Kanaka Dasa

Kanaka Dasa
Native name ಕನಕದಾಸ
Born Thimmappa Nayaka
1509
Bada, Haveri district, Karnataka, India
Died 1609
Occupation Poet, philosopher, composer
Parent(s) Beeregowda (father) (Mother) Beechamma

Kanaka Dasa (Kannada: ಕನಕದಾಸ) (1509-1609)[1] was a poet, philosopher, musician and composer from modern Karnataka. He is known[2] for his Kirtanes and Ugabhoga, compositions in the Kannada language for Carnatic music. Like other Haridasas, he used simple Kannada language and native metircal forms for his compositions. He was a disciple of Vyasathirtha and a follower of Dwaita philosophy propounded by Madhvacharya.

Life

Kanaka Dasa

Thimmappa Nayaka was his original name and he belonged to a chieftain family of Kaginele in Haveri district. He was born to the couple Biregowda and Bachchamma at Baada village. Kanaka Nayaka being of the warrior community his defeat in the field of battle, directed him to the path of devotion. He came to be called Kanaka Nayaka as he founded many treasure-trove of gold (kanaka means gold in Kannada) during his childhood and never used for self. Kanaka Dasa was well educated and capable of analyzing the society microscopically. Based on one of his compositions it is interpreted that after he severely got injured in a war and was miraculously saved, he gave up his profession as a warrior and devoted his life to composing music and literature with philosophy explained in common man's language. It appears that he started traveling to places a lot to gain more knowledge. However he had maintained a balanced view about all faiths. At a young age he authored poetries Narasimha stotra, Ramadhyana Mantra, and Mohanatarangini. (See Ref 2) he was a devotee of Lord Krishna.

Nanu Hodare Hodenu (ನಾನು ಹೋದರೆ ಹೋದೇನು)

There is a traditional folklore behind this popular quotation. Kanakadasa's Master Vyasatirtha once poses a question to him, that who among the scholars present in the convention could attain salvation(Moksha). When pointed at each scholar, Kanakadasa firmly answers in the negative. He answers in the negative even when asked about the chances of his own master. Scholars in the convention get seriously agitated by this episode and they feel that Kanakadasa must be very inconsiderate to deny the salvation to even his own master let alone the remaining scholars. But asked about his own chances he says in the affirmative by saying ನಾನು ಹೋದರೆ ಹೋದೇನು adding to the fury of the clueless scholars. His master who could understand the concealed wisdom behind Kanakadasa`s affirmation asks him to elaborate his thoughts. Kanakadasa had intelligently expressed a philosophical idea simultaneously exhibiting his literary skills in Kannada. Kanakadasa had made a Pun giving different literal and philosophical meanings. Though it seemed on the surface that Kanakadasa is claiming that he alone may attain salvation, he had in fact put forth a thoughtful message that no matter what is ones scholarly prowess, one cannot achieve anything until the ego is eliminated.

In Udupi

Kanakadasa has special association with Udupi and as he was the follower of Vyasaraya Swamiji. On the sayings of Vyasaraya Swamiji of Vyasaraja Math he had come to Udupi. But it was time when discrimination on the basis of caste was at its peak.[3] The Brahmin priests did not let him to enter the temple as he was from a "low" caste.[4] He stood outside and prayed to Lord Krishna by singing songs of praising Lord Krishna. Owing to the call of his devotee Krishna turned to West and gave darshan to Kanaka through a window. Today that window (commonly called as "Kanakana Kindi") stands as a tribute to Kanakadasa. Almost all devotees who visit Udupi Krishna temple try to have a peep at the idol through this small window wishing to relive the ecstasy, Kanaka had at the divine ‘darshan’. It is also a memorial to Kanakadasa and a testimony to the eclectic Hindu belief that devotion, poetry and sainthood are above caste and creed and certainty above orthodoxy.[5] It is said that Kanakadasa lived in a hut in this place in front of the “gopura”. Later, a small shrine was built in his memory and it came to be known as “Kanakana Gudi” or “Kanakana Mandira”.

Although many saints such as Purandaradasa and Vijayadasa visited Udupi and were devotees of Lord Krishna, it is Kanakadasa's association to Lord Krishna, which is more strong and deep. In fact, Udupi became famous because of Kanakadasa.

Writings

His writing started showing his innovativeness in using day-to-day activities of common man. For e.g. Ramadhanya Charite is a poetic expression of conflicts between rich and poor classes where he uses Ramadhanya ragi (staple food of poor and high in nutrients) and rice (main food of rich but not as rich in nutrients) to synonymously represent poor and rich. He joined Haridasa movement and became a follower of Vyasaraja who named him as Kanakadasa. His poems and krithi deal with many aspects of life and expose the futility of external rituals. They stress the need for cultivation of moral values in life. His compositions addressed social issues in addition to devotional aspect. Kanaka Daasa was very aggressive and straight forward in criticizing evils of society such as superiority claims using caste system. His poem "Kula Kula Kulavendu hodedhadadiri" asks humans not to segregate themselves from one another, because every human is born the same way, everyone eats the same food and drinks the same water, hence none is superior or inferior to one another.

The deity he worshiped was Adhikeshava of Kaginele, presently in Haveri district of Karnataka. Kaginele, now a village, was a prosperous place and trading center in the Middle Ages. Out of the many of his compositions, about 240 (see Ref 2) are fully accountable today. All his Karnataka Music compositions end with mudra (signature) Kaginele Adhikeshava. In addition to being a poet he worked as a social reformer by down playing dogmatic communities that were suppressing the disadvantaged communities. Kanakadasa made extreme effort in reforming the disadvantaged communities by convincing them to give-up their age old obsolete social practices and adapt to the changing world. He effectively used music to convey his philosophy. He lived at Tirupathi in his last days. He is one of the greatest musician, composer, poet, social reformer, philosopher and saints that India has ever seen.'

Major works

  1. Nalacharitre (ನಳಚರಿತ್ರೆ)
  2. Haribhaktisara (ಹರಿಭಕ್ತಿಸಾರ)
  3. Nrisimhastava (ನೃಸಿಂಹಸ್ತವ)
  4. Ramadhanyacharitre (ರಾಮಧಾನ್ಯಚರಿತೆ), a rare work on class struggle
  5. Mohanatarangini (ಮೋಹನತರಂಗಿಣಿ)

Kanakadasa wrote about two hundred forty Karnataka Music compositions (Kirtane, Ugabhogas, padas and mundiges or philosophical songs)[6] besides five major works. His compositions are published in many languages. For example about 100 songs in Kannada[7] and 60 songs in English[8] are published in popular books.

His writings were unique in style. In Ramadhanyacharitre, an allegory on the conflict between the socially strong and weak castes and classes, presented as an argument between two foodgrains, rice and ragi, is a most creative literary piece with a powerful social message,In the work, rice represents the socially powerful and ragi (millet) represents the working people. The two grains come before Rama to argue their case and establish their superiority. In the end Rama sends both of them to prison for six months. At the end of the period, rice has turned rotten while the hardy ragi survives, earning Rama's blessings. This shows the intelligence of Kanaka Daasa in trying to reform the society. He was blunt in criticizing those who opposed the good practices. In one his compositions he says,"Eternal hell is for those who criticize noble men, for those who condemn teachings of jagadguru Madhvacharya...".

Nalacharitre (Story of Nala)

Haribhaktisara (crux of Krishna devotion)

Nrisimhastava (compositions in praise of Lord Narasimha)

Ramadhanyacharite (story of ragi millet) and an epic

Mohanatarangini (Krishna-river).

Kanakadasa rationalized bhakti (devotion) by giving worldly similes. His writing has intimate touch that identifies the reader with the poet himself. His two famous compositions in translation are given below. One condemns caste system in a refined poetic way and the other wonders, at the colorful and baffling creation of God Almighty in childlike wonder.

His Nalacharite is based on the famous love-story of Nala and Damayanti, which appears in Mahabarata. Though a great devotee of Lord Krishna, Kanakadasa gives his own interpretation. Nala who is in love with Damayanti, exercises restraint svayamvara (choosing bride/bridegroom) ceremony to win over Damayanti by allowing Indra and other gods a chance to win over her. When he loses everything in a dice-game and gets exiled to the forest, stubbornly followed by Damayanti, he deserts her in sleep, hoping that she may go back to her parents and have a better life. He later drives king Rituparna to the second svayamvara of Damayanti, to see his wife married to a suitable person and be happy! Lord Krishna appears only once casually to rescue the caravan in which the hapless Damayanti was traveling and was attacked by wild elephants.

Nrisimhastava is a work dealing with glory of god Narasimha (half human and half lion).

Kanakadasa's Ramadhanyacharite has quite an unconventional theme. It is about a battle of words between ragi (millet) and rice, each claiming superiority. They go to lord Rama for justice. With the help of the sages, Rama proves the superiority of ragi over rice. Ragi becomes blessed by absorbing the qualities of Raghava, another epithet of Rama. It is interpreted as poverty and humility being upheld by the poet above material wealth. Even today ragi is food of the poor which has high nutrition value compared to rice. Ragi is a good source of nutrition for people with diabetes for its low sugar content and nutrition value.

Mohanatarangini, although a kavya (poem in classical style) written with all conventional eighteen descriptions, deals with eroticism. Pleasure-based eroticism of Shri Krishna with the consorts. The eroticism between Aniruddha and Usha form the main theme.

It excels in depicting contemporary life. The description of Shri Krishna's Dwaravati (Dwaraka) is very similar to that of Vijayanagara, under Krishnadevaraya as noticed by foreign travelers. The market place with colorful stalls with various commodities, well demarketed lanes brimming with craftsmen, clients and merchants, royal garden parties and glory of the palace find their place in Mohanatarangini. It echoes the contemporary Portuguese travelers' accounts. A drinking bout of men and women of working class is very picturesque. The reader feels as if Kanakadasa is providing a commentary of a live event. It is for such unconventional and down-to-earth descriptions as also for social awareness that the great poet-saint has become immortal.

Nee Mayeyolago (ನೀ ಮಾಯೆಯೊಳಗೋ)

The following is the translation of 'Nee Mayeyolago' (ನೀ ಮಾಯೆಯೊಳಗೋ), one of his Kirtanes:

Are you a creator of illusion? or illusion your creation?

Are you a part of the body? Or is the body a part of you?

Is space within the house? Or the house within space? Or are both space and the house within the seeing eye? Is the eye within the mind? Or the mind within the eye? Or are both the eye and the mind within you?

Does sweetness lie in sugar, or sugar in sweetness? Or do both sweetness and sugar lie in the tongue?

Is the tongue within the mind? Or the mind within the tongue? Or are both the tongue and the mind within you?

Does fragrance lie in the flower? Or the flower in fragrance? Or do both the flower and fragrance lie in the nostrils? I cannot say, O Lord Adikeshava of Kaginele, O! peerless one, are all things within you alone?

Kanakadasa Jayanthi

In tribute to the great saint, the Government of Karnataka has declared his birthday as a state holiday. All the government offices, schools and colleges around the state celebrate the birth anniversary of Shri Kanaka Dasa.

In Popular Culture

Famous singers Like Puttur Narasimha Nayak and Vidyabhushana are popularising the songs of kanakadasa in modern age.

Veteran Kannada film actor Dr. Rajkumar enacted as KankaDasa in the movie Bhakta Kanakadasa and the movie was a superhit.[9]

Film director and playwright Girish Karnad made a documentary film titled, Kanaka-Purandara (English, 1988) on the two medieval Bhakti poets of Karnataka.[10][11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Karnatakada Mahasant Kanakadasa by M. Basavaraj,(2007) The Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt of India, http://www.publicationsdivision.nic.in/b_show.asp?id=857
  2. ↑ Medieval Indian Literature, A Anthology (1997) by Shiva Prakash H.S., edited by Ayyappapanicker, Sahitya Akademi ISBN= 8126003650, pages 198–200
  3. ↑ http://new.modernrationalist.com/2014/06/caste-discrimination-udupi-sri-krishna-temple/
  4. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/for-human-resolve-not-miracles/article5954786.ece
  5. ↑ http://www.kanakaudupi.com/
  6. ↑ Kanakadasa-The Golden servant of Lord Hari (2001) by Basavaraj Naikar, National Book Trust ISBN 81-237-3664-9
  7. ↑ Kanaka Daasara Padagalu (1997) By S Rudramurthy Shastri, Bhagya Laksmi Publishers, Bangalore
  8. ↑ Songs of Three Great South Indian Saints by William J. Jackson (2002), Oxford India Paper, ISBN 0-19-566051-X
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ Kanaka-Purandara IMDB
  11. ↑ AWARDS: The multi-faceted playwright Frontline (magazine), Vol. 16, No. 03, January 30 - February 12, 1999.
  1. 'Kanakopanishat' by Bannanje Govindacharya published by MGM research centre, Udupi.
  2. *Kanakadasa - Poet among Saints by Jyotsna Kamat