LGBT rights in New Zealand

LGBT rights in New Zealand

Same-sex sexual activity legal? Male legal since 1986,
female was never criminalized
Gender identity/expression Yes, protected in anti-discrimination law and hate crimes legislation
Military service Gays and lesbians allowed to serve
Discrimination protections Human Rights Act 1993 covers sexual orientation and gender identity/expression
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 Same-sex marriage since 2013
Adoption Joint adoption for married same sex couples allowed

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people have the same legal rights as other people in New Zealand. Sex between men was decriminalised in 1986. New Zealand enacted legislation that permitted civil unions in 2005, which allowed couples many of the same rights as married couples and same-sex marriage has been legalised and gone into effect since 19 August 2013.

History and law reform

Homosexual intercourse became illegal in New Zealand when the country formally became part of the British Empire in 1840 and adopted British law making homosexual sex punishable by death. Capital punishment was never carried out in New Zealand for any reason than murder or one case of treason, and was abolished in 1961. In 1893 the law was broadened to outlaw any sexual activity between men. Penalties included life imprisonment, hard labour and flogging. Sex between women has never been legally prohibited in New Zealand.

Attempts to change the law included a petition presented to Parliament by the Dorian Society (the first New Zealand organisation for homosexual men) in 1968, and steps taken by National Member of Parliament, Venn Young, in 1974.

In 1986, the Crimes Act was changed with the passing of the Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986, removing the offence of consensual sex between males over the age of sixteen. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was outlawed several years later in amendments to the Human Rights Act.

Note those convicted and imprisoned for homosexual offences prior to August 1986 are not automatically eligible to hide the offences under the Criminal Records (Clean Slate) Act 2004, since the Act applies retrospectively to current and abolished offences equally. However, individuals with an otherwise clean criminal record can apply to the District Court to have the offences struck off.

Gender identity/expression

Current Status of Transgender, Agender, Non-Binary and Gender Non-Conforming People in New Zealand and Internationally The Human Rights Commission noted in its 2004 report on the status of human rights in New Zealand that transgender, non-binary and intersex people in New Zealand face discrimination in several aspects of their lives, however the law is unclear on the legal status of discrimination based on gender identity and for intersex people.[1]

Currently, the Human Rights Act 1993 does not explicitly prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender. Whilst it is believed that gender identity is protected under the laws preventing discrimination on the basis of either sex or sexual orientation,[2] it is not known how this applies to those who have not had, or will not have, gender reassignment surgery.[1] Some overseas courts have determined that transgender people are covered by prohibitions on discrimination based on sex, but there is also international case law suggesting it is not.[3] Even if it is, it is unlikely to apply to transgender people who have not or will not have gender reassignment surgery.[4] Likewise, placing gender identity under the prohibitions on the grounds of sexual orientation is problematic. While there is some inconsistent international case law, it has been noted that gender identification and sexual orientation are too unrelated for this to be suitable.[5]

The International Commission of Jurists and the International Service for Human Rights in 2007 created the Yogyakarta Principles to apply international human rights law to transgender issues. The first and most arguably most important is that human rights are available to all humans, regardless of gender identity, and that states should amend legislation “to ensure its consistency with the universal enjoyment of all human rights.”[6]

This report suggested that transgender people were “one of the most marginalised groups” in New Zealand, leading the Human Rights Commission to publish a comprehensive inquiry entitled To Be Who I Am in 2008, which outlined some of the concerns listed below.[7] These concerns are particularly important considering that the discrimination and exclusion towards transgender, inter-sex and gender non-conforming persons has been shown to increase the risk of mental health issues and suicide.[8]

Cultural Discrimination: Discrimination on the basis of gender identity can also be cultural discrimination, as in New Zealand, several cultures have a history of differences in gender identity. Transgender Maori people - Tangata ira tane (male who was born female), and whakawahine, Hinehi, and Hinehua (female who was born male) – were observed by the first European explorers to New Zealand.[9] Likewise, many Pacific Island communities had traditionally accepted transgender people, such as fa’afafine from Samoa, fakaleiti in Tonga, and Akava’ine in the Cook Islands.[10] Cultures which accept transgender people can create positive environments for its members to determine their own gender identity.[11] Transgender people from these communities may be aware of the potential to transition earlier, and may be less likely to require or desire genital surgery.[12] However there are also general concerns that Maori patients have reduced health access and receive fewer referrals and medical tests.[13]

Discrimination in the workplace Discrimination in the workplace has been of critical concern for people who are transgender, agender, non-binary or intersex. This particularly relates to access to employment, job retention and safety in the workplace.[14] An inability to find a job can cause difficulties with having enough money, but also can cause a person to feel disconnected from the world.[15] Transgender people have reported harassment, violations of privacy, and unfair dismissals at the workplace.[16]

In light of the findings of the Human Rights Commission, the Department of Labour has issued a guide to transgender people in the workplace. It specifies that unless gender identity affects the ability to perform a job, employers or prospective employers are not permitted to ask if a person is transgender. Discrimination in the workplace on the basis of gender identity can be referred to the Human Rights Commission.[17]

The right to healthcare, and protection from discrimination on basis of health The health issues faced by transgender and non-binary people are particularly complex. Many General Practitioners in New Zealand are unaware of medical issues and practices for transgender people, which is problematic when GPs are required to refer their patient on to specialist services.[18] Indeed it is difficult to have a set practice for transgender and non-binary people because their needs and wants can be highly individualised, particularly in relation to cultural considerations and as gender identities can vary greatly from simply “male” or “female.”[19] There is some stigma associated with health for transgender and intersex people. Currently, the Human Rights Act 1993 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability, including psychological and anatomical abnormality.[20] However, the Human Rights Commission Action Plan of 2004 noted that associating intersex and gender identity with “abnormality” can have a negative impact on the lives of those affected.[21] Whilst the medical community accepts transgender identification as a medical issue, there is concern with it being depicted as an illness, whether physical or mental.[22] Currently a diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder is often required before further treatment or referrals can be given.[23] The World Professional Association for Transgender Health have stated that gender identification is very broad and crosses cultures and should not be considered as an illness, particularly as this can lead to stigma which can lead to mental health issues in those with different gender identities.[24] Whilst gender dysphoria may be severe enough in some cases to justify a mental health diagnosis, there is concern that this diagnosis is used as “a license for the stigmatization or for the deprivation of civil and human rights.”[19]

The cost of healthcare can be a significant barrier to transgender and intersex people. Input from a mental health professional may be required for further treatment but not funded, limiting the service to those who can afford it.[25] Four types of hormone treatments are fully subsidised by the Ministry of Health, including puberty blockers, oestrogen, androgen blockers and testosterone.[26] Currently, psychological input or counselling may be required to ensure fully informed consent, as some treatments are not fully reversible.[26]

Currently the Ministry of Health provides funding for four gender reassignment surgeries every two years. There is currently a waiting list of 61 people, meaning the wait could be substantial. Furthermore, the only gender reassignment surgeon in New Zealand retired in February 2014. Transgender people are forced to wait or pay for private surgery overseas.[27] There are some concerns that this surgery may not be up to the standards required, or will lack the necessary follow up.[27]

The barriers to health access which affect transgender people have been shown to be higher for children and teenagers, because many of the specialists cater only to adults.[28]

Gender Identity and Youth Many of the transgender people who assisted with the To Be Who I Am inquiry reported that they knew from a young age that they had a different gender identity.[29] A culture of stereotypes and negative beliefs about transgender people can lead to severe social difficulties for children exploring their gender identity.[30] Some trans people in New Zealand have reported both physical and sexual abuse from their parents.[31]

Gender identity in New Zealand can currently impact on a child’s right to an education. Failure to recognise when a child legally changes gender, being forced to use the wrong toilets, and bullying are problems. Some transgender children have been forced to leave schools, or find there is no school that will accept them.[32] Bullying is a significant problem for transgender students, reported as being almost 5 times higher than that experienced by non-transgender students.[33] Problems like being assigned a uniform for a gender a child doesn't identify with, pressure from the school to wear it, and being forced to wear that uniform as a punishment have been reported to the Human Rights Commission.[34]

In 2012 a health survey was undertaken of 8,500 New Zealand secondary school students, and discovered that approximately 4% were either transgender or unsure about their gender. 40% of those students who identified as transgender indicated significant depressive symptoms and one in five had attempted suicide in the last year.[33]

Civil and political rights In April 2007, nearly 400 people in New Zealand had passports where their sex was listed as indeterminate, the option usually chosen by intersex and transgender people who cannot legally change their sex.[35] Legally changing names on official documentation is a large barrier to transgender people in New Zealand. In addition to documents such as passports and birth certificates, changing names at schools and universities is often difficult, and it can cause problems for transgender people in the future when their academic record and degree is issued in another name.[36] The process for legally changing ones sex on legal documents is currently limited. To change sex on a birth certificate, the applicant must show that they have undergone medical intervention to give them the “physical confirmation” of their gender.[37] This has been interpreted as meaning that a transgender person who has not had gender reassignment surgery cannot change their sex on their birth certificate.[38] Birth certificates issued to pre-operative transgender people with their new name will include their birth sex and previous names, which can lead to intrusive questioning into their private lives.[38] Furthermore, this document is often required to change their name on driver’s licences and bank and business records.[38] Changing name and sex on a passport is also only currently available for post-operative transgender people, which can cause difficulties when travelling as their gender appearance may not match the passport.[38] As some transgender people either are unable to have gender reassignment surgery, or have to wait a long period to receive it, and many do not choose to undergo it, this is a potential source of discrimination. This risk of discrimination is outlined in Yogyakarta Principle 3 notes that “no one shall be forced to undergo medical procedures… as a requirement for legal recognition of their gender identity.”[39]

Statutes Amendment Bill (No 4) During the first reading for the Statutes Amendment Bill (No 4) in April 2014, Louisa Wall submitted a Supplementary Order Paper requesting an amendment of s21(1)(a) of the Human Rights Act 1993 to include gender identity as a prohibited grounds of discrimination. Whilst it has been accepted by the government for several years that transgender people are already protected under the prohibition on sexual discrimination, Louisa Wall argued that the minor change would be a technical one to confirm and clarify this. This move was supported by Jan Logie.[40]

Relationships, civil unions and same-sex marriage

The Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 2001 gives de facto couples, whether opposite or same sex, the same property rights as existed since 1976 for married couples on the break-up of a relationship.[41]

The Civil Union Act 2004 established the institution of civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The Act is very similar to the Marriage Act with "marriage" replaced by "civil union". The following year, the Relationships (Statutory References) Act 2005 was passed to remove discriminatory provisions from most legislation.[42]

Same-sex marriage in New Zealand was refused judicial approval by the Court of Appeal after Quilter v Attorney-General in 1994. However, unlike Australia and much of the United States, New Zealand has also refused to pre-emptively ban same-sex marriage if some future Parliament decided to approve it within an amended Marriage Act 1955. In December 2005, an abortive private members bill failed at its first reading to do so. Until Louisa Wall's bill was passed in April 2013, same-sex marriage and adoption were the final barrier before full LGBT formal and substantive equality in New Zealand.

In July 2012, a member's bill by Labour MP Louisa Wall which proposed defining marriage to be inclusive regardless of gender was drawn from the ballot. Preliminary reports show that there is widespread support for the bill both within Parliament (notably from Prime Minister John Key[43] and Leader of the Opposition David Shearer) and amongst the New Zealand public, with polls conducted in May 2012 indicating 63% support. However, there has been opposition from religious and conservative groups. The bill passed its first reading on 29 August 2012, 80 votes in favour to 40 opposed (with one abstention). The bill passed its second and third readings by 77-44, and became law on 19 April 2013. However, same-sex marriages were not conducted until August.[44] In December 2012, former Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard starred in an online video campaign supporting same-sex marriage, alongside New Zealand singers Anika Moa, Boh Runga and Hollie Smith, as well as Olympian Danyon Loader.[45]

Discrimination

The Human Rights Act 1993 outlaws discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and, implicitly, gender identity/expression. Initially this law exempted government activities until 1999. In 1998 an Amendment Bill was introduced making this exemption permanent. This was abandoned following a change of government in 1999. The new Labour government instead passed another Amendment Act to apply the Human Rights Act to government activities, and also to create a new ability for the Courts to "declare" legislation inconsistent with the Act.

The Royal New Zealand Navy and the Police are amongst many government agencies to have adopted "gay-friendly" policies.

Some examples of discrimination are still reported. In January 2006, news headlines were made by a sperm bank's policy of refusing donations from gay men. In March 2006, the former policy was amended and the latter is being reviewed. Reportedly some heterosexual male sperm donors have vetoed the use of their gametes for lesbians who seek artificial insemination.[46] The New Zealand Blood Service (NZBS), like many countries, controversially defers any man who has had oral or anal intercourse with another man, with or without protection, in the past twelve months from donating blood, which is taken to be discrimination against gay men. The restriction is on the basis that MSM in New Zealand are 44 times more likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS than the general population, and the HIV testing used is not specific enough (up to 1 in 1000 failure rate) to guarantee a 100 percent HIV-free blood supply.[47]

Adoption and parenting

Currently there are no specific barriers preventing an LGBT individual from adopting children, except that a male individual cannot adopt a female child. The same-sex marriage law became effective from 19 August 2013, and since then married same-sex couples were able to adopt children jointly. Unmarried couples and couples in civil unions, whether same-sex or opposite-sex, cannot jointly adopt children. The minimum age to adopt in New Zealand is 20 years for a related child, and 25 years or the child's age plus 20 years (whichever is greater) for an unrelated child.

On 21 May 2006, Green List MP Metiria Turei raised the issue of LGBT adoption, arguing that New Zealand's Adoption Act 1955 did not meet the complexities of contemporary New Zealand society. She argued following the enactment of the Civil Union Act in particular that eligible lesbian and gay prospective parents should be enabled to legally adopt. At present, gay Green List MP Kevin Hague has taken over this member's bill, which is currently awaiting being drawn from the ballot for member's bills Parliament holds from time to time.

Many lesbian couples are now raising children in New Zealand. Where these children are conceived through donor (sperm) insemination both of the lesbians are recognised on the children's birth certificates (the birth mother as 'mother', the other mother as 'other parent'). This is following the Care of Children Act 2004, which replaced the Status of Children Act 1969 (see Part 2). Fostering and guardianship are also recognised in New Zealand law and regulation, and reproductive technology has been accessible since 1994.

The current status of New Zealand adoption law is that while it is possible for the former coparent to individually adopt the child of her (or his) partner if she (or he) has had predominant parental responsibility during the absence of that partner,[48] it is not similarly possible for a long-term lesbian (or gay) coparent within an ongoing relationship to do likewise, although guardianship orders are available in this context. Ironically, the cited case would have been superseded by the Care of Children Act 2004, given that the children had been parented through donor insemination (see below)[49]

The donor is not recognised as a legal parent in New Zealand law. However, parents and donors can make formal agreements as to how things will work but the Courts do have flexibility as to whether they recognise these agreements or not (see section 41 of the Care of Children Act 2004).

Lesbians who have trouble conceiving using private donor insemination may be eligible, as other New Zealand women are, to help through publicly funded fertility treatment. However, there are conditions on this and every woman needing fertility treatment is scored as to her eligibility

Now passed, the current Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act will enable eligible same-sex parents to adopt children as there is a clause to that effect contained therein. However, known-relative adoptions in New Zealand have outnumbered stranger adoptions since the mid-1970s; between 2007 and 2013, there were 18 known-relative and step-parent adoptions for every 10 stranger adoptions.[50] Also, birth parents can choose the adoptive parents for their child, meaning same-sex couples may be passed over. It is therefore likely that the law will predominantly apply to non-biological parents/co-parent partners of biological lesbian mothers or gay fathers.

Criminal justice

New Zealand has a hate crimes clause which includes sexual orientation and gender identity/expression, Section 9(1)(h) of the Sentencing and Parole Act 2002,[51] although it has not yet been invoked in the context of a hate crime against an LGBT person. More recently, New Zealand LGBT communities were concerned about the continued existence of the provocation defence (Section 169 of the Crimes Act 1961) argument which they held had mitigated the seriousness of homophobic homicides through reducing probable, intentional murder convictions to the lesser charge and penalty of manslaughter (see gay panic defence).

In August 2009, Justice Minister Simon Power introduced the Crimes (Provocation Repeal) Amendment Bill to repeal sections 169 and 170 of the Crimes Act, although its introduction was largely stemmed from the trial for the murder of Sophie Elliott by her ex-boyfriend, rather than the LGBT community. The repeal bill received wide parliamentary and public support, and passed its third reading on 26 November 2009, 116 votes to 5, with only ACT New Zealand opposed, and became law effective 8 December 2009.[52][53]

Politics

Gay rights were a major political issue during the Homosexual Law Reform debates, but have subsequently become much less so. The Civil Union Act was opposed by nearly half of Parliament, but in tones much more restrained than that of the Homosexual Law Reform era. The Destiny political party, founded to bring ‘Christian morality’ into politics, received only 0.62% of the party vote in the 2005 general election. There have been a succession of unsuccessful fundamentalist Christian political parties within New Zealand since the introduction of electoral reform in New Zealand in 1993 made proportional representation possible. Of these, Christian Heritage New Zealand closed down in 2005 after its former leader Graham Capill was sentenced to nine years imprisonment after multiple cases of sexual assault against three female children. Future New Zealand, the Kiwi Party, the aforementioned Destiny New Zealand and the Family Party all succeeded it, but none lasted long. Currently, the officially secular Conservative Party of New Zealand, which has yet to gain parliamentary representation appeals to voters in this area.

There are a number of gay and lesbian Members of Parliament (MPs). The first to be elected was Chris Carter, who became the first openly gay MP when he came out shortly after the 1993 election. He lost his seat in the 1996 election, but won it again in the 1999 election and became New Zealand's first openly gay cabinet minister in 2002. Carter united in Civil union to his long-time partner of thirty three years, Peter Kaiser on 10 February 2007.

Tim Barnett was the first MP to be elected as an openly gay man, in the 1996 election. In 1997, Barnett and Carter started Rainbow Labour as a branch of the Labour Party to represent gay, lesbian, and transgender people within a major mainstream party, the first of its kind in New Zealand.

Maryan Street was New Zealand's first openly lesbian MP, elected in the 2005 election. However, the National Party's Marilyn Waring had preceded Street, and while she was outed at one point, Waring's strong pro-choice identification and vocal feminism overshadowed her lesbianism, which was then considered a private matter. Since she left Parliament in 1984, Waring has more openly acknowledged her sexual orientation. In 2005, Chris Finlayson became the first openly gay National Party MP, elected to Parliament on his party's MMP party list in the 2005 election. Other current openly gay MPs are Charles Chauvel and deputy leader Grant Robertson of the Labour Party and Kevin Hague of the Green Party. Following the resignation of Darren Hughes of the Labour Party caucus in 2011, the openly lesbian Louisa Wall became an MP. She was joined by openly lesbian Green Party MP Jan Logie following the 2011 general election.[54]

Georgina Beyer became the first transsexual mayor in the world when she became the Mayor of Carterton in 1995. In the 1999 election, she became the world's first transsexual MP. She retired from Parliamentary politics on 14 February 2007.

Sports

New Zealand's short-track speed skater and Olympian Blake Skjellerup, who came out as gay in May 2010 after the 2010 Winter Olympics[55] is one of only a few openly gay Olympic athletes.

Pride events

The first gay pride events were held in the 1970s. In the 1990s, the Hero Parade was held annually in Auckland. It was a significant public event which was publicised throughout New Zealand, and which created a significant amount of attention during the period when the Parade was held (1992–2001). The controversy it created amongst conservative Christians was dwarfed by crowds of extraordinary size by New Zealand standards. The Hero Festival continues but it does not attract as much attention, because there are no longer any Parades. In February 2013, however, Auckland held a Pride parade, with no opposition evident.

Another LGBT event is the Big Gay Out, a family event which is held annually in Auckland at Pt Chevalier's Coyle Park. The numbers of people attending has risen steadily over the past few years and includes appearances from the current Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposing Party and many other politicians from centre-left and centre-right parties alike, who show their support for the LGBT community.

Realm of New Zealand

Although anti-discrimination laws and laws regarding civil unions and same-sex marriage apply in New Zealand, these do not apply in the territories of Niue, Tokelau or the Cook Islands due to their separate legislatures. Sodomy remains a crime in the Cook Islands, although in Niue and Tokelau the sodomy laws were repealed from the Niue Act in 2007 when sections of the Act that mention buggery were repealed.[56]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity (Since 1986)
Equal age of consent (Since 1986)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment (Since 2009)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Since 2009)
Hate crimes laws covering both sexual orientation and gender identity (Since 1993)
Recognition of same-sex couples (e.g. civil unions) (Since 2005)
Same-sex marriage (Since 2013)
Adoption by same-sex couples (Since 2013)
Gays allowed to serve in the military (Since 1993)
Right to change legal gender (Since 1993)
Access to IVF for lesbians (Since 2004)
MSMs allowed to donate blood (Since 1998, 1-year deferral)[57]
Direct anti-discrimination law inclusion for transgender/intersex

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Human Rights Commission: “Human Rights in New Zealand Today – New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights. August 2004. P.92
  2. ↑ Human Rights Act 1993 s21(1)(m)
  3. ↑ Heike Polster, “Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p180-181
  4. ↑ Heike Polster, “Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p182.
  5. ↑ Heike Polster, “Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p183.
  6. ↑ The Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. 2007 p.10
  7. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 1.1.
  8. ↑ Rainbow Youth, Rainbow Communities and the New Zealand Suicide Prevention Action Plan: Briefing Paper for Associate Minister of Health Todd McClay August 2013 p. 3
  9. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 2.1
  10. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experinced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 2.7.
  11. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experinced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 3.3
  12. ↑ Gender Reassignment Health Services for Trans People Within New Zealand: Good Practice Guide for Health Professionals. Counties Manukau District Health Board, 2012. .12
  13. ↑ Gender Reassignment Health Services for Trans People Within New Zealand: Good Practice Guide for Health Professionals. Counties Manukau District Health Board, 2012. P.16
  14. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 4.27
  15. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 4.29
  16. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 4.42
  17. ↑ Department of Labour: Transgender People at Work. June 2011
  18. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 5.16, 5.17
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 World Professional Association for Transgender Health, Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People. 7th Version, 2012. P.5
  20. ↑ Human Rights Act 1993 s21(1)(h)(v)
  21. ↑ Human Rights Commission: “Human Rights in New Zealand Today – New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights. August 2004. P.91
  22. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 2.5
  23. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 5.21
  24. ↑ World Professional Association for Transgender Health, Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People. 7th Version, 2012. P.4
  25. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 5.32
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Gender Reassignment Health Services for Trans People Within New Zealand: Good Practice Guide for Health Professionals. Counties Manukau District Health Board, 2012. P.7
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 “Sex-change Surgery Delay Hits Youth” Ben Heather, April 16, 2015. http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/67759291/sexchange-surgery-delay-hits-youth
  28. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 3.40
  29. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 3.3
  30. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 3.6
  31. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 3.7
  32. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 3.11, 3.12, 3.13
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Youth’12: Fact Sheet about Transgender Young People, from Clark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F. G., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen, F. V. (2014). The health and well-being of transgender high school students: Results from the New Zealand Adolescent Health Survey (Youth’12). Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 93-99
  34. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 3.17. 3.19
  35. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 2.9
  36. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 3.30
  37. ↑ Births, Deaths, Marriages and Relationships Registration Act 1995, s28(3)(c)(i)(B)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Heike Polster, “Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p170
  39. ↑ The Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. 2007 p.11-12
  40. ↑ Hansard, First Reading on Statutes Amendment Bill (No 4) 16 April 2014
  41. ↑ "Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 2001". Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  42. ↑ "Relationships (Statutory References) Act 2005". Legislation.govt.nz. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  43. ↑ Kate Chapman (2012-07-30). "PM John Key hints at continued support for gay marriage...". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  44. ↑ "Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill - First Reading". Hansard Office, New Zealand Parliament. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  45. ↑ "Marriage equality 'about love'". 3 News NZ. 6 December 2012.
  46. ↑ http://www.gaynz.com/aarticles/templates/Features.asp?articleid=1218&zoneid=2
  47. ↑ "Report to the New Zealand Blood Service - Behavioural Donor Deferral Criteria Review" (PDF). February 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  48. ↑ Application by RH to adopt RTH - Family Court Napier A, 13/84
  49. ↑ Re an application by T [1998] New Zealand Family Law Reports 769-775
  50. ↑ "Adoptions Data". Department of Child, Youth and Family. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  51. ↑ "Sentencing Act 2002 No 9 (as at 23 October 2013), Public Act 9 Aggravating and mitigating factors – New Zealand Legislation". Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  52. ↑ New Zealand Law Commission: The Partial Defence of Provocation: Wellington: NZLC: 2007
  53. ↑ Hartevelt, John (27 November 2009). "Parliament scraps partial defence of provocation". The Press. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  54. ↑ Contact: Jan Logie MP (2012-02-15). "Jan Logie's maiden speech to the House". Greens.org.nz. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  55. ↑ "Kiwi Olympian reveals he is gay". New Zealand Press Association. Television New Zealand. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  56. ↑ "Niue Amendment Act 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  57. ↑ "Detailed eligibility criteria". New Zealand Blood Service. Retrieved 26 September 2013.

Bibliography

F. V. (2014). The health and well-being of transgender high school students: Results from the New Zealand Adolescent Health Survey (Youth’12). Journal of Adolescent Health

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT in New Zealand.