Kfar Kama Adyghe dialect

Kfar Kama dialect
Native to	Israel
Native speakers	3,000  (date missing)
Language family	Northwest Caucasian Circassian Adyghe Shapsugh Kfar Kama dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Kfar Kama dialect (Adyghe: Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ) is a subdialect of the Shapsugh dialect of Adyghe spoken by the villagers of the village Kfar Kama in Israel.

Phonology

		Labial	Alveolar		Post­alveolar		Alveolo- palatal	Retro­flex		Velar			Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
		plain	plain	lat.	plain	lab.		plain	lab.	plain	lab.	pal.	plain	lab.		plain	lab.
Plosive	voiceless	p	t								kʷ	kʲ	q	qʷ		ʔ	ʔʷ
	voiced	b	d								ɡʷ	ɡʲ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ									kʲʼ
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s		t͡ʃ	tʃʷ
	voiced		d͡z		d͡ʒ
	ejective		t͡sʼ		t͡ʃʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ɬ	ʃ	ʃʷ	ɕ	ʂ	ʂʷ	x			χ	χʷ	ħ	h
	voiced		z		ʒ	ʒʷ	ʑ	ʐ		ɣ			ʁ	ʁʷ
	ejective		sʼ	ɬʼ	ʃʼ
Nasal		m	n
Approximant					l		j				w
Trill			r

The consonant [sʼ]

• The Kfar Kama subdialect of the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe has an alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ] as the letter СI сI which correspond to [t͡sʼ] in other Adyghe dialects such as Bzhedug, Abzakh, Chamirgoy and Kabardian.

For example:

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Other dialects
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
name	сӏэ	sˤa	цӏэ	t͡sʼa
lie	псӏы	psˤə	пцӏы	pʼt͡sʼə
black	шӏусӏэ	ʂʷəsˤa	шӏуцӏэ	ʃʷʼət͡sʼa
naked	псӏанэ	psˤaːna	пцӏанэ	pt͡sʼaːna
wet	сӏынэ	sˤəna	цӏынэ	t͡sʼəna
sharp	папсӏэ	paːpsˤa	папцӏэ	paːpt͡sʼa
to want something very badly	енэсӏын	janasˤən	енэцӏын	janat͡sʼən
barefoot	лъапсӏэ	ɬaːpsˤa	лъапцӏэ	ɬaːpt͡sʼa

There are some words with the consonant [t͡sˤ]:

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect
	Cyrillic	IPA
slip or flat	цӏашъутэ	t͡sˤaːʂʷta
person	цӏыфы	t͡sˤəfə
mean	цӏапӏэ	t͡sˤaːpˤa

The consonant [ɡʲ] and [kʲ]

• The consonant Palatalized Voiced velar stop [ɡʲ] and Palatalized Voiceless velar stop [kʲ] exist in this dialect. In other dialects those two consonants merged with [d͡ʒ] and [t͡ʃ] respectively. The consonants [ɡʲ] is written Гь гь or Джь джь and the consonants [kʲ] is Кь кь.

For examples

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Other dialects
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
shirt	гьанэ	ɡʲaːna	джанэ	dʒaːna
to study, to read	егьэн	jaɡʲan	еджэн	jadʒan
to play	гьэгун	ɡʲagʷən	джэгун	d͡ʒagʷən
game	гьэгу	ɡʲagʷ	джэгу	d͡ʒagʷ
toy	гьэгуалъэ	ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa	джэгуалъэ	d͡ʒaɡʷaːɬa
bitter	дыгьы	dəɡʲə	дыджы	dəd͡ʒə
pants	гъошэгь	ʁʷaʃaɡʲ	гъончэдж	ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ
unripe	мыгьыр	məɡʲər	мыджыр	məd͡ʒər
spider	багьэ	baːgʲa	бэджы	bad͡ʒə
mirror	гъургьэ	ʁʷərɡʲa	гъурджэ	ʁʷərd͡ʒa
sick	сымагьэ	səmaːɡʲa	сымаджэ	səmaːd͡ʒa
bold	шъхьэгьашъу	ʂħaɡʲaːʃʷ	шъхьэджашъу	ʂħad͡ʒaːʃʷ
forearm	ӏэлгьанэ	ʔalɡʲaːna	ӏэлджанэ	ʔald͡ʒaːna
evil	бзагьэ	bzaːɡʲa	бзаджэ	bzaːd͡ʒa
valley	къолагьэ	qʷalaːɡʲa	къоладжэ	qʷalaːd͡ʒa
that's it	гьары	ɡʲaːrə	джары	d͡ʒaːrə
noon	щэгьагъо	ɕaɡʲaːʁʷa	щэджагъо	ɕad͡ʒaːʁʷa
infidel	гьаур	ɡʲaːwər	джаур	d͡ʒaːwər
to tickle	гъэлыгьын	ʁaləɡʲən	гъэлыджын	ʁaləd͡ʒən
to stitch	епыгьын	japəɡʲən	епыджын	japəd͡ʒən
criminal	мэхъагьэ	maχaːɡʲa	мэхъаджэ	maχaːd͡ʒa
to stand up	тэгьын	taɡʲən	тэджын	tad͡ʒən
dance	угь	wəɡʲ	удж	wəd͡ʒ
to stub	хэпыгьэн	xapəɡʲan	хэпыджэн	xapəd͡ʒan

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Other dialects
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
egg	кьакьэ	kʲaːkʲa	чэнчэ	t͡ʃant͡ʃa
went out	дэкьэгъ	dakʲaʁ	дэчэгъ	dat͡ʃaʁ
gun	кьэрахъо	kʲaraːχʷa	чэрахъо	t͡ʃaraːχʷa
long	кьэхьы	kʲaħə	кӏыхьэ	t͡ʃəħa
short	кьако	kʲaːkʷa	кӏако	t͡ʃaːkʷa
chicken	кьэт	kʲat	чэт	t͡ʃat
cat	кьэту	kʲatəw	чэту	t͡ʃatəw
to kill	укьын	wkʲən	учын	wt͡ʃən
rope	кьапсэ	kʲaːpsa	чапсэ	t͡ʃaːpsa
to move away	Iукьын	ʔʷəkʲən	Ӏучын	ʔʷət͡ʃən
key	Iукьыбзэ	ʔʷəkʲəbza	Ӏунчыбзэ	ʔʷənt͡ʃəbza
glass	апкь	ʔaːpkʲ	апч	ʔaːpt͡ʃ
to spin around	мэкьрэзын	makʲrazən	мэкӏрэзын	mat͡ʃrazən
to wink	енэкьэон	janakʲawan	енэкӏэон	janat͡ʃawan
to bump into	еутэкьын	jawtakʲən	еутэкӏын	jawtat͡ʃən
beard	жакьэ	ʒaːkʲa	жакӏэ	ʒaːt͡ʃa
to change	зэхъокьын	zaχʷakʲən	зэхъокӏын	zaχʷat͡ʃən
poor	тхьамышкь	tħaːməʃkʲ	тхьамышкӏ	tħaːməʃt͡ʃ
to be ashamed	укьытэн	wəkʲətan	укьытэн	wət͡ʃətan
to feel pain	хэузыкьын	xawzəkʲən	хэузыкьын	xawzət͡ʃən

This dialect also have the consonants [dʒ], For example :

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Other dialects
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
spoon	джэмыщх	d͡ʒaməɕx	джэмыщх	d͡ʒaməɕx
fox	баджэ	baːd͡ʒa	баджэ	baːd͡ʒa
knee	лъэгуаджэ	ɬaɡʷaːd͡ʒa	лъэгуанджэ	ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa
navel	мбыдж	mbəd͡ʒ	мбыдж	mbəd͡ʒ

The ejective consonants

• In the Kfar Kama dialect the ejective consonants became pharyngealized consonants. The letters шъу and жъу are pronounced as [ʃʷ] and [ʒʷ].

• пӀ /p'/ → /pˤ/
• тӀ /t'/ → /tˤ/
• сӀ /s'/ → /sˤ/
• лӀ /ɬ'/ → /ɬˤ/
• цӀ /t͡s'/ → /t͡sˤ/
• шӀ /ʃ'/ → /ʂ/ or /ʃˤ/
• шӀу /ʃʷ'/ → /ʂʷ/
• пӀу /pʷ'/ → /pˤ/
• тӀу /tʷ'/ → /tˤ/

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect
	Cyrillic	IPA
name	сӀэ	sˤa
husband	лӀы	ɬˤə
four	плӀы	pɬˤə
dead	лӀагъэ	ɬˤaːʁa
forehead	натӀэ	naːtˤa
ten	пшӀы	pʂə
to do	шӀэн	ʂan
well	шӀу	ʂʷə

The consonant [tʃʷ]

• This dialect has a labialized voiceless palato-alveolar affricate [tʃʷ] as the letter Чъу чъу, which correspond to [tsʷ] in other dialects like Temirgoy, for example

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Other dialects
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
footwear	чъуакъо	tʃʷaːqʷa	цуакъо	t͡sʷaːqʷa
ox	чъу	tʃʷə	цу	t͡sʷə
strawberry	чъумпэ	tʃʷəmpa	цумпэ	t͡sʷəmpa

The consonant [h]

• This dialect has a voiceless glottal fricative [h] in some few words. The other dialects pronounce it as a [ħ] or [j].

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect	Other dialects
now	həgʲ	ħəd͡ʒ
right now	hədadam	d͡ʒədadam
still	daha	daħa
again, one more time	dahazə	daħazə

Disappearance of the consonant [n]

• In some standard Adyghe words with the consonant [n] in the middle, the [n] is not pronounced in the Kfar Kama dialect.

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Other dialects
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
egg	кьакьэ	kʲaːkʲa	чэнчэ	t͡ʃant͡ʃa
pants	гъошэгь	ʁʷaʃaɡʲ	гъончэдж	ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ
fast	псыкӏэ	psət͡ʃa	псынкӏэ	psənt͡ʃa
shovel	хьацэ	ħaːt͡sa	хьанцэ	ħant͡sa
blue	шъухъуатӏэ	ʃʷəχʷaːtʼa	шхъуантӏэ	ʃχʷaːntʼa
key	ӏукьыбзэ	ʔʷəkʲəbza	ӏунчыбзэ	ʔʷənt͡ʃəbza
vein	лъытфэ	ɬətfa	лъынтфэ	ɬəntfa
heavy	отэгъу	wataʁʷ	онтэгъу	wantaʁʷ
knee	лъэгуаджэ	ɬaɡʷaːd͡ʒa	лъэгуанджэ	ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa
butterfly	хьэтӏрэпӏый	ħatˈrapˈəj	хьэнтӏэрэпӏый	ħantˈarapˈəj
chair	пхъэтӏэкӏу	pχatʼakʷʼ	пхъэнтӏэкӏу	pχantʼakʷʼ

The consonant [fʼ ~ fˤ]

• The standard Adyghe's suffix -шхо /-ʃxʷa/ which means big or mighty is -фӏэ /-fˤa/ in Kfar Kama dialect.

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Other dialects
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
mighty God	тхьэфӏэ	tħafˤa	тхьэшхо	tħaʃxʷa
large sun	тыгъэфӏэ	təʁafˤa	тыгъэшхо	təʁaʃxʷa

Grammar differences

Nouns

In the instrumental case the noun has the suffix -мгьэ (-mɡʲa) or -гьэ (-gʲa) unlike other dialects that has the suffix -мкIэ (-mt͡ʃa) or -кIэ (-t͡ʃa).

For example:

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Other dialects
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
(using) Adyghe language	адыгэбзэгьэ	aːdəɣabzagʲa	адыгэбзэкӀэ	aːdəɣabzat͡ʃa
(using) the leg	лъакъомгьэ	ɬaːqʷamgʲa	лъакъомкIэ	ɬaːqʷamt͡ʃa
with (using) the pencil	къэлэмгьэ	qalamgʲa	къэлэмкIэ	qalamt͡ʃa

Future tense

In this dialect the verb has the suffix ~эт (~at) and in some cases ~ыт (~ət) unlike other dialects such as Chemguy that has the Suffix ~щт (~ɕt).

For example:

Meaning	Kfar Kama dialect		Chemguy dialect
	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
he will go	мэкIот	makʷʼat	мэкIощт	makʷʼaɕt
he will say	иIот	jəʔʷat	иIощт	jəʔʷaɕt

See also

• Hakuchi Adyghe dialect

References

External links

• Body Parts In Kfar Kama Dialect