LGBT rights in the Americas

LGBT rights in Americas

Americas
Same-sex sexual activity legal? Legal in 24 out of 35 states
Legal in all 20 territories
Gender identity/expression Legal in 13 out of 35 states
Legal in 9 out of 20 territories
Military service Allowed to serve openly in 16 out of 29 states having an army
Legal in all 20 states
Discrimination protections Legal in 17 out of 35 states
Legal in 15 out of 20 states
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 Legal in 11 out of 35 states
Legal in 8 out of 20 territories
Restrictions:
 Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states
Adoption Legal in 7 out of 35 states
Legal in 8 out of 20 territories

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex marriages have been legal in Canada nationwide since 2005, in Argentina since 2010 and in Brazil nationwide and Uruguay since 2013. In Mexico same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City, Quintana Roo and Coahuila and those unions are recognized nationwide. In the United States, same-sex marriages are performed by 36 states and the District of Columbia, as well as being federally recognized, but are banned in other states. Same-sex marriages are legal in the Caribbean Netherlands, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. More than 400 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.

Furthermore, some other nations have laws recognizing other types of same-sex unions (Colombia, Ecuador and Chile), as well as LGBT adoption and military service by LGBT people. However, eleven other nations, all of them in the former British West Indies, still have criminal punishment for buggery on their statute books. These eleven countries include Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Lucia, Antigua & Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis & Belize.

Religion and LGBT acceptance

The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships followed by Eastern Orthodox church,[1] the Methodist Church,[2][3] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[4] and the American Baptist Church,[5] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance. The Southern Baptist Convention.[6][7][8] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[9] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful.[10][11]

However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), and some congregations of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.). Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. In addition, in the United States Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.


Legislation by country or territory

Tables:

North America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda Bermuda
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 1994 (Age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 UK responsible for defence. Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[13]
Canada Canada Legal since 1969 (Age of consent discrepancy and prohibition of anal intercourse in some cases)
+ UN decl. sign.[12][14]		 Legal since 2003,
mandatory legal status nationwide since 2005.		 Legal nationwide, but specifics may vary by province and territory.[15] Since 1992.[16] Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech. Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention in most provinces and territories (not required in Ontario, British Columbia); Explicit anti-discrimination protections only in Alberta, NWT, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario, implicit elsewhere.[17][18][19]
Greenland Greenland
(constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)		 Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Registered partnership since 1996. (Pending). / Step-child adoption only; (Joint adoption pending). Denmark responsible for defence. Bans some anti-gay discrimination.
Mexico Mexico Legal since 1872
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[20] Colima (2013),[21] Jalisco (2013)[22] and Campeche (2013).[23] / Legal in Mexico City (2010),[24] Quintana Roo (2012)[25] and Coahuila (2014).
All states are obliged to honour same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[24]
(Proposed nationwide).[26][27]		 / Joint adoption legal in Mexico City (2010)[28] and Coahuila (2014).[29]
Nationwide, single gay persons may adopt.[30]		 / No explicit ban. However, LGB persons have been reportedly discharged on the grounds of "immorality".[31] Nationwide since 2003.[32] / Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City since 2008.[33]
Saint Pierre et Miquelon
(overseas collectivity of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999. Legal since 2013. Legal since 2013. Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Requires sterilization for change.
United States United States Legal nationwide since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 / Varies by state, not recognized by federal gov't.
(Legal in some states where same-sex marriage is also legal. Domestic partnership benefits and civil unions granted by local level cities and counties in 15 states).		 / Varies by state, recognized by federal gov't.
(Legal in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho,Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, 22 Native American Tribal Jurisdictions, St. Louis, MO, and the District of Columbia. Recognized in Missouri).		 / Single bisexual, gay, and lesbian persons may adopt, laws on couples vary by state. LGB people allowed to serve openly since 2011. / Federal executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation for employees in the federal civilian workforce, along with the government employment in the District of Columbia, and the United States Postal Service, since 1998 (see Executive Order 12968 and Executive Order 13087). Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation with minors by mental health professionals illegal in some states. (Banned in California, New Jersey and the District of Columbia). Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009.
(Sexual orientation discrimination in public and private employment)		 / Gender identity discrimination in employment and healthcare insurance banned since 2012.[34][35] Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009.
(Gender identity discrimination in public and private employment)

Central America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize Belize Male illegal since 2003
Penalty: 10 year prison sentence (not enforced)
Female always legal.[12]
Costa Rica Costa Rica Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 For some purposes such as conjugal visit, health-related decisions and social insurance; (Civil union pending).[36][37] Has no military. Bans all anti-gay discrimination.
El Salvador El Salvador Legal since the 1800's
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 (Constitutional ban pending)[38] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. (Ban rarely encored)
Guatemala Guatemala Legal since 1800's
+ UN decl. sign.[12]
Honduras Honduras Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Constitutional ban since 2005 Prohibits hate crimes based on sexual orientation Prohibits hate crimes based on gender identity
Nicaragua Nicaragua Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[12]
Panama Panama Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Has no military.

Caribbean islands

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla Anguilla
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 UK responsible for defence.
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Illegal
Penalty: 15 year prison sentence.[12]
Aruba Aruba
(autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Only unions performed in the Netherlands recognised. Only same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognised. The Netherlands responsible for defence.
The Bahamas Bahamas Legal since 1991 (Age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[12]
Barbados Barbados Illegal
Penalty: Life imprisonment (not enforced).[12]
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 UK responsible for defence. Constitutional ban on discrimination
Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands
(Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba; special municipalities of the Netherlands)		 Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Legal since 2012. [39] The Netherlands responsible for defence. Bans all anti-gay discrimination.
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2000 (Age of consent discrepancy) [40]
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 UK responsible for defence.
Cuba Cuba Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 (Proposed). Constitutional ban since 1976 Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[41][42]
Curaçao Curaçao
(Autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Only unions performed in the Netherlands recognised. Only same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognised. The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Dominica Dominica Illegal
Penalty: 10 year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution
+ UN decl. sign.[12]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Constitutional ban since 2010. [43]
Grenada Grenada Male illegal
Penalty: 10 year prison sentence
Female always legal.[12]		 Has no military
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999. Legal since 2013. Legal since 2013. Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Requires sterilization for legal change.
Haiti Haiti Legal since 1986.[12] Has no military
Jamaica Jamaica Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years hard labor (not enforced)
Female always legal.[12]
Martinique Martinique
(overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999. Legal since 2013. Legal since 2013. Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Requires sterilization for legal change.
Montserrat Montserrat
(overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 UK responsible for defence. Constitutional ban on discrimination.[44]
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States)		 Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Since 2011. Bans hate crimes since 2002 and anti–employment discrimination since 2013. US hate crime laws also apply. Bans hate crimes since 2002 and anti–employment discrimination since 2013. US hate crime laws also apply.
Saint Barthélemy
(overseas collectivity of France since 2007)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999. Legal since 2013. Legal since 2013. Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Requires sterilization for legal change.
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years
Female always legal.[12]
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Male illegal
Penalty: fine and/or 10 year prison sentence
Female always legal.[12]		 Has no military
Saint Martin
(overseas collectivity of France since 2007)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999. Legal since 2013. Legal since 2013. Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Requires sterilization for legal change.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Illegal
Penalty: fine and/or 10 year prison sentence.[12]		 Has no military
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten
(autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Only unions performed in the Netherlands recognised. Only same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognised. The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Illegal
Penalty: 25 year prison sentence (not enforced).[12]
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
(overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 UK responsible for defence. Constitutional ban on discrimination
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands
(insular area of the United States)		 Legal since 1985
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Since 2011. The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well. The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well.

South America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina Argentina Legal since 1887
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Unregistered cohabitation since 2008.[45]
Civil union in four jurisdictions.		 Legal since 2010.[46] Joint adoption legal since 2010. Since 2009.[47] / Legal protection in some provinces; (Federal law pending).[48] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal. Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2012.[49]
Bolivia Bolivia Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 (Pending). Constitutional ban since 2009. / Single people allowed to adopt. Since 2015 [50][51] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention.[52]
Brazil Brazil Legal since 1831
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 "Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004, all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011.[53][54] Legal in some states since 2011 (given interpretation of "stable union" legislation). Nationwide since 2013.[55][56] Single gay persons explicitly accepted since 1996. Joint adoption legal since 2010.[57] Since 1969.[58] / All state-sanctioned social discrimination of citizens since 1988. Legal protection for sexual orientation in many jurisdictions, expansion of anti-discrimination (all) national Constitutional amendment discussed in the Senate.[59] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999.[60][61] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2009.[62][63][64]
Chile Chile Legal since 1999 (Age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Civil unions since 2015.[65][66] (Pending)[67] Same-sex marriages performed abroad are recognised as Civil unions.[68] / Single gay persons may adopt (Step-child adoption and joint adoption pending).[69] Since 2012.[70] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[71] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2007. Currently, a broader gender identity law (which would not require any surgeries or judicial permission) is being discussed by the congress.[72][73]
Colombia Colombia Legal since 1981
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Since 2007. / Judges are able to marry same-sex couples using a 2011 court ruling; same-sex marriage bill proposed in Congress.[74] / As single people and step-child adoption.[75] Since 1999. Since 2009 the military special social security system can be used by same sex couples in the army. Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech.[76] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2009.[77]
Ecuador Ecuador Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Civil unions since 2009.[78] Constitutional ban since 2009. Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention.
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 (Pending).[79] UK responsible for defence. Constitutional ban on discrimination.[80]
French Guiana French Guiana
(Overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999. Legal since 2013. Legal since 2013. Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Requires sterilization for change.
Guyana Guyana Illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (not enforced).[12]		 [81] Added to constitution in 2004, but withdrawn afterwards by the government.
Paraguay Paraguay Legal since 1880 (Age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Constitutional ban since 1992.
Peru Peru Legal since 1836-1837
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Since 2009.[82] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Transgender persons can change their legal name after completion of medical intervention. Gender change is not allowed by courts.
Suriname Suriname Legal since 1869 (Age of consent discrepancy).[12]
Uruguay Uruguay Legal since 1934
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 Civil unions since 2008.[83] Legal since 2013.[84] Legal since 2009.[85] Since 2009.[86] Bans all anti-gay discrimination since 2004.[87] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 2009.[88]
Venezuela Venezuela Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[12]		 / Civil union in Mérida since 2010. (Pending) Constitutional ban since 1993 (Pending) Since 1999. Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[89]

See also

References

  1. ↑ On Marriage, Family, Sexuality, and the Sanctity of Life
  2. ↑ "The Christian Life - Christian Conduct". Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  3. ↑ "British Methodists reject blessing of same-sex relationships". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  4. ↑ "Summaries of General Synod Discussions and Actions on Homosexuality and the Rights of Homosexuals". Reformed Church in America. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  5. ↑ "We Are American Baptists". American Baptist Churches USA. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  6. ↑ Position Statements/Sexuality
  7. ↑ Statement on Homosexuality
  8. ↑ Position Paper on Homosexuality
  9. ↑ Homosexuality
  10. ↑ "Homosexuality—How Can I Avoid It?". Awake!: 28–30. February 2007.
  11. ↑ Same-Gender Attraction - LDS Newsroom
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.24 12.25 12.26 12.27 12.28 12.29 12.30 12.31 12.32 12.33 12.34 12.35 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.39 12.40 12.41 12.42 12.43 12.44 12.45 12.46 12.47 12.48 12.49 12.50 12.51 12.52 12.53 12.54 12.55 State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2014
  13. ↑ Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  14. ↑ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
  15. ↑ Status differs in provinces and territories:
  16. ↑ "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  17. ↑ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
  18. ↑ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people". CBC News. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  19. ↑ http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4
  20. ↑ (Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad". La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  21. ↑ (Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo". Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  22. ↑ (Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo". CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  23. ↑ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  25. ↑ (Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  26. ↑ (Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México". CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  27. ↑ (Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual". Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  28. ↑ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
  29. ↑ (Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra". Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  30. ↑ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico". Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.
  31. ↑ (Spanish) Milenio Semanal (17 October 2010). "Homosexualidad y Ejército". Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  32. ↑ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  33. ↑ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  34. ↑ Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  35. ↑ HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care
  36. ↑ http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html
  37. ↑ Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions
  38. ↑ http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/04/el-salvador-approves-measures-banning-same-sex-marriage-gay-couple-adoption/
  39. ↑ "Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1)". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  40. ↑ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
  41. ↑ (Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
  42. ↑ (Spanish) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
  43. ↑ Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers
  44. ↑ "Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  45. ↑ Argentina grants gay couples partner pensions
  46. ↑ Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Bill
  47. ↑ AG magazine (2 March 2009). "A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban". Queerty. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  48. ↑ Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación
  49. ↑ Página12, 10 May 2012
  50. ↑ http://eju.tv/2013/12/ffaa-de-bolivia-darn-cupos-a-gais-para-que-ingresen-a-sus-filas/
  51. ↑ http://www.confluenciafm.com.ar/vernota.asp?id_noticia=14939
  52. ↑ Constitución Política del Estado VIGENTE Bolivia
  53. ↑
  54. ↑ http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=178931
  55. ↑ CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento entre gays
  56. ↑ CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais
  57. ↑ http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=29208
  58. ↑ (Portuguese) Patricia Silva Gadelha (March 2006). "A prática da pederastia é crime militar". Jus Navigandi. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  59. ↑ (Portuguese) Iara Bernardi (December 2010). "Projeto de Lei 122/2006". Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  60. ↑ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (Portuguese)
  61. ↑ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (Portuguese)
  62. ↑ (Portuguese)Expresso da Notícia (13 January 2006). "Justiça autoriza alteração no registro de transexual que trocou de sexo". Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  63. ↑ (Portuguese) Expresso da Notícia (25 December 2005). "Justica autoriza mudança de sexo em documentos". Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  64. ↑ Changing name and sex in documentation – Brazilian Association of Trans Men (Portuguese)
  65. ↑ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/01/28/chilean-civil-unions-bill-receives-final-approval/
  66. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-2930343/Socially-conservative-Chile-approves-civil-unions.html
  67. ↑ El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al parlamento de Chile
  68. ↑ http://www.cascaraamarga.es/politica-lgtb/lgtb-internacional/10854-chile-reconocera-los-matrimonios-entre-personas-del-mismo-sexo-celebrados-en-el-extranjero.html
  69. ↑ El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al parlamento de Chile
  70. ↑ (Spanish) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. "Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas". Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  71. ↑ "Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law". Jurist.org. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  72. ↑ http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero.shtml
  73. ↑
  74. ↑ Proyecto de matrimonio y adopción gay divide a la Unidad Nacional
  75. ↑ "Histórico fallo: Corte aprueba adopción de niña a compañera lesbiana de su madre biológica".(Spanish)
  76. ↑ "Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidiscriminación". ElTiempo.com. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.(Spanish)
  77. ↑ Mora, Manuel Velandia. "Cambio de nombre es posible en Colombia". Manuel Antonio Velandia Mora Autobiografía y artículos. Retrieved 30 September 2010.(Spanish)
  78. ↑ Rodríguez, Yesyd. "Ecuador celebró la primera unión de hecho entre personas del mismo sexo, desatando la indignación de la iglesia católica". Dos Manzanas. Retrieved 30 September 2010.(Spanish)
  79. ↑ http://sartma.com/art.php?artid=12244&yr=2015&mo=01&os=10
  80. ↑ The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008
  81. ↑ http://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/33563-army-wont-discriminate-against-its-gay-soldiers-.html
  82. ↑ "El Tribunal Constitucional de Perú considera que no se puede excluir de la Polícia o el Ejército a las personas homosexuales". Dos Manzanas. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  83. ↑ Hilary Burke (18 December 2007). "Uruguay OKs gay unions in Latin American first". Reuters. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  84. ↑ http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/05/mec_913.pdf
  85. ↑ Reuters (9 September 2009). "Lawmakers in Uruguay Vote to Allow Gay Couples to Adopt". New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  86. ↑ Rachel Weiner (15 May 2009). "Uruguay Lifts Ban On Gays In The Military". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  87. ↑ (Spanish) Congress of Uruguay (18 August 2004). "Ley N° 17.817". Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  88. ↑ Free Speech Radio News (11 December 2009). "Uruguay passes bill to allow citizens to choose gender identity". Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  89. ↑ State-sponsored Homophobia A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults