Kafr Lam
| Kafr Lam | |
|---|---|
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The fortress of Kafr Lam as seen from the southeast | |
| Arabic | كفر لام |
| Name meaning | The village of Lam[1] |
| Also spelled | Kfar Lam |
| Subdistrict | Haifa |
| Palestine grid | 144/227 |
| Population | 340 (1944-45) |
| Area | 6,838[2] dunams |
| Date of depopulation | July 16, 1948[3] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces |
| Secondary cause | Influence of nearby town's fall |
| Current localities | HaBonim,[4] Ein Ayala[2] |
Kafr Lam (Arabic: كفر لام, Hebrew: כפר לאם) was a Palestinian Arab village located 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of Haifa on the Mediterranean coast. The name of the village was shared with that of an Islamic fort constructed there early on in the period of Arab Caliphate rule (638-1099 CE) in Palestine. To the Crusaders, both the fort and the village, which they controlled for some time in the 13th century, were known as Cafarlet.
Kafr Lam was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. While the village was largely destroyed, some of its former structures and their ruins can be seen in the Israeli moshav of HaBonim, established on the lands of Kafr Lam in 1949.
History
According to the Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, the town of Kafr Lam was established near Qisarya by the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn ´Abd al-Malik (A.D. 724-743).[5][6] The fort, constructed in the castra form, was erected during early Abbasid, or late Umayyad rule to guard against invasion from the Byzantine empire.[7][8][9]
Kfar Lam was a fiefdom of the lord of Caesarea during the Crusader era in Palestine, and was known at this time as Cafarlet.[9][10] In October 1213, the lord of Caesarea, Aymar de Lairon, pledged the casalia of Cafarlet and two fiefdoms as surety for a debt of 1,000 besants he had taken from the Hospitallers.[10] In 1232, the Casal of Cafarlet was sold to the Hospitallers for 16,000 Saracen besants, its increased value due to its having been fortified after a raid on the lordship of Caesarea by troops from Damascus in 1227.[10] The Hospitallers transferred ownership over Carfalet to the Templars in 1255.[11] The village was captured by Muslim forces in 1265, but retaken by the Crusaders shortly thereafter. In 1291, it was taken by the Mamluks, who ruled over it from that time until the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Palestine in the early sixteenth century.[2]
During early Ottoman rule in Palestine, in 1596, a farm in Kafr Lam paid taxes to the ruling authorities.[12] Descriptions of Kfar Lam under later Ottoman rule are available in the writings of European travellers to the region. For example, Mary Rogers, the sister of the British vice-consul in Haifa, visited the Kafr Lam in 1856 and wrote that its houses were built of mud and stone and that the fields around the village abounded in Indian wheat, millet, sesame, tobacco, and orchards.[13] French explorer Victor Guérin visited in 1870, and noted that Kafr Lam was situated on top of a small hill and was inhabited by about 300 villagers. He said that the village stood within a large stone enclosure that dated to the time of the Crusades.[14]
In modern times, the houses of Kafr Lam were made of stone and either mud or cement and were clustered together. The villagers were Muslims, and maintained a mosque. A boys elementary school was built in 1882, but it was closed during the period of the British Mandate in Palestine. There were five wells on village lands. The village economy depended on animal husbandry and agriculture and the main crops cultivated were various sorts of grain. In 1944-45, a total of 4,833 dunums (1,194 acres) were allotted to cereals, while 75 dunums (19 acres) were irrigated or used for orchards.[2]
1948 Arab-Israeli war and aftermath
Kafr Lam was evacuated early in May 1948, but by mid-May some of the villagers had returned. On 15 May 1948, the first day of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, troops from the Carmeli Brigade occupied Kafr Lam and neighbouring Sarafand, and briefly garrisoned the two villages. Both villages were re-occupied and cleared of their inhabitants by mid-July 1948.[15] This operation involved the first use of support fire from Israeli naval forces, with two warships participating in the attack, aiming light-weapons fire at Kafr Lam and Sarafand.[2]
After the start of the Second Truce, on 19 July 1948, units of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) units continued to destroy Palestinian villages in various parts of the country. However, special interest groups, such as archaeologists, began to complain, calling for curbs on IDF destructiveness. Thus, on 7 October, Haifa District HQ ordered the 123rd Battalion to stop all demolition activities in "Qisarya, Atlit, Kafr Lam and Tiberias"; all of which contained Roman or Crusader era ruins.[16]
After the depopulation of Kafr Lam, the moshav of HaBonim and Ein Ayala were established on Kafr Lam's village lands in 1949.[2][17] The abandoned fortress and several houses are still standing. One house, that of Ahmad Bey Khalil, has been converted into a school, while another is being used as an Israeli post office.[2]
Demographics
The population (includes Kafr Lam Station) was 215 in 1931. In 1944/45 the population was 340.[2]
See also
- List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
References
- ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 140
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Khalidi, 1992, p.170
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #175. Also gives cause of depopulation.
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xxii, Settlement #121.
- ↑ Mu'jam Al-Buldan, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.170
- ↑ leStrange, 1890, p.470
- ↑ Nicolle and Hook, 2008, pp. 27-29.
- ↑ Petersen, 1996, p. 231.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Boas, 1999, p. 98.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bronstein, 2005, p. 48.
- ↑ Pringle, 1997, p. 58.
- ↑ Al-Bakhit and al-Hamud 1989a:19. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 170
- ↑ Rogers, Mary Eliza (1862): Domestic Life in Palestine Reprint 1989, p. 348-50. Quoted in Khalidi (1992), p. 170 (p.372 in the original 1862-version)
- ↑ Guérin, 1875, p. 302, quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 170
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p.248
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p.353-4.
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xxii.
Bibliography
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kafr Lam. |
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Boas, Adrian J. (1999). Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. Routledge. ISBN 9780415173612.
- Bronstein, Judith (2005). The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843831310.
- Conder, Claude Reignier; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (pp.3-4, 29)
- Guérin, Victor (1875). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, Sami (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Khalidi, Walid (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- leStrange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Nicolle, David; Hook, Adam (2008). Saracen Strongholds AD 630-1000: The Middle East and Central Asia. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846031151.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. ISBN 9780415060844.
- Pringle, Denys (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521 46010 7.
External links
- Welcome To Kafr Lam
- SWP map VII, IAA
- SWP map 7, Wikimedia commons
Coordinates: 32°38′14.61″N 34°56′03.75″E / 32.6373917°N 34.9343750°E