Karamanids Karamanid dynasty |
←
| 1250–1487
| →
| |
Flag of Karaman according to the Catalan Atlas.
|
The Karamanid Emirate and other eastern Mediterranean states in 1450 |
Capital |
Larende Ermenek Konya Mut Ereğli [1] |
Languages |
Old Anatolian Turkish[2] |
Government |
Monarchy |
Bey | |
-
| 1256?
| Kerimeddin Karaman Bey |
- | 1483–1487 |
Turgutoğlu Mahmud |
Historical era |
Late Medieval |
- | Established |
1250 |
- | Disestablished |
1487 |
|
The Karamanids or Karamanid dynasty (Modern Turkish: Karamanoğulları, Karamanoğulları Beyliği), also known as the Principality of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman (Karaman Beyliği ), was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in south-central Anatolia around the present-day Karaman Province. From the 13th century until its fall in 1483, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the oldest and most powerful Turkish beyliks in Anatolia.[3]
History
The Karamanids traced their ancestry from Hodja Sad al-Din and his son Nure Sufi Bey, who emigrated from Azerbaijan to Sivas because of the Mongol invasion in 1230.
Karamanids were member of the Salur tribe of Oghuz Turks.[4] (According to 'Muhsin Yazicioglu' they were members of the Afshar tribe. The Afshars participated in Baba Ishak's revolt and afterwards moved to the western Taurus Mountains, near the town of Larende, where they came to serve the Seljuks.) Nûre Sûfi worked there as a woodcutter. His son, Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey, gained a tenuous control over the mountainous parts of Cilicia in the middle of the 13th century. A persistent but spurious legend, however, claims that the Seljuq Sultan of Rum, Kayqubad I instead established a Karamanid dynasty in these lands.[5]
Karaman Bey expanded his territories by capturing castles in Ermenek, Mut, Ereğli, Gülnar, Mer, and Silifke. The year of the conquests is reported as 1225,[6] during the reign of Ala al-Din Kaykubadh I (1220–1237), which seems excessively early. Karaman Bey's conquests were mainly at the expense of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and perhaps at the expense of Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV, 1248–1265); in any case it is certain that he fought against the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and probably even died in this fight), in such extent that King Hethum I (1226–1269) had to place himself voluntarily under the sovereignty of the great Khan, in order to protect his kingdom from Mamluks and Seljuks (1244).
Part of a series on the |
---|
History of Turkey |
|
|
|
|
|
Rise | (1299–1453)
| Growth | (1453–1683)
| Stagnation and reform | (1683–1827)
| Decline and modernization | (1828–1908)
| Defeat and dissolution | (1908–1922)
|
|
|
|
Timeline |
Turkey portal |
|
The rivalry between Kilij Arslan IV and Izz al-Din Kaykaus II allowed the tribes at the border areas to live virtually independently. Karaman Bey helped Kaykus but Arslan had the support of both the Mongols and Pervâne Sulayman Muin al-Din (who had the real power in the sultanate).
The Mongolian governor and general Baiju was dismissed from office in 1256 because of his failing to conquer new territories, but he continued to serve as a general and appeared, the same year, fighting the Sultan of Rum, who had not paid the tax, and he managed to defeat the sultan a second time. Rukn al-Din Kilidj Arslan IV got rid of almost all hostile begs and amirs except Karaman Bey, to whom he gave the town of Larende (now Karaman in honor of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260) in order to win him to his side. In the meantime, Bunsuz, brother of Karaman Bey, was chosen as a Candar or bodyguard for Kilij Arslan IV. Their power rose as a result of the unification of Turkish clans that lived in the mountainous regions of Cilicia with the new Turkish population transferred there by Kayqubad.
Good relations between the Seljuqs and the Karamanids did not last. In 1261, on the pretext of supporting Kaykaus II, who had fled to Constantinople as a result of the intrigues of the chancellor Mu'in al-Din Suleyman, the Pervane, Karaman Bey and his two brothers, Zeynül-Hac and Bunsuz, marched toward Konya, the Seljuq capital, with 20,000 men. A combined Seljuq and Mongol army, led by the Pervane, defeated the Karamanid army and captured Karaman Bey's two brothers.
After Karaman Bey died in 1262, his older son, Mehmet I of Karaman, became the head of the house. He immediately negotiated alliances with other Turkmen clans to raise an army against the Seljuqs and Ilkhanids. During the 1276 revolt of Hatıroğlu Şemseddin Bey against Mongol domination in Anatolia, Karamanids also defeated several Mongol-Seljuq armies. In the Battle of Göksu in 1277 in particular, the central power of the Seljuq was dealt a severe blow. Taking advantage of the general confusion, Mehmed Bey captured Konya on 12 May and placed on the throne a pretender called Jimri who claimed to be the son of Kaykaus. In the end, however, Mehmed was defeated by Seljuq and Mongol forces the same year, and executed with some of his brothers (1278).
Despite these blows, Karamanids continued to increase their power and influence, largely aided by the Mamluks of Egypt, especially during the reign of Baybars. Karamanids captured Konya on two more occasions in the beginning of the 14th century, but were driven out the first time by emir Chupan, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, and the second time by Chupan's son and successor Timurtash. An expansion of Karamanoğlu power occurred after the fall of the Ilkhanids. A second expansion coincided with Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Ali Bey's marriage to Nefise Sultan, the daughter of the Ottoman sultan Murat I, the first important contact between the two dynasties.
The Beylik of Karaman (orange) in 1300.
As Ottoman power expanded into the Balkans, Aleaddin Ali Bey captured the city of Beyşehir, which had been an Ottoman city. However, it did not take much time for the Ottomans to react and march on Konya, the Karamanoğlu capital city. A treaty between the two kingdoms was made, and peace existed until the reign of Bayezid I.
Timur gave control of the Karamanid lands to Mehmet Bey, the oldest son of Aleaddin Ali Bey. After Bayezid I died in 1403, the Ottoman Empire went into a political crisis as the Ottoman family fell prey to internecine strife. It was an opportunity not only for Karamanids but also for all of the Anatolian beyliks. Mehmet Bey assembled an army to march on Bursa. He captured the city and damaged it; this would not be the last Karamanid invasion of Ottoman lands. However, Mehmet Bey was captured by Bayezid Pasha and sent to prison. He apologized for what he had done and was forgiven by the Ottoman ruler.
Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey captured Tarsus while Mehmet Bey was in prison. Mustafa Bey, son of Mehmet Bey, retook the city during a conflict between the Emirs of Sham and Egypt. After that, the Egyptian sultan Sayf ad-Din Inal sent an army to retake Tarsus from the Karamanids. The Egyptian Mamluks damaged Konya after defeating the Karamanids, and Mehmet Bey retreated from Konya. Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey pursued and captured him; according to an agreement between the two leaders, Mehmet Bey was exiled to Egypt for the rest of his life.
During the Crusade of Varna against the Ottomans in 1443–4, Karamanid İbrahim Bey marched on Ankara and Kütahya, destroying both cities. In the meantime, the Ottoman sultan Murad II was returning from Rumelia with a victory against the Hungarian Crusaders. Like all other Islamic emirates in Anatolia, the Karamanids were accused of treason. Hence, İbrahim Bey accepted all Ottoman terms. The Karamanid state was eventually terminated by the Ottomans in 1487, as the power of their Mameluke allies was declining. To never again gather and threaten the integrity of the Empire, they displaced the entire population to the last man. Some were resettled in various parts of Anatolia. Large groups are accommodated in northern Iran on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. The main part is brought to newly conquered territories in north-western Bulgaria—Ludogorie. Another group of what is now northern Greece, southern Bulgaria—present-day Kardzhali region and Macedonia.
Flag
The Karamanid flag according to the Catalan Atlas
According to the A. Cresques' Catalan Atlas of 1375, the flag of Karamanoğlu consisted of a blue six-edged star. The flag of Karamanoğlu may be similar to Star of David, the symbol used by Israel today. This made some historians think that the Karamanids had relations with Jews. In medieval times, this star was also an Islamic symbol known as the Seal of Solomon and was also extremely popular amongst the Anatolian beyliks. The seal was also used by Ottomans in their mosque decorations, coins and personal flags of pashas, including that of Hayreddin Barbarossa.[7] Another state known to use the seal on their flag was the Jandarids.
Power of the Karamanid state in Anatolia
According to Mesâlik-ül-Ebsâr, written by Şehâbeddin Ömer, the Karamanid army had 25,000 riders and 25,000 saracens. They could also rely on some Turkmen tribes and their warriors.
Their economic activities depended mostly on control of strategic commercial areas such as Konya, Karaman and the ports of Lamos, Silifke, Anamur, and Manavgat.
Karamanid architecture
66 mosques, 8 hammams, 2 caravanserais and 3 medreses built by the Karamaninds survived to the present day. Notable examples of Karamanid architecture include:
- Hasbey Medrese (1241)
- Şerafettin Mosque (13th century)
- İnce Minare (Dar-ül Hadis) Medrese (1258–1279)
- Hatuniye Medrese (Karaman)
- Mevlana Mosque and Tomb in Konya
- Mader-i Mevlana (Aktekke) mosque in Karaman
- Ibrahim Bey Mosque (Imaret) in Karaman
List of rulers
- Nûre Sûfî Bey (Capital City: Ereğli) (1250–1256)[1]
- Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey (Capital City: Ermenek) (1256?-1261)
- Şemseddin I. Mehmed Bey (1261–1277), notable for making Turkish official language
- Güneri Bey (1277–1300)
- Bedreddin Mahmut Bey (1300–1308)
- Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312) (Capital City: Konya)
- Bedreddin I. İbrahim Bey (1312–1333, 1348–1349)
- Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348)
- Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350)
- Şemseddin Bey (1350–1351)
- Hacı Sûfi Burhâneddin Musa Bey (Capital City: Mut) (1351–1356)
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357)
- Damad I. Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398)
- Sultanzâde II. Mehmed Bey (1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
- Damad Bengi Ali Bey (1423–1424)
- Damad II. İbrahim Bey (1424–1464)
- Sultanzâde İshak Bey (1464)
- Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed Bey (1464–1469)
- Kasım Bey (1469–1483)
- Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
See also
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Türk Tarih Sitesi, Türk Tarihi, Genel Türk Tarihi, Türk Cumhuriyetleri, Türk Hükümdarlar - Tarih
- ↑ http://www.kimkimdir.gen.tr/kimkimdir.php?id=1547
- ↑ Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009-01-01). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9781438110257. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
- ↑ Boyacıoğlu, Ramazan (1999). Karamanoğulları'nın kökenleri (The Origin Of The Karamanids). Language: Turkish. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi C.I S.3 Sivas 1999 s.,27-50
- ↑ Claude Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c. 1071–1330, trans. J. Jones-Williams (New York: Taplinger, 1968), pp. 281–2.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam vol. IV, page 643.
- ↑
|
---|
| | | Important centers and extension | |
---|
| Dynasty | |
---|
| Chronology | |
---|
| Palaces and castles | |
---|
| Külliye ("complexes") and dar al-shifa (hospitals) and medrese (schools) and mosques: | |
---|
| Caravanserais |
- Ağzıkara Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1237)
- Ak Han caravanserai near Denizli (1254)
- Alaca Han caravanserai in Alacahan (~1280)
- Alara Han caravanserai near Manavgat
- Alay Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1190)
- Altınapa Han caravanserai between Beyşehir and Konya (1201)
- Angit Han caravanserai between Konya and Akşehir (1201)
- Burma Han caravanserai in Divriği (13th century)
- Çakallı Han caravanserai near Samsun (~1250)
- Çardak Han (Hanabad) caravanserai in Çardak (1230)
- Çay Han caravanserai in Çay (1279)
- Dokuzun Han caravanserai in Konya (1210)
- Eğirdir Han caravanserai in Eğirdir (1238)
- Ertokuş Han caravanserai near Eğirdir (1224)
- Eshab-i Kehf Han caravanserai near Afşin–Elbistan (~1225)
- Evdir Han caravanserai near Antalya (1224)
- Ezinepazar Han caravanserai near Amasya (1246)
- Goncalı Akhan caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray
- Hatun Han caravanserai between Amasya and Tokat
- Hekim Han caravanserai in Hekimhan (1220)
- Horozlu Han caravanserai near Konya (1249)
- Incir Han caravanserai near Bucak (1239)
- Kadın Han caravanserai in Kadınhanı (1223)
- Karatay Han caravanserai near Pınarbaşı (1241)
- Kargı Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kesikköprü Han caravanserai near Kırşehir (1268)
- Kırkgöz Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kızılören Han caravanserai near Konya (1206)
- Kuruçeşme Han caravanserai near Konya (1210)
- Melleç Han caravanserai near Anamur (13th century)
- Mirçinge Han caravanserai near Divriği (13th century)
- Obruk Han caravanserai near Konya (1230)
- Öresin Han caravanserai near Aksaray (~1275)
- Pazar Han caravanserai near Tokat (1239)
- Zazadın Han caravanserai near Konya (1236)
- Şarapsa Han caravanserai near Alanya (1246)
- Sarı Han caravanserai near Ürgüp (1249)
- Sevserek Han caravanserai between Malatya and Pötürge (13th century)
- Sultan Han caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray (1229)
- Sultan Han caravanserai near Bünyan between Kayseri and Sivas (1236)
- Susuz Han caravanserai near Bucak (1246)
|
---|
| | |
---|
| |
---|
| | | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| | |
---|
|
- Founder
- Sökmen el Kutbi
- Capital
- Ahlat
| | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
- Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
- Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
- Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
- Aksungur (1193–1197)
- Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
|
---|
| Important works: | |
---|
| | |
---|
|
- Ancestors
- Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
- Founder
- Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
- Capitals
- Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
| | Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: |
- Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
- Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
|
---|
| Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: |
- Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
- Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
- Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
|
---|
| Harput Dynasty: |
- Belek Bey (1112–1124)
- Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
|
---|
| Important works: |
- Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır
- Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls
- Malabadi Bridge
- Hasankeyf Bridge
- Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108)
- Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122)
- Great Mosque of Silvan
- Great Mosque of Mardin
- Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir)
- Great Mosque of Kızıltepe
- Great Mosque of Harput
- Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin
- Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Danishmend Gazi (1071–1105)
- Emir Gazi Gümüştekin (1105–1134)
- Melik Mehmed (1134–1146)
- Yağıbasan (1146–1164)
- Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
|
---|
| Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Niksar
- Great Mosque of Kayseri
- Kayseri Kölük Mosque
- Danishmend Gazi Tomb (Melik Gazi Tomb) in Niksar
- Denishmend Melik Mehmed Gazi Tomb in Kayseri
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
- Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
- 1120–1142
- Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
|
---|
| Erzincan and Kemah Branch | |
---|
| Divriği Branch |
- Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
- 1277
- Beylik destroyed by Abaka
|
---|
| Important works: |
- Divriği Great Mosque and Divriği Turan Melek Sultan Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1229)
- Kale Mosque in Divriği
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
- Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
- Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
- Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
- Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
- Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
- Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
|
---|
| Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Erzurum
- Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum
- Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan
- Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan
- Kale Mosque in Erzurum
- Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
|
---|
| | Aydinids (1307–1425) |
---|
|
- Founder
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
- Capitals
- Birgi, later Ayasluğ
| | Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
- Umur Beg (1334–1348)
- Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Aydınoğlu Isa Bey ( - 1390)
|
---|
| Events |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
- Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403–1405)
- İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
- 1425
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
|
---|
| Important works: |
- Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
- Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
- Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
- Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
|
---|
| Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty : |
- Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
- Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
- Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
|
---|
| Chronology |
- 1461
- Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
- Alp Yürek (? - ?)
- Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
- Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)
|
---|
| | |
---|
|
- Ancestor
- Hasan Dulkadir
- Founder
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
- Capital
- Elbistan
| | Chronology |
- 1443–1525
- Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
|
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
- Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
- Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
- Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
- Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
- Melik Arslan (?-?)
- Shah Budak (?-1492)
- Şahsuvar (?-?)
- Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
- Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
|
---|
| | |
---|
|
- Founder
- Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
- Capital
- Sivas, later Kayseri
| | Chronology |
- 1326
- Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
|
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
- Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352–1365)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
- Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
- Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
- Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)
|
---|
| Important works: | |
---|
| | |
---|
|
- Ancestor
- Kerimüddin Alişir
- Founder
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
- Capital
- Kütahya
| | Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
- Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
- Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)
|
---|
| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429)
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I
- 1429
- Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology |
- 1374
- Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanid dynasty.
|
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
- Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
- Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256–1261)
- Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261–1283)
- Güneri Bey (1283–1300)
- Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308)
- Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey (1312–1333)
- Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
- Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350)
- Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350–1351)
- Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351–1356)
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398)
- Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
- Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1424)
- Damat Ibrahim Bey (1424–1464)
- Sultanzade Ishak Bey (1464)
- Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464–1469)
- Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469–1483)
- Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
|
---|
| | |
---|
|
- Ancestor
- Melik Danişmend Gazi
- Founder
- Karesi Bey
- Capital
- Balıkesir
| | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
- Demir Han (1328–1345)
- Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
|
---|
| | |
---|
|
- Ancestor
- Germiyanlı Ali Bey
- Founder
- Inanç Bey
- Capital
- Denizli
| | Chronology |
- 1368
- Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
|
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
- Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
- Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
|
---|
| | |
---|
|
- Founder
- Menteşe Bey
- Capitals
- Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
| | Important centers and extension | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
- Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320)
- Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340)
- Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
|
---|
| Chronology |
- 1360
- Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed
- 1390
- First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu Ilyas Bey
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I
- 1424
- Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
|
---|
| Important works: | |
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology | |
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
- Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
- Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
- Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)
|
---|
| Important works | |
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology |
- 1516
- Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I
- 1516–1608
- Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
|
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
- Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
- Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
- Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
- Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
- Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
- Dündar Bey (? - ?)
- Omer Bey (?-1490)
- Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
- Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
- Selim Bey (?-?)
- Kubad Bey (1517-?)
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Chronology |
- 1341
- Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan
|
---|
| Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty |
- Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
- Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)
|
---|
| Important works: | |
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty |
- Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
- Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
- Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388)
- Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
|
---|
| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1410
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403)
- Hızır Shah (1403–1410)
- 1410
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
|
---|
| | |
---|
| | | Important centers and extension: | |
---|
| Dynasty: |
- Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
- Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
- Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
- Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
- Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
|
---|
| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1423
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423)
- 1423
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
|
---|
| Important works: |
- Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)
|
---|
|
|
|
|
---|
| Muslim states | |
---|
| Christian states | |
---|
|