Kalkoti language
| Kalkoti | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [kʰælkoːʈ] |
| Native to | Pakistan |
| Region | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
Native speakers | 6,000 (2006)[1] |
|
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
xka |
| Glottolog |
kalk1245[2] |
Kalkoti is a Dardic language of the Shina group spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[1] It is surrounded by languages predominantly in the Kohistani group.
Phonology
The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.[3]
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | ɪ~i(ː) | ʊ~u(ː) |
| Mid | eː | oː |
| Open | ə~æ(ː)~aː | ɑ(ː)~ɒ(ː) |
Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.[3]
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ (?) | ŋ (?) | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | q | ʔ (?) | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ (?) | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʂ | tʃ | ||||
| aspirated | tʂʰ (?) | tʃʰ | ||||||
| voiced | dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) | s | ʂ | ʃ | x | ||
| voiced | z | ɣ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ɽ (?) | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | ||||||
The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring Palula language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phonemic status of /ʔ/ is unclear and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti.
Tone
Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to Shina's two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kalkoti at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Kalkoti". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Henrik, Liljegren (2013), "Notes on Kalkoti: A Shina Language with Strong Kohistani Influences", Linguistic Discovery Vol. 11, Issue 1 (Dartmoth University): 134–144