Kate Warne

Kate Warne (1833 – January 28, 1868)[1] was the first female detective in the United States.

Early career

Described by Allan Pinkerton as a slender, brown haired woman, there is not much else known about Warne prior to when she walked into the Pinkerton Detective Agency in 1856. Born in New York, Warne became a widow shortly after she married. Warne was left as a young childless widow in search of work. In answer to an ad in a local newspaper, Warne walked into Pinkerton's Chicago office in search of a job. There is still debate whether or not she walked in with intentions to become a detective or just a secretary. Women were not detectives until well after the Civil War. Pinkerton himself claimed that Warne came into his agency and demanded to become a detective. According to Pinkerton's records, he

"was surprised to learn Kate was not looking for clerical work, but was actually answering an advertisement for detectives he had placed in a Chicago newspaper. At the time, such a concept was almost unheard of. Pinkerton said " It is not the custom to employ women detectives!" Kate argued her point of view eloquently - pointing out that women could be "most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective." A Woman would be able to befriend the wives and girlfriends of suspected criminals and gain their confidence. Men become braggarts when they are around women who encourage them to boast. Kate also noted, Women have an eye for detail and are excellent observers."[2]

Warne's arguments swayed Pinkerton, who at 10 o'clock on the morning of August 23, 1856, employed Warne as the first female detective.[3] Pinkerton soon had a chance to put Warne to the test. In 1858, Warne was involved in the case of Adams Express Company embezzlements where she was successfully able to bring herself into the confidence of the wife of the prime suspect, Mr. Maroney. She thereby acquired the valuable evidence leading to the husband's conviction.[4] Mr. Maroney was an expressman living in Montgomery, Alabama. The Maroneys stole $50,000 from the Adams Express Company. With Warne’s help, $39,515 was returned. Mr. Maroney was convicted and sentenced to ten years in Montgomery, Alabama.

Pre–Civil War: The Baltimore Plot of 1861

Pinkerton was secured by Samuel H. Felton, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, to investigate secessionist activity in Maryland. Felton believed that threats of damage to the railroad by "roughs and secessionists of Maryland." Pinkerton soon was at work, placing agents at various points in Maryland to investigate the possibility of damage to the railroad. As the information came forth, Pinkerton became increasingly aware that the activity in Maryland did not just end with the railroad, but included the president-elect, Abraham Lincoln. Pinkerton received permission to continue his investigation and focus on the possible assassination plot.

As part of Pinkerton's team at the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, Warne was one of five agents sent to Baltimore, Maryland, on February 3, 1861, to investigate the hotbed of secessionist activity occurring just months prior to the inauguration of Lincoln[5] (see also Maryland in the Civil War). During the investigation, evidence supported attacks on the railroads and also unveiled the plot to assassinate Lincoln on his way to take office. The secessionist feeling in Baltimore was that if Lincoln came through the city that he would leave in a casket. Under the aliases Mrs. Cherry and Mrs. M. Barley (M.B.), Warne tracked suspicious movement among the Baltimore secessionists.[6] It was in part through her undercover work in the guise of

"a rich southern lady visiting Baltimore with a thick southern accent that apparently Mrs. Warne infiltrated secessionist social gatherings in the Baltimore area, places such as the classy Barnum Hotel posing as a flirting "southern belle" and was quick to not only verify that there was a plot to assassinate Lincoln, she developed details of how the assassination was going to occur."[7]

Pinkerton had agents across Maryland and details kept unraveling. However, it was Warne specifically who supplied many key details and Pinkerton believed the plot was imminent. Warne had befriended secessionists in Maryland and collected many details in the plot to assassinate Lincoln.

The president-elect, Lincoln was traveling from his home Springfield, Illinois, to the capital via a train tour that was to stop at notable cities along the way. His published program showed that Lincoln's last leg of the journey was from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to Washington, D.C. Due to the configuration of the trains system, all southbound trains required a transfer to be made in Baltimore, Maryland. The northbound station ended at Calvert Street and the southbound train station started at Camden Street (now the Camden Yards station). The distance between these two stations were about a mile by carriage ride.[8] The secessionist plot to kill Lincoln was

"just as Mr. Lincoln would be passing through the narrow vestibule of the Depot at Calvert St. Station, to enter his carriage. A row or fight was to be got up by some outsiders to quell which the few policemen at the Depot would rush out, thus leaving Mr. Lincoln entirely unprotected and at the mercy of a mob of Secessionists who were to surround him at that time. A small Steamer had been chartered and was lying in one of the Bays or little streams running into the Chesapeake Bay, to which the murderers were to flee and it was immediately to put off for Virginia."[8]

After seeing the pieces of the plot coming together, Pinkerton requested of Warne on the morning of February 18 to take the 5:10 evening train to New York City. Once there, she was to set up a meeting with Norman B. Judd and place into his confidence a letter from Pinkerton stating all of the hereto discovered details of the assassination attempt. After Warne supplied details of the Baltimore Plot to Judd, Judd set up a meeting between himself, Pinkerton and Lincoln on February 21.[9] At this meeting, Lincoln was doubtful about an assassination plot, or that if such a plot existed that it should be taken seriously.

However, a second independent source confirmed the plot by way of Frederick W. Seward, son of William H. Seward (the secretary of state–designate).[3] From this point, Lincoln agreed that the assassination plot was plausible enough to take action. Lincoln decided to avoid hazard where it was not necessary, however he refused to cancel any of his scheduled plans in Harrisburg. His agenda included giving three speeches, raising of the American flag at Independence Hall and attending a high-profile dinner.[10] Accordingly, they made train arrangements that allowed Lincoln to fulfill his scheduled duties in Harrisburg. It wasn't until 5:45 that night that there was any deviation from his schedule. John George Nicolay, Lincoln's private secretary, interrupted the dinner party to excuse the president-elect. Lincoln then changed into a traveling suit, a soft felt cap and carried a shawl upon one arm to play the role of an invalid.[11] Pinkerton, meanwhile, had the telegraph lines interrupted to prevent any knowledge of the deviation in Lincoln's schedule. At the station, Warne entered the sleeping car through the rear along with Pinkerton, Ward Hill Lamon, and a still-disguised Lincoln. She greeted Lincoln loudly as she would have a true brother.

From Harrisburg, Lincoln rode to Philadelphia by a special Pennsylvania Railroad train. From Philadelphia he went to Baltimore by a special Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore train on the night of February 22–23.[12] It is said that Warne did not sleep a wink on the overnight trip from Pennsylvania to Washington D.C. The disguises provided by Warne that night enabled Lincoln to make it through Baltimore without recognition and take his seat in the White House. It is believed that Pinkerton came up with the slogan to his agency "we never sleep" as a result of Warne's guard of Lincoln that night. Warne was a key player in the foiled Baltimore assassination plot. Not only did she help to uncover details of the planned plot, but she also carried out most of the arrangements to smuggle Lincoln into Washington, D.C. She couriered secret information and set up meetings as well as securing the necessary four berths on a train leaving Philadelphia under the pretext that these berths were for her sick brother and family members.[8] The train pulled out shortly before 11 p.m. and arrived in Baltimore about 3:30 a.m. on February 23. Warne remained in Baltimore as the sleeping cars with Lincoln on board were shifted to another train, which arrived in Washington around 6 a.m.[13]

Civil War: Intelligence Work for the Union, 1861–65

This photo comes from the Library of Congress. During the Civil War, Kate Warne travelled with Pinkerton to meet McClellan's Ohio Division. This photo shows Pinkerton and Lincoln at that time.

During the American Civil War, Pinkerton and Warne were used as a covert war intelligence-gathering bureau. She could easily penetrate into southern social gatherings. Warne said that women are most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective. Believed to be a mistress of Pinkerton, Warne would often pose as Pinkerton's wife while undercover. She also had an assortment of names: Kay Warne, Kay Waren, Kay Warren, Kate Warne, Kate Waren, Kate Warren, Kitty Warne, Kitty Waren, Kitty Warren, Kittie Waren, Kittie Warne, and Kittie Warren. Warne was known as Kitty to Robert Pinkerton, Allan's brother. Robert Pinkerton often argued with Warne over expenses turned over to the agency, but her relationship with Allan continued for years.

After the quelled assassination attempt on Lincoln, Warne continued to travel with Allan Pinkerton as his Female Superintendent of Detectives. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate States of America's cannons in Charleston began firing on Fort Sumter. These cannon shells marked the beginning of the American Civil War. Within nine days, Pinkerton wrote to President Lincoln offering the services of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. However, before Lincoln could respond, Major General George B. McClellan asked Pinkerton to set up a military intelligence service for McClellan's command.[14] Therefore, by the end of July 1861, Pinkerton took Warne, Timothy Webster, and later George Bangs west to set up a headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio, to follow McClellan's Ohio division (see also Cincinnati in the Civil War).[15]

Post–Civil War: Continued espionage, 1865–67

After the Civil War, Warne worked on various high-profile cases. One of these involved the murder of a bank-teller, George Gordon, in Atkinson, Mississippi. The murderer got away with $130,000. Pinkerton determined that Gordon was fetching money for a friend or someone who frequented the bank when he was struck on the head behind the ear with a hammer with intent to murder any witnesses of the robbery. Through his investigation, Pinkerton felt certain that his prime suspect, Alexander P. Drysdale, had in fact killed Gordon. However, at this point he did not have enough hard evidence to convict Drysdale; too much was still based on speculation. Therefore, he set a trap for Drysdale so that he would reveal a confession. Warne was sent under cover as a Mrs. Potter and became close friends with Mr. Drysdale's wife. Through this plot, they were able to uncover where Drysdale had hidden the stolen money.

Another case for which Warne went undercover was that brought about by a Captain Sumner, who was convinced that both his sister, Mrs. Annie Thayer and a Mr. Pattmore were attempting to poison Mrs. Pattmore and himself. Warne took the name Lucille and took on the role of a fortune teller to lure information out of the suspected murderer's confidants. In the meantime, she also continually coordinated Pinkerton's other female detectives in the agency. Pinkerton rented a space for Warne to work as part of her guise.

Pinkerton named Warne one of the five best detectives that he had. Her employment by Pinkerton was a significant moment in woman's history. Women were not allowed to be a part of the police force until 1891 and could not be detectives until 1903.

Pinkerton specifically thanked Warne and Timothy Webster in his memoirs. Both Warne and Webster were key operatives during the Baltimore Plot investigations. Warne reported back to Pinkerton about all her work when he was away from the office and they worked together on numerous cases during their tenure. Pinkerton constantly showed a deep trust in the work that Warne performed and acknowledges so in his memoirs. She was in charge of the Female Detective Bureau, established by Pinkerton. Her title was Supervisor of Women Agents. Pinkerton said to his female prospective agents:

"In my service you will serve your country better than on the field. I have several female operatives. If you agree to come aboard you will go in training with the head of my female detectives, Kate Warne. She has never let me down.[16]

Death

Warne did not survive long after the Civil War. She suddenly caught pneumonia on New Year's Day, 1868, and died on January 28 with Pinkerton at her bedside. She is buried in the Pinkerton Family Plot in Chicago Illinois' Graceland Cemetery.[1] The grave is marked in the Graceland Cemetery under the name of "Kate Warn";[17] it states that she died of congestion of the lungs at the age of 38. She was buried January 30, 1868.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "History of Policewomen". Same Shield. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  2. ↑ "Timothy Webster & Kate Warne". Pinkerton Government Services. 2006-10-15. Archived from the original on 2006-10-15. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1976). Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Wikisource.
  4. ↑ Williams, David Ricardo (1998). Call in Pinkerton's: American Detectives at Work for Canada. Dundurn. ISBN 9781550023060. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  5. ↑ Steers, Edward (2005-10-21). Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813191513. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  6. ↑ "HERNDON'S INFORMANTS: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln | Edited by Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis | Letters, Interviews, and Statements Collected by William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, 1865-92". University of Illinois Press. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  7. ↑ "Kate Warne America's First female Private-Eye". Spy and Private Eye Museum. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Cuthbert, Norma Barrett, ed. (1949). Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot 1861 From Pinkerton records and related papers. (PDF). Huntington Library. OL 16180232M. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  9. ↑ James O. Hall, David Winfred Gaddy, William A. Tidwell. Come Retribution. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781604736076. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  10. ↑ Richter, William L. (2004-05-17). Historical Dictionary of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810865631. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  11. ↑ Axelrod, Alan (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Civil War. Alpha. ISBN 9781592571321. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ "Saving Mr. Lincoln". Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-07-11. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  14. ↑
  15. ↑ O'Neill, Charles (1956). Wild Train: The Story of the Andrews Raiders. Random House. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  16. ↑ Rinaldi, Ann (2001). Girl in Blue. Scholastic. p. 133. ISBN 9780439073363. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  17. ↑ Bernstein, Arnie (2003). The Hoofs and Guns of the Storm: Chicago's Civil War Connections. Lake Claremont Press. p. 152. ISBN 9781893121065. Retrieved 2015-04-26.

Further reading