Khartoum (state)

Khartoum الخرطوم al-Khartum
State
Location in Sudan.
Coordinates: 15°47′N 32°43′E / 15.783°N 32.717°E / 15.783; 32.717Coordinates: 15°47′N 32°43′E / 15.783°N 32.717°E / 15.783; 32.717
Country	Sudan
Region	Khartoum
Capital	Khartoum
Area
• Total	22,142 km2 (8,549 sq mi)
Population (2008 est.)
• Total	5,274,321
	Provisional census data contested in some parts of Sudan.[1]
Time zone	EAT (UTC+3)

Khartoum is one of the eighteen states of Sudan. Although it is the smallest state by area (22,142 km²), it is the most populous (5,274,321 in 2008 census).^[1][2] It contains the country's largest city by population, Omdurman, and the city of Khartoum, which is the capital of the state as well as the national capital of Sudan. The capital city contains offices of the state, governmental and non-governmental organizations, cultural institutions, and the main airport.

The city is located in the heart of Sudan at the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile, where the two rivers unite to form the River Nile. The confluence of the two rivers creates a unique effect. As they join, each river retains its own color: the White Nile with its bright whiteness and the Blue Nile with its alluvial brown color. These colors are more visible in the flood season.

The state lies between longitudes 31.5 to 34 °E and latitudes 15 to 16 °N. It is surrounded by River Nile State in the north-east, in the north-west by the Northern State, in the east and southeast by the states of Kassala, Gedaref and Gezira, and in the west by North Kurdufan.

Etymology

There are several etymologies for the name of Khartoum. The explanation suggested as "most correct" by the state government's website^[3] is that it comes from the Arabic for "elephant's trunk", which describes the shape of the site of the city at the confluence of the two Niles, where a stretch of land extends into the water. Other stories are that it is a corruption of "gurtoum", the name for seeds of the sunflower plant, supposedly used by Roman invaders at the current site of Khartoum to treat soldiers' wounds, or that it was derived from the words "Khor al-Tom".^[3]

Climate

The northern region of the state is mostly desert because it receives barely any rainfall, whereas the other regions have semi-desert climates. The weather is rainy in the summer, and cold and dry in the winter. Average rainfall reaches 100–200 mm in the northeastern areas and 200–300 mm in the northwestern areas.

The temperature in summer ranges from 25 to 40 °C from April to June, and from 20 to 35 °C in the months of July to October. In winter, the temperature declines gradually from 25 to 15 °C between March and November.

Administrative divisions

The state is geographically divided into blocks (or clusters), which are further subdivided into localities. There are a total of three blocks and seven localities.^[3][4][5]

First block

• Jabal Awliyā' Locality (Gabal Owlia محلية جبل أولياء)
• al-Kharṭoum Locality (Khartoum محلية الخرطوم)

This starts from the Mugran (or Almogran), the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile, and extends southward between them to the boundaries of Gezira state. The block is characterized by Sundus and Soba agricultural schemes in both the Gabal Owlia and Khartoum localities, along with a number of livestock, poultry, fishing, and fodder production projects, as well as vegetable and fruit farms.

Second block

• al-Kharṭoum Baḥrī Locality (Khartoum North محلية الخرطوم بحري)
• Sharq an-Nīl Locality (Blue Nile محلية شرق النيل)

This is the northern block, between the Blue Nile and the River Nile. The largest town in this block is Khartoum North. There are many agricultural projects, such as the Soba East and Seleit projects, and the largest dairy project in the state, the Kuku village project. The block also includes the largest industrial areas in the Sudan.

Third block

• Umdurmān Locality (Omdurman محلية أمدرمان)
• Ombadda Locality (Um Badda محلية أمبدة)
• Kararī Locality (Karari محلية كرري)

This block is west of the White Nile and the River Nile. It contains the country's largest city, Omdurman, which is known as the historical capital of the Sudan, with a history going back to the era before the Mahdia revolution. A number of archaeological, historical, and religious areas are found in this block, in addition to popular markets. Areas for hunting wild game are found to the west of Omdurman.

Population and economy

The 2008 population census estimates the population of Khartoum state to be about 5,274,321, composed of various tribes of the Sudan. The population is 79% urban,^[6] and 74% of the state's population reported their region of origin to be outside Khartoum.^[2]

The areas of Omdurman and the rural South are inhabited by the tribe of Gamowia, as well as by the Kordofani tribes displaced to these areas by the drought and desertification that hit their areas in the early- and mid-1980s. These are the tribes of the Kababish and the Kawahla. In the northern countryside of Karari locality are the tribe of Shiheinat, and in Khartoum North the tribes of Abdallab and Batahin. In the East Nile are the tribes of Abu Dileig, Batahin, and Kawahla, with the tribe of Iseilat in Um-Dowan.^[3][4]

Most of the population works in government service, the private sector, and banking. There is also a large number of merchants, and migrants and displaced people working in marginal activities. In the countryside most people are engaged in agriculture and grazing and thus supply the capital, Khartoum, with vegetables, fruits, and dairy products. There are also some residents living on the banks of the rivers engaged in the trades dependent on the rivers, such as pottery, brick-making and fishing.^[3][4]

Museums and archeological sites

Khartoum state contains archaeological sites dating back to different periods of civilization, both prehistoric and historical. Its museums include the largest in Sudan, the National Museum of Sudan, and a number of specialized museums, such as the Khalifa House Museum and the Museums of Natural History, Folklore and the Popular Heritage. There are also a center for study of folklore under the National Authority for the Arts, and the Omdurman Museum of Ibrahim Hijazi.

References

See also

• 2007 Sudan floods

States of Sudan States not covered by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement Central Darfur East Darfur Al Jazirah Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kurdufan Northern Al Qadarif Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur West Darfur White Nile States to hold "popular consultations" (process suspended) Blue Nile South Kordofan West Kurdufan Special administration area to hold referendum (postponed indefinitely) Abyei (part of both South Kordofan and Warrap (South Sudan))