LGBT rights in Israel

LGBT rights in Israel Israel

Location of Israel
Same-sex sexual activity legal? Legal since 1988 (but no record of enforcement of "buggery" law before this and the attorney general declared that laws against homosexuality would not be enforced in 1963)
Gender identity/expression Gender change possible without the need for surgery
Military service Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly
Discrimination protections Sexual orientation protection in employment and other services; both sexual orientation and gender identity protections in schools (see below)
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 Unregistered cohabitation since 1994;
Same-sex marriages performed outside of Israel recognized since 2006
Restrictions:
 Only marriages sanctioned by the religious authorities may be performed within Israel (this applies to opposite-sex couples who are not eligible for religious weddings also)
Adoption Same-sex couples may adopt jointly

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Israel have generally been seen as one of the most advanced in the Middle East and Asia.[1] Same-sex sexual activity was legalized in 1988, although the former law against buggery had not been enforced since a court decision of 1963.[2] Israel became the first in Asia to recognize unregistered cohabitation between same-sex couples, making it the only country in Asia to recognize any same-sex union thus far. Although same-sex marriages are not performed in the country, Israel recognizes same-sex marriages performed elsewhere, making it the first and only country in Asia to do so. Discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation was prohibited in 1992. Same-sex couples are allowed to jointly adopt after a court decision in 2008, while previously allowing stepchild adoptions and limited co-guardianship rights for non-biological parents. Gays and lesbians are also allowed to serve openly in the military.

Recent polls have indicated that a majority of Israelis support same-sex marriage, despite some social conservatism.[3] Tel Aviv has frequently been referred to by publishers as one of the most gay friendly cities in the world,[4] famous for its annual Pride Parade and gay beach,[5] earning it the nickname "the gay capital of the Middle East" by Out magazine.[6] According to LGBT travelers, it was ranked as the best gay city in 2011,[7] despite reports of some LGBT violence during the 2000s,[8] which were criticized by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Shimon Peres. A monument dedicated to the gay victims of the Holocaust was erected in Tel Aviv in 2014.[9]

Law

Same-sex sexual activity

The State of Israel inherited its sodomy or "buggery" law from the British Mandate's legal code, but there is no record that it was ever enforced against homosexual acts that took place between consenting adults in private. However, in certain cases defendants were found guilty of "sodomy" (which according to Israeli law includes oral sex as well), apparently by way of plea bargains: those defendants had been indicted for more serious sexual offences. It was also used on occasion as "aggravating circumstances" for other sexual offences. There were also very few cases of soldiers tried for homosexual acts in military courts. The Attorney General decided in the early 1960s, and the Israeli Supreme Court ruled in 1963, that the law should not be applied to acts between consenting adults in private. The ban on consensual same-sex sexual acts was formally repealed by the national legislative assembly (Knesset) in 1988.[10] The age of consent for both heterosexuals and homosexuals is 16 years of age.

Gender identity and expression

Treatment for Gender Dysphoria in Israel can be paid for using the country's public health insurance system if a patient receives approval by the Committee for Sex Reassignment operating out of Sheba Medical Center in Tel HaShomer, which consists of an endocrinologist, a urologist, and a plastic surgeon and is organized by the Health Ministry. All Sex Reassignment Surgery operations in Israel are furthermore performed by Dr. Haim Kaplan at Sheba Medical Center under this committee's approval. However, many transsexual Israelis have had trouble getting approval for treatment by this committee due to their stringent opinions on Gender Dysphoria. Thus, many pay out of pocket for Hormone Replacement Therapy and/or go overseas for Sex Reassignment Surgery.[11]

A law was introduced in June 2013 to eliminate gender markers on National Identity Cards within the Knesset.[12]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Signs supporting same-sex marriage in Herzliya, 2012

Same-sex marriage cannot legally be performed in Israel. Israeli law recognizes same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. Civil marriage doesn't exist in Israel for heterosexual couples, either (except where both heterosexual spouses do not belong to any of the recognized religious communities in the country),[13] and therefore only a marriage sanctioned by the small number of officially recognized religious authorities can take place within Israel. (This restriction forces not only gay couples, but also all mixed-religion heterosexual couples and any person who wishes a non-religious marriage, to marry outside the country.)

The State of Israel allows foreign partners of its homosexual citizenry to receive residency permits. The Civil Service Commission extends spousal benefits and pensions to the partners of homosexual employees. The Israeli State Attorney's Office has extended the spousal exemption from property-transfer taxes to same-sex couples. Israel's attorney general has granted legal recognition to same-sex couples in financial and other business matters. Attorney General Meni Mazuz said the couples will be treated the same as common-law spouses, recognizing them as legal units for tax, real estate, and financial purposes. Mazuz made his decision by refusing to appeal a district court ruling in an inheritance case that recognized the legality of a same-sex union, his office said in a statement. Mazuz did differentiate, however, between recognizing same-sex unions for financial and practical purposes, as he did, and changing the law to officially sanction the unions, which would be a matter for parliament, according to the statement.

The city of Tel Aviv recognizes unmarried couples, including gays and lesbians, as family units and grants them discounts for municipal services. Under the bylaw, unmarried couples qualify for the same discounts on day care and the use of swimming pools, sports facilities, and other city-sponsored activities that married couples enjoy. On 29 January 2007, following a Supreme Court ruling ordering them to do so, Jerusalem registered its first gay couple, Avi and Binyamin Rose.[14]

Adoption and parenting

Adoption by LGBT parents has only been permitted in certain restricted situations, notably when a previous connection exists between the adopting parent and the child, such as being a family member or a foster child. On 10 January 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that a lesbian couple is able to legally adopt each other's children. During the past 15 years that Tal and Avital Jarus-Hakak have lived together, they have had a total of three children. The couple petitioned the Tel Aviv Family Court for the right to formally adopt each other's children in 1997, but the request was rejected because Israel's adoption law had no provisions for same-sex couples. The couple appealed. While they failed to get a favorable ruling in the Tel Aviv District Court, the Supreme Court accepted the case. Citing Article 25 of the Adoption Law, the Yaros-Hakaks argued that the law allows for "special circumstances" for adoption when it is for the good of the child, even if the child's parents are still alive. The only condition is that the person seeking to adopt be single. The couple argued that since the state does not recognize same-sex marriage, they are single by law. The Yaros-Hakaks added that adoption was in the best interest of the children if one of their natural mothers should die. The Supreme Court of Israel agreed, ruling 7–2 in favor of the couple. Following the supreme court ruling, a lesbian couple was allowed to adopt each other's biological children on 12 February 2006. Before that, gay partners of parents were granted guardianship over their partner's children. Lesbian couples can legally gain access to IVF and assisted insemination.

In February 2008, a court in Israel ruled that same-sex couples are now permitted to adopt a child even if that child is not biologically related to either parent.[15] This marked a watershed in granting equal rights to all gay people in Israel.[15] isRealli, the official blog of the State of Israel, frequently publishes updates on gay adoption news in Israel. The site also has a complete timeline of gay rights milestones in Israel. On 10 March 2009, the Tel Aviv family court ruled that former Knesset member Uzi Even and his partner, Amit Kama, could legally adopt their 30-year-old foster son, Yossi, making them the first same-sex male couple in Israel whose right of adoption has been legally acknowledged.[16]

Military service

Openly gay, lesbian, and bisexual soldiers serve without hindrance in all branches of the military. Discrimination against gay, lesbian, and bisexual soldiers in recruitment, placement and promotion is prohibited in Israel.[17] Harassment on the grounds of sexual orientation is also prohibited in the Israeli military. The military recognizes same-sex couples, including widows and widowers of the same-sex.[18] Soldiers are also allowed to participate in Gay Pride Parades.[19]

In 1956, two male soldiers were put on military trial on charges of homosexual sexual intercourse, then defined as sexual conduct "against nature" and were convicted to a military prison sentence of one year, but the punishment was reduced on the grounds that homosexuality should be defined as a mental illness and not a crime. At the time, many mental health professionals did view homosexuality to be an illness and, at the time, it was considered to be liberal to treat homosexuality as disability rather than as a crime. In the 1960s, legal opinions by the Israeli Attorney General and the Supreme Court limited the application of the criminal laws against homosexuality, but the prevailing notion that homosexuality was a disease remained. In the 1960s – 1993, gays, lesbians and bisexuals were not formally exempt or banned from military service, but the anti-gay criminal laws remained on the books, their sexual orientation was still classified as a mental illness, which limited their role within the military, and there was no protection from anti-gay discrimination or harassment in the military. Until the 1980s, the commanders still had to report to the military psychiatric department about homosexual soldiers, despite the fact that psychological and psychiatric organizations in Israel and worldwide had, since the 1970s, stopped viewing homosexuality as a mental illness. In 1993, the Israeli Parliament revised the military rules so that gay, lesbian and bisexual Israelis can serve openly and on an equal footing with their heterosexual counterparts. Homosexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the military, including special units. This is change in the initial policy, which tended to view homosexuality as a mental illness.[20]

The Israeli Defense Forces currently does not consider Gender Dysphoria to be a disqualifying condition for service. Furthermore, the IDF considers certain transition-specific medical treatment (Hormone Replacement Therapy and Sex Reassignment Surgery) and counseling to be medically necessary for those diagnosed with transsexualism and thus pays for said treatments. The IDF also determines gender specific army regulations (length of service, which gender to be housed with, whether they are to wear a male or female uniform, etc.) on a case by case basis for its transgender soldiers. However, given that Israeli law makes it difficult for its transsexuals to begin transition until they reach 18, the draft age, and does not normally allow for Sex Reassignment Surgery to be performed before the age of 21, no soldier has yet to first begin treatment for transition and additionally have SRS while serving in the IDF. Furthermore, many draftees diagnosed with Gender Dysphoria can and elect to receive exemption from military service at their own request.[21]

Today, Israeli youth who are exempt from military service can volunteer for national service. Since June 2006, The Association of Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Transgenders in Israel (Agudah) qualifies for such service.[22] However, a steadily increasing number of gay recruits do full military service, often in combat units. Unit 8200, one of the largest units in the Israeli army, is well known for the large number of uncloseted LGBT soldiers serving in it.[23] In 2013, the IDF announced they would, for the first time, allow a (MTF) transgender woman to serve in the army as a female soldier.[24]

LGBT Immigration to Israel and the Law of Return

On 10 June 2011, the Law of Return was tested when a gay male couple, one Jewish and one Catholic made Aliyah to Israel. This couple was the first same-sex, opposite religion married couple to request joint Aliyah Status, although opposite sex married couples of opposite religions receive joint Aliyah as a matter of course. The Jewish man quickly received citizenship but the decision of citizenship for his husband was delayed by the Ministry of the Interior despite the clause in the law saying the spouse of the Jewish immigrant must also be granted citizenship.[25] On 10 August 2011, the Ministry of the Interior granted citizenship to the non-Jewish husband as required by The Law of Return.[26] In 2014, Interior Minister Gidon Sa'ar officially decided that, according to the Law of Return, Jews in same-sex relationships married abroad wishing to immigrate to Israel can do so - even if their partners are not Jewish - and both them and their partners will receive Israeli citizenship. [27]

Discrimination protections

In 1992 legislation was introduced to prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, with some exemptions for religious organizations. Since 2014, LGBT youth have been protected at different schools around the country.

Other court rulings

Politics

Ariel Sharon meeting with representatives of the LGBT community in Jerusalem, 2002
Rainbow flag with Shalom and Salaam meaning peace in Hebrew and Arabic respectively

Israel's Labor Party and the New Movement-Meretz support gay rights, as did the now-defunct Shinui. Under Tzipi Livni, Kadima has reached out to the gay community.[30][31] Other minor liberal or progressive political parties support a similar platform as well, including the Green Party and the Green Leaf Party. Officials from a number of parties, including Yael German of Yesh Atid, Limor Livnat of the ruling Likud-Beiteinu and openly gay Nitzan Horowitz of Meretz, backed same-sex marriage and pledged support for LGBT casuses. Representatives from other parties, including Hatnuah, Hadash and the Labor Party also pledged support. Minister Livnat, however, did state that getting the ruling Likud-Beiteinu to legislate same-sex marriage would be difficult due to differing opinions concerning the issue within the party, but promised to do her utmost to get her party behind the issue.[32] On 22 October 2002, Meretz MK Uzi Even made history by becoming the first openly gay Member of Knesset. The only other openly gay MK is Nitzan Horowitz, also from Meretz.

Nevertheless, there still have been anti-gay politicians. In 1997, President Ezer Weizman compared homosexuality to alcoholism in front of high school students.[33] This provoked major controversy and the President received numerous calls from civil rights activists and liberal Knesset members. Shortly following, 300 people demonstrated outside of Weizman's residence, demanding his resignation.[34] On 20 February 2008, Shlomo Benizri, a Knesset member from the religious Shas party, a member of Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's ruling coalition, blamed earthquakes that had recently struck the Middle East on the activities of homosexuals. Benizri said in a Knesset plenary session, ""Why do earthquakes happen? .. One of the reasons is the things to which the Knesset gives legitimacy, to sodomy." He recommended that instead of merely reinforcing buildings to withstand earthquakes, the government should pass legislation to outlaw "perversions like adoptions by lesbian couples." Benizri stated that "A cost-effective way of averting earthquake damage would be to stop passing legislation on how to encourage homosexual activity in the State of Israel, which anyways causes earthquakes."[35]

Society

Living conditions

The 2014 Tel Aviv Pride Parade was attended by over 100,000[36]

Israel has an active gay community, with well attended annual gay pride festivals[37][38] held in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem since 1998. Pride events are also held regularly in Haifa, Beer Sheva, Petah Tikva, Hadera, Ra'anana, Eilat and Rishon LeZion. Israel is one of only eleven foreign countries to have a chapter of the U.S. PFLAG group called TEHILA.[39]

The Jerusalem parade gained international coverage when three marchers were stabbed in 2005. The perpetrator was subsequently sentenced to twelve years in prison.[40] An attempt by Jerusalem's mayor, a Haredi Jew, to thwart Jerusalem pride in June 2005 had been challenged in the courts. The mayor lost and was ordered to contribute funds to the event.[41] The World Pride Festival was planned for Jerusalem in August 2005, despite protests and opposition from members of the three major religions in Jerusalem.[42] However, it was postponed due to Israel's pull out from Gaza Strip, which required the presence of most Israeli police forces and would thus leave the parade with little to no security. However, that parade had been plagued with threats of violence, as well as consistent grandstanding against it by some Jewish, Muslim, and Christian leaders and members of the Knesset.[43] In November 2006, more than two thousand members of the Haredi community jammed into streets in an Orthodox neighbourhood in a show of force aimed at pressuring authorities into cancelling the gay pride parade to be held in Jerusalem. About a dozen people were reported injured.[44]

Public opinion

A 2013 public opinion poll by Haaretz showed support for same-sex marriage at 59% among Israelis.[45]

LGBT rights movement

A sign at Ya'ar HaGa'ava ("Pride Forest") in the Upper Galilee, dedicated to Israel's LGBT community.

Since the 1970s there has been an active gay rights movement that has often affiliated itself with the Israeli feminist movement and various liberal and social democratic political parties.[46] The oldest Israeli LGBT organization is the Israeli Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Association, founded in 1975.

Media

One of the first Israeli newspapers to cover the subject of gay people was a 1962 article in the now defunct "HaOlam HaZeh". Taking a sensationalist tone, the newspaper warned of a "secret underground" movement within Israel.[47] This was the typical manner that Israeli news media would deal with LGBT issues, beyond silence, until the late 1980s.

It was then that the Tel Aviv weekly newspaper "HaIr" began to publish a chronicle about an Israeli gay man, known at the time as "Moshe", who would later reveal himself to be Gal Uchovsky.[47] The second major shift in how Israeli media dealt with LGBT issues came in 1991, when the Histadrut Labor Federation began to include, in its official publication, a section on LGBT social and political topics. This was followed by gradually more supportive press coverage on the Israeli LGBT community and its human rights objectives.[48] Today, all of the three Israeli daily newspapers have openly gay editors and/or writers, and several LGBT-publications have come and gone.

Radio stations such as Radio Tzafon and Radio Radius both have scheduled times for guests to come on the air and talk about LGBT social and political topics.

Film and television

The first Israeli LGBT-themed film came from openly gay director Amos Guttman and was called, Nagu'a (Drifting),[49] which Guttman was the co-writer of. The film follows a young Israeli gay man, living and working with his grandparents, who has dreams of making a film and finding true love. Guttman, who died of AIDS in 1993, would write and direct another Israeli gay-themed film titled, "Amazing Grace" (1992). Both films are considered to be autobiographies of the director. In total, Guttman directed 4 films, and 3 short-films. His portray of the Israeli gay men was dark, and his films are considered to be targeted for the LGBT community in Israel, and not to the general public.

Israeli director Eytan Fox

Another notable Israeli director to tackle LGBT themes in films has been Eytan Fox. His first film, "Time Off" (1990), was the second film made in Israel to focus on gay people and he has gone onto direct, and write, several successful LGBT-themed films, including "Ba'al Ba'al Lev" (1997) and "Yossi & Jagger" (2002), "Walk on Water" (2004) and "The Bubble" (2006).[50] Fox was also involved in the first Israeli primetime TV drama, made for a general audience, to deal extensively with LGBT-themes – Florentin. "Florentin" (1997—2000) was an Israeli television series about a group of post-military service, Israeli twenty-somethings living in Florentin. It was the first Israeli series to have, among it major characters, someone who was gay and was part of a slow trend that had been unfolding in the 1990s with shows such as "Straight and to the Point" and "Siton".[48]

Today, there is more programming for a LGBT audience. In 1993, the first commercial TV network in Israel, Channel 2, went on the air and it regularly dealt with LGBT social and political topics, and, in particular, helped generate greater visibility and acceptance of transgender celebrities such as Dana International.[51] The LGBT community in Israel was also brought to the media's attention following the winning of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998 by Dana International, an Israeli transsexual. Nowaday, LGBT people in Israel can be seen on television in a variety of shows, mostly as hosts (such as Assi Azar), contestants in Reality shows or characters on soap operas.

Discourse on Biblical David and Jonathan

Further information: David and Jonathan
"Jonathan Lovingly Taketh His Leave of David" by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld

Biblical text depicts the nature of the relationship between the Biblical figures of David and Jonathan as "love", but leaves the sexual nature of their relationship open to interpretation:

I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women.
Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness?

The dispute over the interpretation of the language and meaning of the Biblical text has given rise to a longstanding debate. The public discourse around this issue reached a watershed, when, then Knesset member, Yael Dayan, on 10 February 1993, made her infamous speech on the Knesset floor about the need for broader acceptance of and protections for gay rights. Dayan quoted Biblical text about David's love for Jonathan in support of her argument.

Palestinian issues

Palestinian society tends to be conservative with Muslim, Christian and secular families alike tending to see homosexuality and cross-dressing as immoral acts, deserving of condemnation. Some LGBT Palestinians have relocated to Israel, often fleeing harsh intolerance that includes physical abuse, death, or disownment. Significant expatriate groups exist in Tel Aviv and Netanya, where many live with their Israeli same-sex partners who help keep their presence in Israel hidden from the police (who would pursue them not for their sexual orientation, but for staying illegally in the country).[52][53][54]

In 2003, Aswat was founded, which describes itself as a Palestinian lesbian support group. However, the group is headquartered in Haifa, Israel, and is geared toward Arab lesbians in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. A secret association of Aswat was founded in Ramallah in March 2007 by four gay students.[55] The Israeli Jerusalem Open House has opened an Arab chapter called Alqaws, reaching out to gay and lesbian Palestinians. In 2008, Israel granted a gay Palestinian a residency permit to live with his Israeli partner in Tel Aviv following death threats from Palestinians regarding his homosexuality. Aswat claimed that gays are sometimes targeted by the Israeli security services and told that they must collaborate with Israel or face being outed.[56]

Notable individuals

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal (Since 1988)
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriages (same-sex marriage from abroard is recognised since 2006) /
Recognition of same-sex couples (e.g. unregistered cohabitation) (Since 1994)
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples (Since 2005)
Joint adoption by same-sex couples (Since 2008)
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military (Since 1993)
Right to change legal gender
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples (Since 2014)
MSMs allowed to donate blood [A]
Female sex partners of MSMs allowed to donate blood
Notes

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The five most improved places for gay tolerance". The Independent (London). 17 September 2008.
  2. ↑ de:Homosexualität in Israel
  3. ↑ http://www.angusreidglobal.com/
  4. ↑ "The world's most gay-friendly places". Calgary Herald. 29 June 2011.
  5. ↑ Grant, Anthony (2 July 2010). "Dispatch". The New York Times.
  6. ↑ James Kirchick. "Was Arafat Gay?". Out. http://www.out.com/entertainment/2007/07/29/was-arafat-gay
  7. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/LifeStyle/Tel-Aviv-named-worlds-best-gay-city-for-2011
  8. ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/news/two-killed-in-shooting-at-tel-aviv-gay-center-1.281193
  9. ↑ "Tel Aviv unveils first memorial to gay Holocaust victims". BBC News. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  10. ↑ "Supreme Court of Israel". Tau.ac.il. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  11. ↑ Aderet, Ofer (22 June 2012). "Sex-change in Israel: Gender trap" (PDF).
  12. ↑ Fiske, Gavriel (4 June 2013). "MK pushes gender-neutral ID cards".
  13. ↑ "Civil Marriage for non-Jews"
  14. ↑ Eglash, Ruth (30 January 2007). "Jerusalem registers its first gay couple | Israel | Jerusalem Post". Fr.jpost.com. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 AG okays wider adoption rights for same-sex couples, By Yuval Yoaz, 12 February 2008.
  16. ↑ Edelman, Ofra (11 March 2009). "Gay couple wins right to adopt foster son". Haaretz. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  17. ↑ Greenberg, Joel (16 October 2002). "Tel Aviv Journal; Once Taboo, a Gay Israeli Treads the Halls of Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  18. ↑ ‏Izkor, in the Israeli Ministry of Defense site (Hebrew)
  19. ↑ ‏Soldiers can participate in Pride Parades, News-1 (Hebrew)
  20. ↑ Belkin, Aaron; Levitt, Melissa (Summer 2001). "Homosexuality and the Israel Defense Forces: Did Lifting the Gay Ban Undermine Military Performance?". Armed Forces & Society 27 (4): 541–566. doi:10.1177/0095327x0102700403. ISSN 0095-327X.
  21. ↑ Ginsburg, Mitch (29 July 2013). "IDF's gays find friends at the top, lingering homophobia on the ground".
  22. ↑ "Exempt from IDF? Volunteer for gay group – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  23. ↑ "Now drop and give me 20".. Ma'ariv. 2006-5-15. "Apparently the 8200 intelligence unit is a home of sorts to the gay community. ..." (Hebrew)
  24. ↑ http://awiderbridge.org/transgender-in-the-idf/#sthash.ZAUcxHOz.dpuf
  25. ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-refuses-citizenship-for-gay-man-married-to-jewish-immigrant-1.369936
  26. ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/ministry-grants-citizenship-to-gay-spouse-of-immigrant-1.382066
  27. ↑ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183971
  28. ↑ "Gay Palestinian gets OK to live with Israeli lover". Reuters. 25 March 2008.
  29. ↑ http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/breaking-news/israel-grants-first-gay-divorce
  30. ↑ Mozgovaya, Natasha. "Livni, Clinton voice support for gay community in Israel and U.S". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  31. ↑ Ben Hartman (2 August 2009). "Livni to gay Israelis: Don't let hate crime stop you living your lives". Haaretz.
  32. ↑ "Party representatives discuss same-sex marriage".
  33. ↑ Silver, Ian. Homosexuality And Judaism
  34. ↑ "Israeli president apologizes for his anti-gay statements". Jewishsf.com. 3 January 1997. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  35. ↑ Shas MK blames gays for recent earthquakes in the region
  36. ↑ Itamar Sharon. "Over 100,000 celebrate gay pride in Tel Aviv". Times of Israel.
  37. ↑ Михаил Левит. "Jerusalem Photos :: People, Demonstrations". Jerusalemshots.com. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  38. ↑ Sherwood, Harriet (2011-10-05). "Tel Aviv's Gay Pride parade draws thousands to the city". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  39. ↑ "תהל"ה | אתם לא לבד | דף הבית". Tehila.org.il. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  40. ↑ "Gay Parade stabber gets 12 years in prison – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  41. ↑ "Gays slam Jerusalem mayor – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  42. ↑ Broad opposition to World Pride in Jerusalem
  43. ↑ "Gay leader not daunted by Muslim threat – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  44. ↑ "3rd Night of Anti-Gay Riots in Jerusalem". 365Gay.com. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.
  45. ↑ Ho, Spencer (15 December 2013). "Poll: 70% of Israelis support recognition for gays". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  46. ↑ "Queer in the Land of Sodom". Thegully.com. 21 February 2002. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Walzer, Lee (2000). Between Sodom and Eden : A Gay Journey Through Today's Changing Israel. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-231-11394-6.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Walzer, Lee (2000). Between Sodom and Eden : A Gay Journey Through Today's Changing Israel. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-231-11394-6.
  49. ↑ Walzer, Lee (2000). Between Sodom and Eden : A Gay Journey Through Today's Changing Israel. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11394-6.
  50. ↑ Andrejs Visockis (27 January 2008). "Andy's Film World: Yossi & Jagger (Israel, 2002)". Andysfilmworld.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  51. ↑ Between Sodom and Eden: a gay ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. 26 July 2000. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  52. ↑
  53. ↑ "Sleeping with the enemy – Middle East". Salon.com. 21 February 2002. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  54. ↑ Cassels, Peter (22 May 2002). "Where Jews and Arabs find ways to mix peacefully in the Holy Land". Bay Windows. Archived from the original on 22 November 2005.
  55. ↑
  56. ↑ Rebecca Harrison (25 March 2008). "Gay Palestinian gets OK to live with Israeli lover". Reuters.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT in Israel.