Kashmiri literature

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Kashmiri literature (Kashmiri: कॉशुर साहित्य, کٲشُر ساہتیہ) has a history of at least 5,000 years, going back to its glory days of Sanskrit. Early names include Patanjali, the author of the Mahabhashya commentary on Pāṇini's grammar, suggested by some to have been the same to write the Hindu treatise known as the Yogasutra, and Dridhbala, who revised the Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda.

In medieval times the great Kashmir Valley School of Art, Culture and Philosophy Kashmir Shaivism arose. Its great masters include Vasugupta (c. 800), Utpala (c. 925), Abhinavagupta, and Kshemaraja. In the theory of aesthetics one can list the Anandavardhana and Abhinavagupta. Many generations later, in our modern times, a new lease of life given, to same "school of thought" was given by Swami Lakshman Joo of Ishbher/Gupta Ganga, Srinagar, India.

Kashmiri language literature

The use of the Kashmiri language began with the work Mahanayakaprakash (Light of the supreme lord) by Shitikantha (c.1250),^[1] and was followed by the poet Lalleshvari or Lal Ded (14th century), who wrote mystical verses in the vakh or four-line couplet style.^[2] Another mystic of her time equally revered in Kashmir and popularly known as Nunda Reshi wrote powerful poetry like his senior Lal Ded. Later came Habba Khatun (16th century) with her own style. Other major names are Rupa Bhavani (1621–1721), Arnimal (d. 1800), Mahmud Gami (1765–1855), Rasul Mir (d. 1870), Paramananda (1791–1864), Maqbool Shah Kralawari (1820–1976). Also, the Sufi poets like Shamas Fakir, Wahab Khar, Soch Kral, Samad Mir, and Ahad Zargar. Among modern poets are Ghulam Ahmad Mahjur (1885–1952), Abdul Ahad Azad (1903–1948), and Zinda Kaul (1884–1965).

During the 1950s, a number of well educated youth turned to Kashmiri writing, both poetry and prose, and enriched modern Kashmiri writing by leaps and bounds. Among these writers are Dinanath Nadim (1916–1988), Rahman Rahi, Ghulam Nabi Firaq, Ali Muhammed Shahbaz, Mushtaq Kashmiri, Amin Kamil (1923-),^[3] Ali Mohd Lone,Autar Krishen Rahbar ( 1933- ), Akhtar Mohiuddin, Som Nath Zutshi, Muzaffar Aazim,^[4] and Sarvanand Kaul 'Premi'. Some later day writers are Hari Krishan Kaul, Majrooh Rashid, Rattanlal Shant, Hirdhey Kaul Bharti, Omkar N Koul, Roop Krishen Bhat, Rafiq Raaz, Tariq Shehraz, Shafi Shauq, Nazir Jahangir, M H Zaffar, Shenaz Rashid,Shabir Ahmad Shabir, Nisar Azam, Shabir Magami,^[5] Moti Lal Kemmu (playwright).

Contemporary Kashmiri literature appears in Sheeraza published by the Jammu & Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, Anhar published by the Kashmirri Department of the Kashmir University, and an independent magazine Neab International Kashmiri Magazine^[6] published from Boston, Vaakh (published by All India Kashmiri Samaj, Delhi) and Koshur Samachar( published by Kashmiri Sahayak Sammiti, Delhi).

Ancient writers in Sanskrit

• Lagadha,^{[7][8][9][10][11][12]} between 1400-1200 BC. Wrote Vedanga Jyotisha, the earliest Indian text on astronomy.
• Charaka,^{[13][14][15][16]} circa 300 BC. One of the most important authors in Ayurveda.
• Vishnu Sharma, circa 300 BC. Author of Panchatantra.
• Nagasena,^[17][18] circa 2nd century BC. One of the major figures of Buddhism, his answers to questions about the religion posed by Menander I (Pali: Milinda), the Indo-Greek king of northwestern India (now Pakistan), are recorded in the Milinda Pañha.
• Tisata, circa 500 AD. A medical writer.^[19]
• Jaijjata, 5th century, a medical writer and probably the earliest commentator (known) on the Sushruta Samhita, later quoted by Dalhana.^[20]
• Kalidasa,^[21][22][23] circa 5th century. Widely regarded as the greatest poet and dramatist in the Sanskrit language.
• Vagbhata,^[24][25] circa 7th century. Considered as one of the 'trinity' (with Charaka and Sushruta) of Ayurveda.
• Bhamaha,^{[26][27][28][29]} circa 7th century
• Ravigupta, 700-725. "Ravigupta is, perhaps, the earliest among the Buddhist philosophers of Kashmir..."^[30]
• Anandavardhana, 820-890
• Vasugupta, 860-925
• Somananda, 875-925
• Vatesvara,^[31][32] b. 880, author of Vaṭeśvara-siddhānta.
• Rudrata, circa 9th century
• Jayanta Bhatta, circa 9th century
• Bhatta Nayaka, circa 9th-10th century, considered by Sheldon Pollock as the greatest author on aesthetics in the pre-modern period
• Medhātithi, circa 9th-10th century, one of the most influential commentators of the Manusmriti
• Utpaladeva, 900-950
• Abhinavagupta, circa 950-1020
• Vallabhadeva,^[33][34] circa 10th century. Wrote, amongst other works, Raghupanchika, the earliest commentary on the Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa.
• Utpala,^{[35][36][37][38]} circa 10th century. An important mathematician.
• Kshemendra, circa 990-1070
• Kshemaraja, circa late 10th century/early 11th century
• Kathasaritsagara, circa 11th century
• Bilhana, circa 11th century
• Kalhana, circa 12th century
• Jalhana,^[39] circa 12th century. He wrote the Suktimuktavali, an anthology quoting the work of 380 Sanskrit poets.
• Sarangadeva, circa 13th century. A musicologist, he wrote Sangita Ratnakara, one of the most important text when it comes to Indian music.
• Kesava Kashmiri Bhattacharya, circa 14th century, a major Vedantic philosopher.
• Mamatta
• Kaihata
• Jaihata
• Ralhana
• Shilhana
• Malhana
• Ruiyaka
• Kuntaka
• Ruchaka

Writers in Persian

After Sanskrit and before the coming Urdu, because of the adoration and patronising policy of foreign culture by the Mughals, Persian became the literary language also of the region. Kashmir was very richly represented in that tradition, as already before the end of the 18th century "Muhammad Aslah's tazkira of the Persian-writing poets of Kashmir, written during the reign of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah (1131-61/1719-48), alone lists 303 poets".^[40] Late scholar from Pakistan, Pir Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi, edited, translated, and enlarged this work later, and had it published by the Iqbal Academy.

The most famous of them was Muhammad Tahir Ghani (d. 1669), better known as Ghani Kashmiri, whose poetry was recently translated into English, for the first time, by Mufti Mudasir Farooqi and Nusrat Bazaz as 'The Captured Gazelle' in the world-renowned Penguin Classics list. Ghani influenced many generations of Persian-and Urdu writing poets in South Asia including Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib and most importantly, Iqbal. Ghani's "forte" lies in creating delightful poetic images, usually by stating an abstract idea in the first hemistich and following it up with a concrete exemplification in the other.He also stands out for his multi-layered poems, which exploit the double meaning of words.

Another name is the Sheikh Yaqub Sarfi (1521-1595), a 16th-century Sufi poet-philosopher who was internationally acknowledged and who had for students, amongst others, well-known religious scholar Ahmad Sirhindi (more particularly, he taught him hadith)^[41][42] and Persian-language poet Mohsin Fani Kashmiri (d. 1671 or 1672) (himself the teacher of Ghani Kashmiri and author of the pivotal work of comparative religion, the Dabestan-e Mazaheb).

Other of the well-known and influential Persian-language poets of Kashmir would include Habibullah Ghanai (1556-1617), Mirza Dirab Big Juya (d. 1707), Mirza Beg Akmal Kamil (1645-1719), Muhammad Aslam Salim (d. 1718), Mulla Muhammad Taufiq (1765), Muhammed Azam Didamari (d. 1765), Mulla Muhammad Hamid (1848) or Birbal Kachru Varasta (d. 1865), amongst a myriad. Of course, Kashmiri Pandits too played a role in that school, and one exceptional case was Pandit Taba Ram Turki (1776–1847), who was a celebrity as far as Central Asia.

Writers in Urdu

Despite being a numerically reduced community (less than one million), the Kashmiri Pandits are over-represented in their contribution to Urdu literature. One important early example is Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim (1811–1845), a renowned Urdu poet of the 19th century, and hundreds of others followed his path.^[43]

Some eminent Urdu literary personalities of Kashmiri origins (from both the Valley and the diaspora) include (in chronological order):

• Nawab Mir Tafazzul Hussain Khan Kashmiri (1727-1800), originally from Kashmir,^[44][45][46] born in Sialkot^[47] where his parents moved and himself based in Lucknow where he served as Prime Minister (or diwan) to the Nawab of Oudh Asaf-ud-Daula thanks his erudition. He was called "khan-e-allama" (the Scholarly Khan)^[48] due to his deep scholarship on many subjects but is best known today for having translated Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica from Latin into Arabic.^[49]
• Mufti Sadruddin Khan 'Azurda',^[50] 1789-1868, apart from being the Grand Mufti of Dehli, he was also a personal friend to Ghalib (whose own mother was from Kashmir)^[51] and himself a poet of note in Urdu as well as in Arabic and Persian. He also wrote a tazkira (biographical anthology of poets).
• Momin Khan Momin, 1801-1852, considered one of the three pillars of the Delhi school of Urdu poetry, with Ghalib and Zauq.^[52] Other fields where he was competent included mathematics, geomancy, astrology, chess or music.^[53][54][55]
• Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim, 1811–1845
• Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, 1846-1903
• Pandit Brij Mohan Datatriya Kaifi, 1866-1955
• Muhammad Iqbal, 1877–1938
• Agha Hashar Kashmiri, 1879–1935 (called "the Shakespeare of Urdu" for his works as playwright)
• Brij Narayan Chakbast, 1882–1926
• Aziz Lucknawi, 1882-1935
• Dr Khalifa Abdul Hakim, 1896-1959 (a philosopher who has the honour of writing the only book on the metaphysics of Persian mystical poet Jalaluddin Rumi)^[56]
• Patras Bokhari, 1898–1958
• Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum, 1899–1978
• Justice Anand Narain Mulla, 1901-1997
• Dr Muhammad Din Taseer, 1902-1950 (short-story writer, literary critic and Iqbal scholar. Father of slain Pakistan's Punjab governor Salman Taseer and first individual from the Sub-continent to get a PhD in English Literature from Cambridge University)^[57]
• Shaikh Abdullah, 1905–1982
• Bashir Ahmed Dar, 1908-1979 (a philosopher and Iqbal scholar)
• Meeraji, 1912-1949
• Saadat Hasan Manto, 1912–1955
• Aariz Kashmiri, 1916-1965
• Agha Shorish Kashmiri, 1917-1975
• Zaheer Kashmiri, 1919-1996
• Razia Butt, 1924-2012
• Anwar Shemza, 1928-1985
• Hakeem Manzoor, 1937–2006
• Obaidullah Aleem, 1939-2008
• Allama Mustafa Hussain Ansari, 1945–2006
• Mirza Muhammad Zaman Azurdah, b. 1945, influential contemporary writer from the Valley
• Abid Hassan Minto
• Muhammad Asim Butt
• Muhammad Younis Butt, writer of the most popular political satire show in Pakistan, Hum Sub Umeed Se Hain
• Rasheed Amjad
• Shahid Nadeem
• Dr. Tabassum Kashmiri, one of Pakistan's foremost specialists on Japan and Japanese literature

Writers in Hindi

• Amar Nath Kak
• Chandrakanta (author)
• Omkar N. Koul
• Rattan Lal Shant
• Hari Krishen Kaul
• Shashi Shekhar Toshkhani
• Bhushan Lal Koul
• Shiban Krishen Raina
• Agnishekher
• Maharaj Krishan Santoshi

Writers in English

• I. K. Taimni
• Chiragh Ali
• Taufiq Rafat, called the 'Ezra Pound of Pakistan'^[58] for both his innovative writings and his position as one of - if not the - greatest English-language poets of Pakistan.
• Jawaharlal Nehru
• Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
• Krishna Hutheesing
• Gopi Krishna
• Gopinath Raina
• Ram Nath Kak
• Nayantara Sahgal
• M.J. Akbar
• Salman Rushdie
• Hari Kunzru
• Lalita Pandit
• Kailas Nath Kaul
• Agha Shahid Ali
• Mohammad Tabish
• Basharat Peer
• Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi, contemporary philosopher, affiliated with the University of Kashmir, specialist of Islamic philosophy
• Abdur Rashid Bhat, contemporary philosopher, affiliated with the University of Kashmir, specialist of al Ghazali and Shah Waliullah

See also

• List of Kashmiri poets
• List of topics on the land and the people of Jammu and Kashmir
• Kashmir Shaivism - philosophy gives Kashmir its soul, God is universal, in all equally.
• Kashmiriyat - a socio-cultural ethos of religious harmony and Kashmiri consciousness.
• Swami Lakshman Joo Raina, Ishbher. - last original philosopher of the old school, loved all, teacher of all.

References

External links

• Modern Kashmiri Dictionary: Android based electronic Kashmiri Dictionary
• Shehjar e-journal - Online magazine on Kashmir history, literature & politics.