sister city" status with El Dorado Hills, California, United States.

Origins and geology

La Palma, like the other islands of the Canary Island archipelago, is a volcanic ocean island. The volcano rises almost 7 km (4 mi) above the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. There is road access from sea level to the summit at 2,426 m (7,959 ft),[1] which is marked by an outcrop of rocks called Los Muchachos ("The Lads"). This is the site of the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, one of the world's premier astronomical observatories.

La Palma's geography is a result of the volcanic formation of the island. The highest peaks reach over 2,400 m (7,874 ft) above sea level, and the base of the island is located almost 4,000 m (13,123 ft) below sea level. The northern part of La Palma is dominated by the Caldera de Taburiente, with a width of 9 km (6 mi) and a depth of 1,500 m (4,921 ft). It is surrounded by a ring of mountains ranging from 1,600 m (5,249 ft) to 2,400 m (7,874 ft) in height. Only the deep Barranco de las Angustias ("Canyon of Anxiety") canyon leads into the inner area of the caldera which is a national park. It can be reached only by hiking. The outer slopes are cut by numerous gorges which run from 2,000 m (6,562 ft) down to the sea. Today, only few of these carry water due to the many water tunnels that have been cut into the islands structure.

From the Caldera de Taburiente to the south runs the ridge Cumbre Nueva - the New Ridge, which despite its name is older than the Cumbre Vieja - Old Ridge. The southern part of La Palma consists the Cumbre Vieja, a volcanic ridge formed by numerous volcanic cones built of lava and scoria. The Cumbre Vieja is active - but dormant, with the last eruption occurring in 1971 at the Teneguia vent which is located at the southern end of the Cumbre Vieja - Punta de Fuencaliente, (The Point of the Hot Fountain). Beyond Punta de Fuencaliente, the Cumbre Vieja continues in a southerly direction as a submarine volcano.

La Palma has abundant plant life (which is the most diverse in the Canary Islands).

Climate

La Palma has a mild and consistent subtropical semi-arid climate. Which in the Köppen climate classification is represented as BSh.

Climate data for La Palma Airport 33m (1981-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6)		 31.0
(87.8)		 32.8
(91)		 36.6
(97.9)		 32.4
(90.3)		 29.4
(84.9)		 38.4
(101.1)		 38.0
(100.4)		 36.8
(98.2)		 34.4
(93.9)		 31.6
(88.9)		 28.0
(82.4)		 38.4
(101.1)
Average high °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1)		 20.7
(69.3)		 21.2
(70.2)		 21.6
(70.9)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.1
(75.4)		 25.5
(77.9)		 26.3
(79.3)		 26.6
(79.9)		 25.5
(77.9)		 23.5
(74.3)		 21.8
(71.2)		 23.33
(74.01)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6)		 18.0
(64.4)		 18.5
(65.3)		 18.9
(66)		 20.0
(68)		 21.7
(71.1)		 23.1
(73.6)		 23.9
(75)		 24.0
(75.2)		 22.8
(73)		 20.9
(69.6)		 19.3
(66.7)		 20.77
(69.38)
Average low °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9)		 15.3
(59.5)		 15.7
(60.3)		 16.2
(61.2)		 17.4
(63.3)		 19.2
(66.6)		 20.7
(69.3)		 21.4
(70.5)		 21.3
(70.3)		 20.2
(68.4)		 18.3
(64.9)		 16.7
(62.1)		 18.16
(64.69)
Record low °C (°F) 9.4
(48.9)		 10.9
(51.6)		 10.2
(50.4)		 10.0
(50)		 11.0
(51.8)		 15.2
(59.4)		 14.9
(58.8)		 16.7
(62.1)		 16.4
(61.5)		 15.3
(59.5)		 10.0
(50)		 10.0
(50)		 9.4
(48.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 49
(1.93)		 57
(2.24)		 33
(1.3)		 19
(0.75)		 7
(0.28)		 2
(0.08)		 1
(0.04)		 1
(0.04)		 12
(0.47)		 41
(1.61)		 70
(2.76)		 80
(3.15)		 372
(14.65)
Avg. rainy days 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 2 5 7 8 40
Mean monthly sunshine hours 141 146 177 174 192 188 222 209 187 175 140 138 2,089
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[2]

Naming

La Palma is nicknamed "Isla Bonita"[3] ("beautiful island").

Government

The island is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The island is divided into 14 municipalities:

  • Barlovento
  • Breña Alta
  • Breña Baja
  • El Paso
  • Fuencaliente
  • Garafía
  • Los Llanos de Aridane
  • Puntagorda
  • Puntallana
  • San Andrés y Sauces
  • Santa Cruz de la Palma
  • Tazacorte
  • Tijarafe
  • Villa de Mazo

Volcano

Satellite image of La Palma, with the Caldera de Taburiente visible (north is to the lower right)
A view of the island looking south
Walls of Caldera de Taburiente

Like all of the Canary Islands, La Palma originally formed as a seamount through submarine volcanic activity. La Palma is currently the most volcanically active of the Canary Islands and was formed three to four million years ago. Its base lies almost 4,000 m (13,123 ft) below sea level and reaches a height of 2,426 m (7,959 ft) above sea level. About a half a million years ago, the volcano, Taburiente, collapsed with a giant landslide, forming the Caldera de Taburiente. Since the Spanish occupation, there have been seven eruptions:

During the 1949 eruption from the Duraznero, Hoyo Negro and Llano del Banco vents on the Cumbre Vieja, an earthquake, with an epicentre near Jedy, occurred. This caused a 2.5 km (2 mi)-long rift to open, with a width of about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and a depth of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in)(Rubio Bonelli, 1950). It attains a maximum displacement of about 4 m (13 ft) in the vicinity of the Hoyo Negro to Duraznero vent. It is not traceable southward from the Duraznero vent.

Economy

The local economy is primarily based on agriculture and tourism. Platanos (or Bananas) are grown throughout the island with many banana farms on the western side of the island in the valley of Los Llanos de Aridane. Other crops include: Strelitzia (or 'Bird of Paradise') flowers, oranges, avocados and grapes (which grow well in the volcanic soil). The wine from the grapes is prized. Local ranchers herd cows, sheep and goats (from which they make goat cheese).

Fisherman operating from Santa Cruz, Tazacorte and Puerto Naos catch fish for the local markets.

Flora and fauna

As with all the Canary Islands, La Palma has several endemic species.

Although large areas have been deforested, the upland areas of La Palma retain some of the temperate cloud forest, or laurisilva (laurel forest), dominated by Laurus, but including Juniperus cedrus (Canary Islands Juniper) and other trees. This is a relic of the Pliocene subtropical forests which used to cover all the Canary Islands.

The Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) is endemic to all the Western Canary Islands, whilst Genista stenopetala, or sweet broom and Spartocytisus supranubius, a white broom known locally as Retama del Teide, are native to La Palma and Tenerife. Echium webbii, a variety of Echium virescens (Tower of jewels) is endemic to La Palma, as are Ceropegia fusca and Ceropegia dichotoma; varieties of Cardoncillo.

Several animals are native or endemic to La Palma, including the:

In addition, many other animals have been introduced, including rabbits and Barbary Sheep, or Aoudads, which have become a serious threat to endemic flora

A biosphere reserve was established in 1983, and extended and renamed in 1997 and 2002

History

At the time of European colonization, the Canary Islands were inhabited by native Canarians, referred to collectively as Guanches, although the natives of La Palma are more correctly known as Auaritas (See Canary Islands in pre-colonial times). The origin of these natives is unclear but they are believed to share common ancestry with the Berbers of North Africa. The Guanches had a Neolithic culture divided into several clans led by chiefs. Their name for La Palma was Benahoare. The main remnants of this culture are their cave dwellings, enigmatic petroglyphs and paved stone paths through the mountains. After the Spanish occupation of La Palma, the native Canarians vanished by either being killed, sold into slavery or by assimilating into the Spanish population.

It is believed that the Canary Islands were known to the Phoenicians and Greeks, but the earliest written evidence is by the Roman writer Pliny The Elder, who quoted Juba II of Numidia, but Juba's writings were subsequently lost. The Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello reached the archipelago in 1312 and remained for two decades until expelled by a native uprising. In 1404 the Spaniards began the conquest of the islands. Though the first landing on La Palma was in 1405, it took until 1493 and several bloody battles until the last resistance of the natives was broken. The conqueror of La Palma was Alonso Fernández de Lugo, who defeated Tanausu, the last king on the island. He ruled the area known as Acero (Caldera de Taburiente). Tanausu was ambushed after agreeing to a truce arranged by Fernández de Lugo and Juan de Palma, a Guanche who had converted to Christianity and who was a relative of Tanausu.

For the next two centuries, settlements on La Palma became rich as the island served as a trading post on the way to the New World. La Palma received immigrants from Castile, Majorca, Flanders, Portugal and Catalonia.

Religion

The island is predominately Catholic and since 1676, has been known for the festival of Fiestas Lustrales de la Bajada de la Virgen de las Nieves (The bringing down of the virgin of the snow, Candelaria), which has a rich history, from the time of the Bishop of the Canaries, Bartolomé García Ximénez. The festival features the dancing of "enanos" or midgets. The costumes that people wear have a hole at the top of the hat to allow them to see out, while giving the appearance of dancing midgets. People come from all over the world for the celebration which happens every five years. The image of the virgin is taken down from her sanctuary and paraded around the city with the festival lasting nearly two weeks before she is returned.

Each island has a patron saint and "Virgen de las Nieves" (The virgin of the snow) is the patron saint of La Palma. Many women on the island have the name "Nieves" in honor of this.

Transport

La Palma has a road network of some 1,200 km (746 mi). All the main roads are asphalted and in a good state, although there are many sharp bends, some very narrow. In order to reach some small hamlets in the north of the island it is necessary to travel on earth tracks. A good paved road approximately 180 km (112 mi), circumscribes the island. Several bus routes exist that unite the main localities on the island.

There is a road that runs from Los Llanos de Aridane to the capital city of the island Santa Cruz de La Palma (known by locals as simply Santa Cruz). This road is a two-lane highway that includes a pair of two-lane tunnels that go right through the top of the mountain. The older tunnel is shorter (1,100 m (3,609 ft)) and higher than the newer tunnel (2,880 m (9,449 ft)). When traveling from one side of the mountain to the other it is common to enter one side in complete clouds (the east side) and come out to the sunny side (western side). This is due to the clouds not being able to cross the mountains.

La Palma Airport serves the island, and several airlines run services to and from it. There is also ferry service to and from the island in the city of Sta. Cruz.

Water tunnels

The most famous structures of La Palma are the minas galerias (water tunnels) which carry the water from sources in the mountains to cities, villages and farms (mainly banana plantations). La Palma receives almost all of its water supply due to the mar de nubes (sea of clouds), stratocumulus cloud at 1,200 m (3,937 ft)-1,600 m (5,249 ft) altitude, carried on the prevailing wind which blows from the north-east trade winds. The water condenses on the long needles of the trees and other vegetation, it then either drips onto the ground or runs down the trunk etc., into the ground. Eventually it collects inside the rock-strata, and is then drained via the galerias into aqueducts and pipes for distribution. The galerias have been cut into the rocks over centuries. To visit the galerias a permit is required. It is possible to walk alongside many of the aqueducts, a popular activity for tourists (similar to the levadas of Madeira). The tour to the Marcos y Corderos waterfall and springs is also popular.

There is an extensive network of irrigation canals in the valley of Los Llanos de Aridane. These canals carry water from the mountains throughout the valley and allow for the cultivation of bananas, avocados, flowers, and other plants. Each farmer gets a scheduled "turn" to fill an irrigation tank with water 24 hours of the day. If a farmer's turn is at 2 AM he will wake up and make sure to fill his tank when possible so as to have sufficient water for his farm.

These round tanks typically gather moss and lilly pads upon which frogs make their habitat.

Observatories

A sea of clouds below the William Herschel Telescope

Due to the location of the island and the height of its mountains, some 2,400 m (7,874 ft) above sea level, a number of international observatories have been built on the Roque de los Muchachos. The particular geographical position and climate cause clouds to form between 1,000 m (3,281 ft) and 2,000 m (6,562 ft), usually leaving the observatories with a clear sky. Often, the view from the top of the volcano is a sea of clouds covering the eastern part of the island. Telescopes at the observatory include:

The DOT and the SST have been specifically built to study the Sun.

Tsunami scenarios

In a BBC Horizon programme broadcast on October 12, 2000, two geologists (Day and McGuire) cited this rift as proof that half of the Cumbre Vieja had slipped towards the Atlantic Ocean (Day et al., 1999; Ward and Day, 2001). They suggested that this process was driven by the pressure caused by the rising magma heating water trapped within the structure of the island. They hypothesised that during a future eruption, the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja, with a mass of approximately 1.5 x1015 kg, could slide into the ocean. This could then potentially generate a giant wave which they termed a "megatsunami" around 650 m (2,133 ft)-900 m (2,953 ft) high in the region of the islands. The wave would radiate out across the Atlantic and inundate the eastern seaboard of North America including the American, the Caribbean and northern coasts of South America some six to eight hours later. They estimate that the tsunami will have waves possibly 160 ft (49 m) or higher causing massive devastation along the coastlines. Modelling suggests that the tsunami could inundate up to 25 km (16 mi) inland - depending upon topography. The basis for Ward and Day (2001) modelling the collapse of a much larger portion of the western flank than the currently visible surface fissures suggest is unstable, was based on geological mapping by Day et al. 1999. In this paper they argue that a large part of the western flank has been constructed in the scar of a previous collapse and therefore sits upon unstable debris.

However, nowhere in their paper do (Ward and Day, 2001), make any claim about the imminent collapse of the flank. They state that they have modelled the worst-case scenario, and as a result they state "...A future collapse has the potential to cause a tsunami which may devastate the east coast of the USA and other locations...".

The claim also was explored in a BBC docu-drama called End Day which went through several hypothetical scenarios of disastrous proportions.

However, the Tsunami Society (Pararas-Carayannis, 2002), published a statement stating "... We would like to halt the scaremongering from these unfounded reports..." The major points raised in this report include:

In 2006 professor Jan Nieuwenhuis of Delft University of Technology simulated several volcanic eruptions and calculated it would take another 10,000 years for the flanks to become sufficiently high and unstable to cause a massive collapse.,[4]

An underwater eruption that began in September 2011 south of the island of El Hierro, gave rise to more speculation about the possibility of a megatsunami.[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ISTAC "Instituto Canario de Estadistica" (In Spanish). Retrieved April 24, 2009
  2. ↑ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)".
  3. ↑ Holly Hughes; Sylvie Murphy; Alexis Lipsitz Flippin; Julie Duchaine (2 February 2010). Frommer's 500 Extraordinary Islands. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-470-50070-5.
  4. ↑ New research puts 'killer La Palma tsunami' at distant future, PhysOrg.com, September 20, 2006.
  5. ↑ Mark Johanson, Volcanic Eruption in Canary Islands Produces Large Sea Stains, International Business Times, October 14, 2011.
  6. ↑ Canary Island volcanic eruption may be imminent, Catholic Online New consortium, September 29, 2011.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Palma.