Khmer National Navy

Khmer National Navy
Marine Nationale Khmère

Khmer National Navy jack (1970–75)
Active 9 October 1970 – 17 April 1975
Country Cambodia
Allegiance Khmer Republic
Branch Naval force
Size 16,500 men, 171 ships, boats and other vessels (1974)
Garrison/HQ Chrui Changwar Naval Base, Phnom Penh
Nickname MNK
Anniversaries 1 March
9 October
Engagements Cambodian Civil War
Vietnam War
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Vong Sarendy

The Khmer National Navy (French: Marine Nationale Khmère – MNK), was the naval branch of the Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK), the official military of the Khmer Republic during the Cambodian Civil War between 1970 and 1975.

History

The Royal Khmer Navy (French: Marine Royale Khmère – MRK) was established on 1 March 1954, to provide limited patrolling of Cambodia's maritime coastline and territorial waters, monitoring the security of its main deep-water ports and major waterways. The MRK was formed with an initial strength of just 600 Officers and enlisted men placed under the authority of a French senior officer, who acted as Chief of Naval Operations (French: Chef des Opérations Navales). They manned a handful of WWII-vintage ex-French Navy vessels transferred to Cambodia at the end of the First Indochina War: French-made Light Patrol Boats (French: Vedettes), US-made Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP) and LCM (6) Landing Crafts. Most of the MRK's naval assets and personnel, together with its administrative headquarters, were harboured at the former French colonial riverine station situated in the Chrui Chhangwar Peninsula across the Mekong River outside Phnom Penh. However, the tiny facilities proved so inadequate that the Navy HQ was allocated aboard an old French-made riverine vessel named La Payotte, permanently moored at Chrui Chhangwar base.[1]

Early expansion phase 1955–1964

Closely modelled after the French Navy, the MRK received training, technical and material assistance primarily from France and the United States. At first, the Cambodian naval service continued to expand rapidly under French auspices between 1955 and 1957 – at this stage, a French Military Mission in Cambodia helped in the renovation or construction of new harbour facilities, provided technical assistance and training programs, and supervised equipment deliveries. In the early 1960s, the MRK also began to receive additional assistance from the United States Military Assistance Advisory Group (US MAAG) aid program.

At Phnom Penh, the cramped Chrui Chhangwar base was modernized and extended to accommodate a new dock designed for large-sized riverine vessels and a Naval Training School (French: École Navale), established in January 1955 to train ship crews and other specialized personnel. The MRK had no Naval academy at the time, so Khmer officer candidate students (French: Eléves Officiers de Marine – EOM) were sent to France, in order to attend advanced Officer courses at the French Naval Academy in Brest.[2] A new coastal naval base was constructed at Ream in Kampot Province, near the newly built port city of Sihanoukville (rechristened Kampong Som in 1970), equipped with a floating dock[3] whilst the Cambodian Navy's tiny surface fleet was augmented at the time by the addition of fifteen sea and river crafts of British and US origin donated by the French government.[1] Under the US MAAG aid program, the Cambodian Navy received three LSSLs, four Landing Craft Utility (LCU/YFU), two 63-foot Combat Salvage Boats (CSB) armed with 12,7mm Heavy Machine Guns, five LCM (8) LCUs, and more LCM (6) landing crafts.

The neutrality years 1964–1970

By November 1963, MRK strength had grown to 1,200 Ratings and seamen under the command of Captain (French: Capitaine de vaisseau) Pierre Coedes, a naval officer of mixed French-Cambodian origin and Chief of Naval Operations until August 1969, when he was replaced by then Lieutenant Commander (French: Capitaine de corvette) Vong Sarendy. However, its steady expansion came to a halt in August 1964, when Cambodia adopted a neutrality policy and the US MAAG aid program was suspended. Deprived of further US support, the MRK continued to rely on the French military mission to provide both vital basic and technical training for its own naval personnel, receiving thereafter some aid from China and Yugoslavia. Between 1965 and 1969, these latter countries delivered three Yulin-class gunboats and two TC-101 torpedo boats (the latter soon rendered unserviceable due to accidents and natural disasters), whilst France provided an EDIC-class Landing Ship Tank (LST) for coastal transport duties.[4]

As with the other branches of the then FARK, the Cambodian Navy’s own military capabilities in the late 1960s remained low and the missions that they performed mirrored those of a peacetime River Police force or Coast Guard rather than a true Navy. Therefore, MRK activities were restricted to inland patrols on the Bassac River, the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap River in the vicinity of the namesake Great Lake whilst high seas operations were limited to routine inshore patrolling in the Gulf of Thailand.

Pre-1970 fleet organization

MRK strength in February 1970 stood at about 1,600 Ratings and seamen under the command of Captain (French: Capitaine de vaisseau) Vong Sarendy, who manned a small fleet comprising two flotillas (one sea and one riverine) and a training squadron. They were organized as follows:

The Navy's inventory also included a small number of US, Thai, and South Vietnamese riverine and sea craft seized while straying into Cambodian territory. The captured vessels comprised one River Monitor (H) Howitzer version (MON), one LCM (6) landing craft, and two LCVPs taken from the South Vietnamese Navy (VNN),[1] plus two Hurricane Aircat airboats captured from the US Special Forces by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) in September 1967 and one US Navy LCU-1466 that accidentally entered Cambodian waters in July 1968; in addition, ten Thai civilian fishing junks were apprehended after being washed ashore along the coast due to inclement weather.[3][4]

Main naval bases were located at the Chrui Chhangwar Peninsula (which harboured the MRK headquarters', the Naval Training School, and the riverine flotilla) outside Phnom Penh and at Ream; the latter served not only as the headquarters of the sea flotilla, but also of the Cambodian Marine Corps – comprising four naval infantry battalions (French: Bataillons de Fusiliers-Marins – BFM) maintained primarily for static defense –, and a French-trained UDT-type Combat Swimmer Unit (French: Nageurs de Combat) employed in salvage operations, obstacle clearance, and underwater demolitions.[5]

Shipyards and repair facilities

The MNK's major repair and resupply facilities were centered at the main riverine base at Chrui Chhangwar, with most vessel maintenance being accomplished at the Fleet Repair Facility, though they apparently experienced some difficulties in repairing heavily damaged vessels – in April 1972, an LCI assigned to the Riverine Region severely hit by enemy fire had to be sent to Singapore for a major overhaul.[6] Most shore-based naval supplies were handled by the Chrui Chhangwar base's naval warehouses; lesser activities were carried out at some of the smaller coastal and river stations.

Whereas the Chrui Chhangwar base was nonetheless able to maintain the smaller vessels, the Ream Naval Base was in a run-down condition by 1970. Built by the French in the late 1950s, it had only one small pier in decrepit condition, its internal repair capabilities were very limited and lacked completely an effective logistical support system. Plans were laid out by the MNK Fleet Command in 1974 to renovate and expand Ream's naval facilities, but none of these were implemented before the collapse of the Khmer Republic in April 1975.

Reorganization 1970–72

Re-designated Khmer National Navy (French: Marine Nationale Khmère – MNK) on 9 October 1970, the Cambodian Navy and its fleet were given responsibility for escorting supply convoys on the lower Mekong-Bassac corridors. Such operations were carried out in conjunction with the Khmer Air Force (KAF), which began to provide since mid-1971 air cover to MNK convoys with their Douglas AC-47D Spooky[7] and AU-24A Stallion gunships.[8] In addition, the Navy also provided logistic support (including troop transport and casualty evacuation) for the FANK ground forces.

During this phase, the MNK was assisted in its new roles by the South Vietnamese Navy, which lent extensive convoy protection to riverine commercial shipping and helped patrol the Cambodian coastline to prevent North Vietnamese infiltration attempts. The MNK underwent a major reorganization program in late 1970, with the creation of two operational zones: a Riverine Region (French: Region Fluviale or RegFlu) headquartered at Chrui Chhangwar and a Maritime Region (French: Region Maritime or RegMar) headquartered at Ream; a Mekong Special Zone (French: Zone Speciale du Mekong – ZSM), also headquartered at Chrui Chhangwar was created in mid-1971. The Sea Patrol Force and the Training Squadron remained untouched by these changes, though the Riverine Patrol Force was re-organized into three squadrons – the river patrol craft under the Riverine Patrol Division (French: Division de Patrole Fluviale – DPF), the landing craft under the Assault Division (French: Division de Assault) and the transport vessels under the Logistics Support Group (French: Groupement de Soutien Logistique – GSL). These new formations, together with the Naval Infantry battalions, were under the direct command of Captain (promoted to Commodore in December 1971) Vong Sarendy, who in turn reported directly to the FANK Chief-of-Staff for operational orders.[9]

As the newly reestructured MNK had gained by late 1971 enough experience to commence its own escort and combat patrol operations, an expansion of its naval assets and support facilities, and training establishments was therefore deemed necessary. The two pre-existing Naval Bases were once again extended, while another two riverine stations were established on the lower Mekong corridor at Neak Leung in Kandal Province, and at the provincial capital of Kampong Chhnang, on the Tonle Sap River. To train officer cadets, a Naval Academy (French: École des Officiers de Marine) was established at Chrui Chhangwar in late 1971, and an Enlisted Man Training Center (French: Centre d'Instruction), which provided specialized courses for junior ranks was set up one Kilometer south of the Cambodian Capital. By January 1972 the MNK had expanded to 5,500 men, and its headquarters was moved from the old La Payotte vessel at Chrui Chhangwar to Phnom Penh, where it was provisionally allocated in a building at the Psar Thmei Central Market area before moving that same year to a permanent facility at the former French military mission compound near Wat Phnom.[10]

Harbour defense and special operations

Upon several attacks against merchant vessels anchored at Chrui Chhangwar Naval Base in early 1972, the MNK Fleet Command created a regimental-sized Harbour Defense Unit, the 'Choc Commandos' (French: Commandos de Choc) comprising two rifle battalions, to patrol its major port facilities and provide VIP protection. The 1st Choc Commando Battalion (French: 1ér Batallion Commando de Choc – 1 BCC) and 2nd Choc Commando Battalion (French: 2éme Batallion Commando de Choc – 2 BCC), based respectively at Chrui Chhangwar and Ream, were supported on their duties by the Naval Infantry, who performed active riverbank patrolling. An American-trained SEAL unit was raised in mid-1973, being employed on reconnaissance missions along the banks of the Mekong and as shock troops on amphibious operations.[11]

Fleet Command

Emulating its South Vietnamese parent organization, the Cambodian Navy's Fleet Command was placed under the authority of the MNK Chief of Naval Operations, who was responsible for the readiness of all sea and river craft. The Fleet Commander assigned and scheduled vessels to operate on the Riverine and Maritime Regions, and the Mekong Special Zone – the latter turned over to the Cambodian Army Command in February 1975[12] –, which were home ported in Chrui Chhangwar and Ream naval bases and normally returned there after concluding their assignments. On the field, the two regional and zone commanders assumed control of all naval or amphibious operations on their respective Regions, and the vessels under their command operated from the following interland or coastal ports:

Expansion 1973–74

In 1970 the Cambodian Navy had only eleven vessels in serviceable condition, including two ageing PC-461 class Patrol Crafts, one LSIL, one LCI and a few armed fishing junks to patrol both the coastline and its waterways.[13] That same year, the MNK began to receive an influx of modern American-made sea and riverine craft after the US Navy disbanded its own Mobile Riverine Force (aka 'brown-water Navy') in Vietnam, and handed over its units to his South-east Asian allies under the Vietnamization policy. Deliveries continued until 1973, allowing the MNK to standardize its equipment tables on US lines and gradually phase out some of its obsolete, worn-out ex-French and Eastern Bloc craft from active service. The MNK also received some material aid from the Royal Thai Navy, in the form of nine small motorboats delivered in July 1971.

Initially expanded in December 1973 to 13,000–14,000 personnel, the MNK authorized strength ultimately reached by September 1974 a total of 16,500 men and women under the command of the Chief of Naval Operations, Commodore (promoted to Rear Admiral in October 1974) Vong Sarendy, with one-third of its personnel being assigned to the Marines.[14] The remaining 10,000 or so sailors and ratings manned an impressive surface fleet of 171 vessels of various types, though consisting mostly of patrol, coastal, and amphibious crafts.[15]

Escort and combat patrol craft

Troop transport, amphibious assault, and logistical operations craft

Support craft

Combat history

Arguably the most efficient branch of the Cambodian armed forces, the Khmer National Navy combat record remains impressive. Being a technically-proficient service, the MNK was plagued by shortages of officers and experienced NCOs in the early stages of the War but unlike the Cambodian Army and the Khmer Air Force, it was not seriously handicapped by corruption, constant changes in command, or military incompetence. Under the command of Admiral Vong Sarendy, the MNK generally maintained high levels of discipline and morale – mainly due to sufficient rice rations, good leadership in the field, and prompt payment of wages. Since the MNK was not highly dependent from on US air support (except on the Bassac-lower Mekong corridors), it was not adversely affected when it was terminated in 15 August 1973.[14][17]

Sea operations 1970–75

For the first three years of the War, the small and ill-equipped MNK Sea Patrol Force based at Ream proved unable to protect effectively the 400 kilometers (248,55 miles) of Cambodian coastline from North Vietnamese infiltration attempts. The coast from Ream to the Thai border was patrolled haphazardly at best by MNK's ageing coastal vessels, so surveillance of the coastline from Ream to the border with South Vietnam was consequently passed to the South Vietnamese Navy. The importance of patrolling at sea became clear in April 1972, when VNN patrols reported the first attempt by a North Vietnamese vessel to infiltrate Cambodia's territorial waters. The enemy vessel was intercepted and sunk by the MNK, with heavy secondaries.[18]

Due to the shortage of assets, protection of Ream Naval Base and the deep water port of Kampong Som was largely neglected, which rendered them vulnerable to enemy frogman attacks – on the night of 20–21 January 1973 North Vietnamese frogmen managed to inflict slight damage on a cargo ship anchored at Kampong Som harbour.[19] By 1974 this state of affairs had been corrected by the MNK Fleet Command, after the implementation of several counter-measures which included the stationing of newly received 20 radar-equipped PCF coastal patrol crafts at Ream and of four PBR river patrol boats in the Kampong Som port area, followed by the overhauling of nearly all of the older heavy craft still in the inventory.

Amphibious operations 1973–74

Besides convoy escort duties on the lower Mekong, ressuply missions of governmental garrisons, and routine patrolling along the Tonle Sap River and counter-insurgency operations coordinated with the Cambodian Army's Lake Brigade in the namesake adjoining lake,[3] the Cambodian Navy's riverine forces also mounted a series of notable amphibious operations, codenamed 'Castor' (the French word for Beaver), in support of Naval Infantry battalions and FANK ground forces units fighting the Khmer Rouge in several conventional battles:

Final operations 1974–75

As the 1974–75 dry season opened, the already hard-pressed MNK saw its effectiveness being immediately curtailed by the Khmer Rouge’s extensive mine-laying campaign on the Bassac and Mekong rivers, intended at blocking the passage of the supply convoys that allowed the beleaguered Khmer Republic to receive much-needed ammunition, fuel and non-lethal aid (including food and medical supplies) transported upriver from South Vietnam to Phnom Penh.[26] Chinese-made naval flotating mines had been employed early in the war by the North Vietnamese against both military and civilian commercial shipping along the Mekong River,[27] but never in such a scale. Although the MNK did possessed minesweeping capabilities, its five river MSR/MSM Minesweepers lacked the proper equipment that would allow their crews to carry out the task successfully.[28] In addition, the insurgents' control of the riverbanks rendered any mine-sweeping operations virtually impossible or, at best extremely costly. On 18 January 1975, the MNK riverine forces and the Marines conduted their last joint amphibious operation – codenamed Operation 'Sailor' –, in an effort to clear Khmer Rouge units from some strategic islands in the Mekong close to Phnom Penh.[29] By 17 February, the MNK Fleet Command was forced to abandon any attempts to re-open the lower Mekong and Bassac corridors[30] and all convoy escort operations were suspended.

With the loss of Neak Leung and respective river station on 1 April, all Cambodian Navy river assets were pulled out from the lower Mekong to help defend Phnom Penh,[31][32] thus completing the strangulation of the Cambodian Capital. This move however, rendered useless the entire MNK riverine flotilla which remained bottled-up at Chrui Chhangwar base, Kampong Chhnang riverine station and Kampong Cham fluvial harbour during the final weeks of the war.[28][33]

Faced with the imminent Khmer Rouge victory in April 1975, MNK vessels of the Sea Patrol Force based at Ream lost no time in evacuating along the coast refugees to safety. On 17 April, the day Phnom Penh fell, two PC-461 class Patrol Craft (E-311 and E-312), one LSIL (P-111), one LCI (P-112) and three PCFs overloaded with Navy personnel and their civilian dependents left Cambodian territorial waters. E-311 managed to escape safely to neighbouring Thailand whilst the three PCFs, overloaded with 625 refugees, arrived in 22 April at Kelatan, Malaysia; as for the E-312, P-111 and P-112 vessels, they arrived in 9 May at Subic Bay in the Philippines with 750 passengers.[28][34] In addition, four PBRs, two Monitor (H) Howitzers and one Assault Support Patrol Boat and their respective crews were withheld at Tân An, Long An Province in South Vietnam, which prevented their destruction or capture by the Khmer Rouge.[33]

Aftermath

By the end of the war in 1975, total Cambodian Navy losses amounted to a quarter of its ships and 70 percent of its sailors had been killed or wounded in action.[35] The rest of the MNK personnel that were unable to leave Cambodia – ranging from NCOs and enlisted men to Marines, Nageurs de Combat, SEALs and the Commandos de Choc – had no other choice but to surrender. Most of them ended up being shot by Khmer Rouge firing squads, with their bodies dumped into shallow graves dug in forest areas close to naval facilities; others were sent to be 're-educated' in labour camps (known as the 'Killing Fields'), where they remained until the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978–79. Later unconfirmed reports however claim that a small number of qualified naval personnel escaped this fate by being pressed into service in the Navy of the new Democratic Kampuchea Regime in order to operate and maintain the remaining US-made sea and river craft left behind, and to help train Khmer Rouge ship crews.

Many naval officers were also executed, including Rear Admiral Vong Sarendy, who missed several opportunities to leave Phnom Penh and was reportedly arrested and killed while trying belatedly to escape by boat to the Tonle Sap lake the day the Cambodian Capital fell.[36] Of the 103 ratings that graduated from the Naval Academy in 1973, only three are known to have survived the Khmer Rouge’s massive purges.[37]

The Khmer Rouge was able to seize intact some 13 coastal patrol “Swift boats” and 40 PBR Mk 1 and 2 “Bibber” river patrol boats for their own naval branch; the other sea and river vessels were found damaged beyond repair, either sunk by enemy fire or scuttled by their own crews. At least four "Swift boats" were later lost during the Mayaguez incident in May 1975, on which one of the boats was sunk by a US Air Force AC-130 gunship.[38] Despite maintenance problems and spare parts' shortages, the remaining nine coastal patrol "Swift boats" and the PBR river patrol boats were kept serviceable at Ream and Chrui Chhangwar naval bases until 1979, when they were captured by the Vietnamese.

Navy commanders

Naval uniforms and insignia

The Cambodian Navy owed its origin and traditions to the French naval forces of the First Indochina War and even after the United States took the role as the main foreign sponsor for the Khmer National Armed Forces at the beginning of the 1970s, French military influence was still perceptible in their uniforms and insignia.

Service dress and field uniforms

The basic Royal Cambodian Navy (MRK) work uniform for all-ranks was a local version of the French Navy's tropical working dress, consisting of a Pale Stone (a shade of grey so pale that is sometimes referred to as "pale khaki" due to its similarity to the latter colour)[39] cotton shirt and pants modelled after the WWII US Army tropical 'Chino' khaki working dress. The shirt was short-sleeved and came in two variants: the first model had two patch breast pockets closed by clip-cornered straight flaps whilst the second model resembled the French M1946 light shirt (French: Chemisette kaki clair Mle 1946) and featured instead two pleated breast pockets closed by pointed flaps; both shirts had a six-buttoned front and were provided with shoulder straps (French: Epaulettes). They were worn with matching Pale Stone slacks styled after the French M1945/52 or M1948 pants, which featured two pleats at the front hips, side slashed pockets and an internal pocket at the back, on the right side. A white cotton version of the MRK work uniform also existed, being worn as a service dress by officers on informal occasions and for walking-out by the other ranks.[40]

MRK senior officers and petty officers adopted a Navy Blue overseas service uniform, which consisted of a double-breasted reefer jacket (French: Vareuse) with open collar and lapels, and featuring two internal skirt pockets with external flaps. The jacket had a narrow doble row of four gilt metal anchor motif buttons, and was worn with a white shirt and black tie, completed with matching blue trousers. This uniform was seldom seen in Cambodia, being worn only by officers or officer candidate students attending courses overseas, e.g. when in France or in the US.[41] Instead, MRK Officers serving in-country received the standard FARK summer dress uniform in white cotton, which was patterned after the French Army M1946/56 khaki dress uniform (French: Vareuse d'officier Mle 1946/56 et Pantalon droit Mle 1946/56). The jacket had two pleated breast pockets closed by pointed flaps and two unpleated at the side closed by straight ones whilst the sleeves had turnbacks; the front fly and pocket flaps were secured by gilt buttons bearing the royal coat-of-arms. It was worn with a white shirt and black tie on formal occasions.[42] For parades and honor guards, Naval Infantry officers and enlisted men were given a special full dress white cotton uniform, which consisted of a tunic with standing collar featuring a five-buttoned front secured by gilt buttons, worn with matching white slacks.[43] Cambodian Marine officers and enlisted men were issued the same Olive Green (OG) combat uniforms as their Royal Army counterparts, the French all-arms M1947 (French: Treillis de combat Mle 1947) and US M-1943 HBT jungle fatigues.

All the aforementioned uniform combinations were maintained by the MNK after 1970 and new regulation sets were added. In 1974, graduates of the Cambodian Naval Academy attending courses overseas received a new parade uniform, apparently patterned after the US Navy Officers' Blue Working Dress. The new cadets' blue full dress consisted on a six-buttoned shirt lacking shoulder straps with two unpleated patch breast pockets closed by pointed flaps and long sleeves with buttoned cuffs, and matching trousers. In formal occasions, the shirt was worn with a black tie tucked into the front fly. Like their Army and Air Force counterparts, in 1970–72 all naval combat personnel – officer candidate students attending courses at the Naval Academy, ship crews, Naval Infantry, and later the Commandos de Choc security battalions – were issued US jungle OG 107 utilities and M1967 Jungle Utility Uniforms whilst the Cambodian Navy SEALs commandos formed in 1973 received Tigerstripe camouflage fatigues from the United States, Thailand (Thai Tadpole), and South Vietnam (Tadpole Sparse).

Headgear

MRK officers and petty officers received a Pale Stone service peaked cap with the standard gilt metal FARK cap badge, based on the French M1927 pattern (French: Casquette d'officier Mle 1927) but with a longer, lacquered black leather extended peak; a white summer top version was worn with both the white service dress and the full dress uniform. After March 1970, the MNK replaced the royal insignia on their peaked caps by a gold wreathed fouled anchor embroidered on black,[28] with the number of leaves varying according to rank – ten for officers and petty officers, and six for NCOs (enlisted men wore a simple anchor badge instead).[44]

In the field, MRK sailors and naval infantrymen frequently wore a mixture of French M1946 light khaki tropical berets (French: Bérét de toile kaki clair Mle 1946), US M-1951 cotton field caps, and French bush hats (French: Chapeau de brousse Mle 1949) in Khaki or OG cotton cloth. During the Republic, a wide range of OG "Boonie hats" and baseball caps from the US, South Vietnam and Thailand were adopted by MNK personnel. Officer candidate students at the Naval Academy received a Navy Blue baseball cap with the standard MNK cap badge whilst the Cambodian SEALs adopted in 1973 a black beret worn French-style pulled to the left with the MNK cap badge placed above the right eye, replaced in the field by bush hats, baseball caps, berets or head scarves in "Tigerstripe" camouflaged cloth.

The steel helmet models worn by MRK vessel crews and marines alike were the US M-1 or the French M1951 (French: casque Mle 1951 OTAN) models, standard issue in the FARK. The naval infantry battalions later standardized on the M-1 1964 model provided with the US Army Mitchell 'Clouds' camouflage pattern cover (a embroidered yellow fouled anchor motif was often added to the latter), though many ship crewmen and naval gunners continued to wear the older US and French steel helmets throughout the war.[45] On parade, the marines were issued white-painted M-1 helmet liners with the standard FARK cap badge stencilled at the front and colour bars painted at the sides, worn with a white chinstrap; after 1970, a FANK cap badge stencil replaced the earlier royal arms.

Footwear

MRK footwear was diverse. Ratings and sailors were issued black, brown, and whitened leather low laced shoes matching the dress uniforms worn on active service, walking-out or formal occasions. For parades, Marine officers and enlisted men were turned out in French black leather M1952 ankle boots (French: Brodequins Modèle 1952) and white French-style half-gaiters with side-lacing and a spat covering the top of the boot; Naval Academy cadets favoured white American-style long gaiters upon the adoption of their blue full dress in 1974. On the field, both seamen and naval infantrymen wore brown leather US M-1943 Combat Service Boots or French canvas-and-rubber 'Pataugas' tropical boots, and sandals; after 1970, the MNK retained the earlier regulation footwear although American M-1967 black leather and Jungle boots, and South Vietnamese Bata boots soon replaced the older combat models.

Navy Ranks

The MRK used the same standard FARK/FANK French-style rank chart as the Army and the Air Force, though the nomenclature was different. Flag, senior and junior officers (French: Officiers généraux, officiers supérieurs et officiers subalternes) – including their counterparts in the Naval Infantry – and petty officers' (French: Officiers mariniers) ranks were worn on various coloured removable shoulder boards (with gold laurel-like leaf embroidery on the outer edge for Admirals) or shoulder strap slides identical to the Army pattern, with the addition of a miniature royal coat-of-arms featuring a combined crown-and-anchor device on the inner end. Enlisted men and Marine NCOs (French: Quartier-maîtres et matelots/fusiliers) wore chevrons on both upper sleeves. In 1970 the MNK changed the colours of their shoulder boards and shoulder strap slides to a standardized Navy Blue or black with a simple fouled anchor on the inner end, which replaced the earlier royal crest. Naval and marine officers and NCOs adopted rank chest tabs to wear with the US-supplied OG jungle fatigues[28] though Army-pattern metal pin-on collar rank insignia also came into use in 1972.[46]

MNK Ranks Khmer language French naval ranks US naval ranks Insignia
Pʊəl too ពលទោ Matelot/Fusilier-marin Seaman/Marine
(no insignia)
Pʊəl aek ពលឯក Matelot breveté Able seaman
Niey too នាយទោ Quartier Maître Chef Seaman 1st Class
Niey aek នាយឯក Second Maître Petty Officer 2nd class
Pʊəl baal trəy ពលបាលត្រី Maître Officer 1st class
Pʊəl baal too ពលបាលទោ Premier Maître Chief Petty Officer
Pʊəl baal aek ពលបាលឯក Maître Principal Master Chief Petty Officer
Prɨn baal aek ព្រឹន្ទបាលឯក Aspirant Midshipman
Aknu say ney trəy អនុត្រី Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe Sub-Lieutenant/Ensign
Aknu say ney tor អនុទោ Enseigne de vaisseau de première classe Lieutenant Junior Grade
Aknu say ney ek អនុឯក Lieutenant de vaisseau Lieutenant
Vorak say ney trəy វរត្រី Capitaine de corvette Lieutenant Commander
Vorak say ney tor វរទោ Capitaine de frégate Commander
Vorak say ney ek វរឯក Capitaine de vaisseau Captain
Odam say ney trəy ឧត្តមត្រី Amiral Admiral
(one silver star)
Odam say ney tor ឧត្តមទោ Contre-Amiral Rear Admiral

Branch insignia

There were no arm-of-service designations as such in the Cambodian Navy, although when wearing US OG jungle fatigues, naval personnel skills and trades were identified by collar badges, in either metal pin-on or cloth embroidered versions. These were worn on the left collar only by ratings and on both collars by enlisted ranks:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 239.
  2. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 240.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 23.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 239; 245.
  5. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 17.
  6. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 246.
  7. ↑ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 13–14.
  8. ↑ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 63–64.
  9. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 20.
  10. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 240; 252.
  11. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 18 and 24.
  12. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 21.
  13. ↑ John Pike. "Cambodia Navy - History". globalsecurity.org.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 24.
  15. ↑ Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 183, Appendix C (Navy Item).
  16. ↑ "Jane's Fighting Ships, 1974–75". Khmer Republic/KOREA. p. 215.
  17. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 241–242.
  18. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 23–24.
  19. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 241.
  20. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 177.
  21. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 124.
  22. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 156.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 256.
  24. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 9; 24.
  25. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 242.
  26. ↑ Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 153.
  27. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 7.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 33.
  29. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 258.
  30. ↑ Dunham, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975 (1990), pp. 102–04.
  31. ↑ Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 156.
  32. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 10.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 243 (table of operational craft).
  34. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 243.
  35. ↑ Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the destruction of Cambodia (1979), p. 347.
  36. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p.243; 244, note 15.
  37. ↑ Micheleti, The APRONUC Battalion in Cambodia, RAIDS Magazine (1992), p.12 (box).
  38. ↑ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), p. 39.
  39. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 21.
  40. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 247.
  41. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 249.
  42. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 171.
  43. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 248.
  44. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 251.
  45. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 247; 249.
  46. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 45, Plate F3.
  47. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 253; 261.

References

Secondary sources

External links