Kurdish population

Kurds
کورد
Said Nursi
Ostad Elahi
Muhsen al-Barazi
Massoud Barzani
Saleh Muslim
Total population

c. 30–35 million[1]

See Statistics by country
Languages
Kurdish and Zazaki–Gorani
In their different forms: Sorani, Kurmanji, Pehlewani, Zazaki, Gorani
Religion
Mostly Sunni Muslim, but also Shia Muslim and Sufism with minorities of deism, agnosticism, Yazdânism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Judaism
Related ethnic groups
other Iranian peoples

The Kurdish people, the largest stateless nation in the world, live in Kurdistan, which today is ruled by Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria, and was ruled by the Persian and Ottoman Empires since the 16th century,[2] with a population of an estimated 40 million.

This article compiles estimates on the geographical distribution of Kurdish demographics. A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has populations of 14.5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan or adjacent regions.[3] Recent emigration resulted in a Kurdish diaspora of about 1.5 million people, about half of them in Germany.

A special case are the Kurdish populations in the Transcaucasus and Central Asia, displaced there mostly in the time of the Russian Empire, who underwent independent developments for more than a century and have developed an ethnic identity in their own right.[4] This groups' population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990.[5]

Kurdistan

Further information: Kurdistan

The Kurds are often dubbed "the largest ethnic group without a state", which statement (apart from the fact that more numerous stateless nations ostensibly do exist) has been rejected as misleading by Kurdologists, as it glosses over the significant cultural, social, religious, political and ideological heterogeneity between Kurdish groups.[6][7][8] The bulk of Kurdish groups in Kurdistan are Sunni (mosty of the Shafi'i school), but there are significant minorities adhering to Shia Islam (especially Alevis), Yazidism, Yarsanism and Judaism.

Turkey

Kurdish girl in Turkey

According to a report by Turkish agency KONDA, in 2006, out of the total population of 73 million people in Turkey there were 11.4 million Kurds and Zazas living in Turkey (close to 15.68% of the total population).[9] The Turkish newspaper Milliyet has reported in 2008 that the Kurdish population in Turkey is 12.6 million; although this also includes 3 million Zazas.[10] According to the World Factbook, Kurdish people make up 18% of Turkey's population (about 14 million, out of 77.8 million people).[11] Kurdish sources put the figure at 20[12] to 25 million Kurds in Turkey.[13]

Kurds mostly live in southeastern and eastern parts of Anatolia. But large Kurdish populations can be found in western Turkey due to internal migration. According to Rüstem Erkan, Istanbul is the province with the largest Kurdish population in Turkey.[14]

Iran

Main articles: Kurds in Iran and Kurds of Khorasan
Kurdish family in Iran

From the 7 million Iranian Kurds, a significant portion are Sunni.[15] Shia Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are Jaff, and Ilam Province; as well as some parts of Kurdistan, Hamadan and Zanjan provinces. The Kurds of Khorasan Province in northeastern Iran are also adherents of Shia Islam. During the Shia revolution in Iran the major Kurdish political parties were unsuccessful in absorbing Shia Kurds, who at that period had no interest in autonomy.[16][17][18] However, since the 1990s Kurdish nationalism has seeped into the Shia Kurdish area partly due to outrage against government's violent suppression of Kurds farther north.[19]

Iraq

Main article: Kurds in Iraq

Kurds constitute approximately 17% of Iraq's population. They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq which are together known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kurds also have a presence in Kirkuk, Mosul, Khanaqin, and Baghdad. Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 50,000 in the city of Mosul and around 100,000 elsewhere in southern Iraq.[20]

Kurds led by Mustafa Barzani were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975. In March 1970, Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years.[21] However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin.[22] The peace agreement did not last long, and in 1974, the Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurds. Moreover in March 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the Algiers Accord, according to which Iran cut supplies to Iraqi Kurds. Iraq started another wave of Arabization by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly those around Kirkuk.[23] Between 1975 and 1978, 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq.[24]

Syria

Main article: Kurds in Syria

Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria and make up nine percent of the country's population.[25] Syrian Kurds have faced routine discrimination and harassment by the government.[26][27]

Syrian Kurdistan is an unofficial name used by some to describe the Kurdish inhabited regions of northern and northeastern Syria.[28] The northeastern Kurdish inhabited region covers the greater part of Hasakah Governorate. The main cities in this region are Qamishli and Hasakah. Another region with significant Kurdish population is Kobanê (Ayn al-Arab) in the northern part of Syria near the town of Jarabulus and also the city of Afrin and its surroundings along the Turkish border.

Many Kurds seek political autonomy for the Kurdish inhabited areas of Syria, similar to Iraqi Kurdistan in Iraq, or outright independence as part of Kurdistan. The name "Western Kurdistan" (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) is also used by Kurds to name the Syrian Kurdish inhabited areas in relation to Kurdistan.[29][30][31] Since the Syrian civil war, Syrian government forces have abandoned many Kurdish-populated areas, leaving the Kurds to fill the power vacuum and govern these areas autonomously.[32]

Transcaucasus

Armenia

Main article: Kurds in Armenia
Samand Siabandov, awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union during the Soviet war against Nazi Germany.

According to the 2011 Armenian Census, 37,470 Kurds live in Armenia, mainly Yazidi.[33] They mainly live in the western parts of Armenia. The Kurds of the former Soviet Union first began writing Kurdish in the Armenian alphabet in the 1920s, followed by Latin in 1927, then Cyrillic in 1945, and now in both Cyrillic and Latin. The Kurds in Armenia established a Kurdish radio broadcast from Yerevan and the first Kurdish newspaper Riya Teze. There is a Kurdish Department in the Yerevan State Institute of Oriental studies. The Kurds of Armenia were the first exiled country to have access to media such as radio, education and press in their native tongue[34] but many Kurds, from 1939 to 1959 were listed as the Azeri population or even as Armenians.[35]

Georgia

Main article: Kurds in Georgia

According to the 2002 Georgian Census, 20,843 Kurds live in Georgia[36] The Kurds in Georgia mainly live in the capital of Tbilisi and Rustavi.[37] According to a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees rerport from 1998, about 80% of the Kurdish population in Georgia are Yazidi Kurds.[37]

Diaspora

Russia

Main article: Kurds in Russia

According to the 2010 Russian Census, 63,818 Kurds live in Russia. Russia has maintained warm relations with the Kurds for a long time, During the early 19th century, the main goal of the Russian Empire was to ensure the neutrality of the Kurds, in the wars against Persia and the Ottoman Empire.[38] In the beginning of the 19th century, Kurds settled in Transcaucasia, at a time when Transcaucasia was incorporated into the Russian Empire. In the 20th century, Kurds were persecuted and exterminated by the Turks and Persians, a situation that led Kurds to move to Russia.[39]

Lebanon

Main article: Kurds in Lebanon

The existence of a community of at least 100,000 Kurds is the product of several waves of immigrants, the first major wave was in the period of 1925-1950 when thousands of Kurds fled violence and poverty in Turkey.[40] Kurds in Lebanon go back far as the twelfth century A.D. when the Ayyubids arrived there. Over the next few centuries, several other Kurdish families were sent to Lebanon by a number of powers to maintain rule in those regions, others moved as a result of poverty and violence in Kurdistan. These Kurdish groups settled in and ruled many areas of Lebanon for a long period of time.[41]:27 Kurds of Lebanon settled in Lebanon because of Lebanon's pluralistic society.[42]

European Union

The Kurdish diaspora in the European Union is most significant in Germany, France, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands. Kurds from Turkey went to Germany and France during the 1960s as immigrant workers. Thousands of Kurdish refugees and political refugees fled from Turkey to Sweden during the 1970s and onward, and from Iraq during the 1980s and 1990s.

Kurdish demonstration against ISIS, Vienna, Austria, 10 October 2014

In France, the Iranian Kurds make up the majority of the community.[43] However, thousands of Iraqi Kurds also arrived in the mid 1990s.[44] More recently, Syrian Kurds have been entering France illegally[45]

In the United Kingdom, Kurds first began to immigrate between 1974-75 when the rebellion of Iraqi Kurds against the Iraqi government was repressed. The Iraqi government began to destroy Kurdish villages and forced many Kurds to move to barren land in the south.[46] These events resulted in many Kurds fleeing to the United Kingdom. Thus, the Iraqi Kurds make up a large part of the community.[43] In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini came to power in Iran and installed Islamic law. There was widespread political oppression and persecution of the Kurdish community. Since the late 1970s the number of people from Iran seeking asylum in Britain has remained high.[46] In 1988, Saddam Hussein launched the Anfal campaign in the northern Iraq. This included mass executions and disappearances of the Kurdish community. The use of chemical weapons against thousands of towns and villages in the region, as well as the town of Halabja increased the number of Iraq Kurds entering the United Kingdom.[46] A large number of Kurds also came to the United Kingdom following the 1980 military coup in Turkey.[46] More recently, immigration has been due to the continued political oppression and the repression of ethnic and religious minorities in Iraq and Iran.[46] Estimates of the Kurdish population in the United Kingdom are as high as 200-250,000.[46]

In Denmark, there is a significant number of Iraqi political refugees, many of which are Kurds.[47]

In Finland, most Kurds arrived in the 1990s as Iraqi refugees.[48] Kurds in Finland have no great attachment to the Iraqi state because of their position as a persecuted minority. Thus, they feel more accepted and comfortable in Finland, many wanting to get rid of their Iraqi citizenship.[49]

North America

Main articles: Kurds in Canada and Kurds in the United States

In the United States, it is believed that the Kurdish population is approximately 58,000,[50] the large majority of which come from Iran.[51] It is estimated that some 23,000 Iranian Kurds are living in the United States.[51] During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, about 10,000 Iraqi refugees were admitted to the United States, most of which were Kurds and Shiites who had assisted or were sympathisers of the U.S –led war.[52] Nashville, Tennessee has the nation's largest population of Kurdish people, with an estimated 8,000-11,000. There are also Kurds in Southern California, Los Angeles, and San Diego.[53]

In Canada, Kurdish immigration was largely the result of the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. Thus, many Iraqi Kurds immigrated to Canada due to the constant wars and suppression of Kurds and Shiites by the Iraqi government.[54]

Oceania

In Australia, Kurdish migrants first arrived in the second half of the 1960s, mainly from Turkey.[55] However, in the late 1970s families from Syria and Lebanon were also present in Australia.[55] Since the second half of the 1980s, the majority of Kurds arriving in Australia have been from Iraq and Iran; many of them were accepted under the Humanitarian Programme.[55] However, Kurds from Lebanon, Armenia and Georgia have also migrated to Australia. The majority live in Melbourne and Sydney.[55]

Statistics by country

Kurdistan

Country Official figures Official figures in % Current est. Kurdish population Further information
 Turkey 2,819,727 (1965 census, Kurdish speakers)a 9% 13,261,000 (18.3%)e Kurds in Turkey
 Iran 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 6,500,000[56] Kurds in Iran
 Iraq 393,000 (in Mosul Vilayet, British 1931 census)[57] 55%[57] (in Mosul Vilayet) approx. 5,000,000[58] Kurds in Iraq
 Syria 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 2,200,000[59] Kurds in Syria

Transcaucasus

Country Official figures Official figures in % Current est. Kurdish population Further information
 Armenia 56,127 (1989 census)[60]
37,470 (2011 census)d 		1.7%
1.2% 		— Kurds in Armenia
 Azerbaijan 41,193 (1926 census)[68]
6,093 (2009 census)b 		1.8%
0.1% 		150,000–180,000[69][70] Kurds in Azerbaijan
 Georgia 33,331 (1989 census)[72]
20,843 (2002 census)[36] 		0.6%
0.5% 		— Kurds in Georgia

Europe

Country Official figures Official figures in % Current est. Kurdish population Further information
 Germany 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 541,000[74]—800,000[75] —
 France 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 150,000[76] —
 Sweden 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 66,000[77]—83,600[78] Kurds in Sweden
 Netherlands 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 70,000[79] —
 Belgium 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 22,000[80]—70,000[81] —
 Russia 63,818 (2010 census)c 0% — Kurds in Russia
 United Kingdom 49,841 (2011 census)[83][84][85] 0.1% — Kurds in the United Kingdom
  Switzerland 14,699 (2012 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[87] 0.2% 35,100[88] —
 Denmark 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 30,000[89] —
 Greece 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 22,000[90]—28,000[91] —
 Austria 2,133 (2001 census, Kurdish speakers)[92] 0% 23,000[93] —
 Norway 15,547 (Public-school pupils by mother tongue, 2002-2011)[94]
7.4% (% of all students with a minority-mother tongue) 		— 3,000[95] —
 Finland 1,147 (1994 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[96]
4,757 (2004 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[96]
10,731 (2014 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[96] 		0%
0.1%
0.2% 		—
 Italy 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,500[97] —
 Romania 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,000[98] —
 Ukraine 2,088 (2001 census)[99] 0% —
 Ireland 128 (2011 census)[100] 0% 1,500[101] —
 Cyprus 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 1,500[102] —
 Spain 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 1,000[103] —
 Malta 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 300[104] —
 Poland 224 (2011 census)[105] 0% — —
 Hungary 149 (2011 census)[106] 0% — —
 Moldova 9 (1989 census)[107]
132 (Immigrants 1993-2013)[108] 		0%
0% 		— —
 Bulgaria 105 (2011 census)[109] 0% — —
 Czech Republic 100 (2011 census)[110] 0% — —
 Belarus 81 (2009 census)[111] 0% — —
 Abkhazia 29 (1989 census)[112] 0% — —
 Latvia 29 (2015 annual statistics)[113] 0% — —
 Estonia 23 (2011 census)[114] 0% — —
 Serbia <12 (2011 census)[115] 0% — —
 Lithuania <10 (2011 census)[116] 0% — —
 Croatia 8 (2011 census)[117][118] 0% — —
 Iceland —[119] — — —
 Luxembourg —[120] — — —
 Slovakia —[121] — — —
 Slovenia —[122] — — —

Asia

Country Official figures Official figures in % Current est. Kurdish population Further information
 Israel 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 150,000[123] Kurds in Israel
 Lebanon 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 80,000[124] Kurds in Lebanon
 Kazakhstan 42,312 (2014 annual statistics)[125] 0.2% Kurds in Kazakhstan
 Jordan 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 30,000[126]–100,000[127] Kurds in Jordan
 Kyrgyzstan 13,171 (2009 census)[128][129] 0.2% — —
 Turkmenistan 6,097 (1995 census)[130] 0.1% — Kurds in Turkmenistan
 Kuwait 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 5,000[131] —
 Afghanistan 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 2,670[132] —
 Uzbekistan 1,839 (1989 census)[133] 0% — —
 South Korea 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 1,000[134] —
 Japan 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 300–400[135] Kurds in Japan
 Pakistan 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A approx. 240[136] Kurds in Pakistan
 Tajikistan 7 (2010 census)[137] 0% — —
 Bahrain —[138] — — —
 Qatar —[138] — — —
 United Arab Emirates —[138] — — —

Americas and Oceania

Country Official figures Official figures in % Current est. Kurdish population Further information
 United States 15,361 (2006-2010 ACS)[139] 0% — Kurds in the United States
 Canada 11,685 (2011 census)[140] 0% — Kurds in Canada
 Australia 6,991 (2011 census)[141]
4,586 (2011 census, Kurdish speakers)[141] 		0%
0% 		—
 New Zealand 720 (2013 census)[150]
828 (2013 census, Kurdish speakers)[150] 		0%
0% 		— Kurds in New Zealand
Notes
^a According to the Turkish 1965 census, 2,219,502 people indicated Kurdish as their mother language and 429,168 as their second best language spoken. 150,644 people indicated Zaza as their mother language and 20,413 as their second best language spoken.[151]
^b Official Azerbaijani records claim only 6,073 Kurds in 2009,[71] while Kurdish leaders estimate as much as 200,000. The problem is that the historical record of the Kurds in Azerbaijan is filled with lacunae.[152] For instance, in 1979 there was according to the census no Kurds recorded.[153] Not only did Turkey and Azerbaijan pursue an identical policy against the Kurds, they even employed identical techniques like forced assimilation, manipulation of population figures, settlement of non-Kurds in areas predominantly Kurdish, suppression of publications and abolition of Kurdish as a medium of instruction in schools.[153]
^c In the 2010 Russian Census, 23,232 people indicated Kurdish (Курды) as their ethnicity, while 40,586 chose Yazidi (Езиды) as their ethnicity.[154]
^d In the 2011 Armenian Census, 2,131 people indicated Kurdish (Քրդեր) as their ethnicity, while 35,272 indicated Yazidi (Եզդիներ) as their ethnicity.[33]
^e 2006 Konda survey.[155]

References

  1. ↑ A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has populations of 14.5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan or adjacient regions. (Estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million", Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]", Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]", Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 17.9 million]". About two million are documented as living in diaspora; divergent high estimates on the number of Kurds in Turkey in particular account for higher estimates on total population, e.g. Sandra Mackey , “The reckoning: Iraq and the legacy of Saddam”, W.W. Norton and Company, 2002, p. 350: "As much as 25% of Turkey is Kurdish," which would raise the population figure by about 5 million.
  2. ↑ Gunter, Michael (2008). The Kurds Ascending. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-60370-7.
  3. ↑ Estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million", Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]", Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]" Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 17.9 million]".
  4. ↑ "The Kurds of Caucasia and Central Asia have been cut off for a considerable period of time and their development in Russia and then in the Soviet Union has been somewhat different. In this light the Soviet Kurds may be considered to be an ethnic group in their own right." The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire "Kurds". Institute of Estonia (EKI). Institute of Estonia (EKI). Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  5. ↑ Ismet Chériff Vanly, “The Kurds in the Soviet Union”, in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 164: Table based on 1990 estimates: Azerbaijan (180,000), Armenia (50,000), Georgia (40,000), Kazakhstan (30,000), Kyrgyzstan (20,000), Uzbekistan (10,000), Tajikistan (3,000), Turkmenistan (50,000), Siberia (35,000), Krasnodar (20,000), Other (12,000) (total 410,000).
  6. ↑ Bruinessen, Martin (2000). Kurdish Ethno-Nationalism Versus Nation-Building States: Collected Articles. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-975-428-177-4. OCLC 46851965. Radu, Michael (2003). Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7658-0166-1. OCLC 50269670.
  7. ↑ Elling, Rasmus Christian (2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11584-2. OCLC 714725127.
  8. ↑ Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie; Martini, Jeffrey (2008). Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8330-4527-0. OCLC 259715774.
  9. ↑ KONDA 2006, 18.
  10. ↑ Milliyet. "Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!". Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  11. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency. "The World Factbook: Turkey". Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  12. ↑ Kurdish PKK chief Murat Karayilan says will spread to Turkish cities if we were attacked by Turkey
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ "En Büyük Şehri, İstanbul", Time Türk, March 25, 2010.
  15. ↑ http://www.unpo.org/members/7882
  16. ↑ Romano, David (2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-521-85041-X.
  17. ↑ McDowall (1996). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 270. ISBN 1-85043-653-3.
  18. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=JdRwGcJg7DwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+death+and+passion&hl=en&ei=_rR0TbjJO-GJ4AaI_Z3MDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=kermanshah&f=false
  19. ↑ McDowall (1996). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 278. ISBN 1-85043-653-3.
  20. ↑ "By Location". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
  21. ↑ G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 118–120, 1977
  22. ↑ Introduction. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993).
  23. ↑ G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p.121, 1977
  24. ↑ M. Farouk-Sluglett, P. Sluglett, J. Stork, Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq, MERIP Reports, July–September 1984, p.24
  25. ↑ Background Note: Syria U.S. Department of State
  26. ↑ "Syria: End Persecution of Kurds". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  27. ↑ Ian Black. Syrian human rights record unchanged under Assad, report says, The Guardian, 16 July 2010.
  28. ↑ Morris, Loveday (9 August 2012). "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad accused of arming Kurdish separatists for attacks against Turkish government". The Independent (London).
  29. ↑ "Ankara Alarmed by Syrian Kurds' Autonomy". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  30. ↑ "Syrian Kurds more a chance than challenge to Turkey, if…". Al-Arabiya. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  31. ↑ "Syrian Kurdish moves ring alarm bells in Turkey". Reuters. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  32. ↑ "Kurds seek autonomy in a democratic Syria". BBC World News. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
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  34. ↑ The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook - P. 117. by Ronald Wixman
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