Kálmán Darányi
| Kálmán Darányi de Pusztaszentgyörgy et Tetétlen | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary | |
| In office 6 October 1936 – 14 May 1938 | |
| Preceded by | Gyula Gömbös |
| Succeeded by | Béla Imrédy |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 22 March 1886 Budapest, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 1 November 1939 (aged 53) Budapest, Hungary |
| Nationality | Hungarian |
| Political party | Unity Party, Party of National Unity, Party of Hungarian Life |
| Spouse(s) | Márta Szemere |
| Profession | politician |
Kálmán Darányi de Pusztaszentgyörgy et Tetétlen (22 March 1886 in Budapest – 1 November 1939 in Budapest) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1936 to 1938. He also served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of Hungary from 5 December 1938 to 12 June 1939 and from 15 June 1939 to 1 November 1939. Darányi was associated with the radical right in Hungarian politics, and although not sympathetic to the Hungarian fascists, pursued an increasingly authoritarian policy at home, and an alliance with the fascist powers Germany and Italy abroad.
Early life
His parents were Béla Darányi and Antónia Nagy. His uncle was Ignác Darányi who served as Minister of Agriculture during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Kálmán started his civil service activity in 1909 at Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County. After the revolutions of 1918–1919 he served as commissioner then ispan (or official) of Győr County, Komárom County and Győr. Darányi became a member of the Diet of Hungary in 1927. Gyula Gömbös appointed him Minister of Agriculture in 1935. He played always a directing role in the agricultural class movements beside his political activity. Beside this he took part in the life of the Calvinist Church as a member of the universal convent and synod.
Prime Minister of Hungary
He substituted the diseased Gyula Gömbös. After the Prime Minister's death the Regent Miklós Horthy appointed Darányi to Gömbös' successor on 12 October 1936. Darányi wanted to recur to basis of István Bethlen with the program of the conservation of the constitutional order, but he did not want to turn sharply against Gömbös' political testament. He maintained the promise of the secret suffrage, but first of all he wanted to increase the gubernatorial jurisdiction and the House of Magnates' role.
He delimited himself from the right- and the left-wing extremes equally in the initial period of his prime ministership. On April 1937 he banned the Party of National Will, which was the predecessor of the Hungarian National Socialist Party and the Arrow Cross Party. Ferenc Szálasi, the leader of the party, was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for three years. But the March Front (founded on 15 March 1937), which wanted to create the peasant-civil democracy, was also not able to obtain considerable influence either at the same time.
Darányi and his Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kálmán Kánya made an attempt at the strengthening of the contacts being connected with the United Kingdom and France because of the cumulative pressure of Nazi Germany. However the western powers did not show great receptivity for these endeavours. The Hungarian foreign policy cultivated the friendship with a big trouble between Hungary and Italy at the same time. The thought of the cooperation between Italy, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Poland was resumed in Rome.
During his term the gubernatorial jurisdiction expanded again (this was the fourth occasion). From this the Regent could delay the bills begun with a year, and the Parliament could not call him to account anymore. The law took action on the National Council's erection during a case of the vacancy of the gubernatorial seat. Furthermore the House of Magnates' jurisdiction was also expanded: the upper house could send back the laws to discussion twice.
He accepted the law of suffrage, which was advanced by Gyula Gömbös yet, in 1938. This modified the earlier provision in two concerns: it abolished the open vote but narrowed the suffrage rights. The new law reduced the number of the entitled voters with 250 – 300 000. Men only could vote above 26 (regional) and 30 years (constituency), while 30 years were the women's age limits uniformly. He introduced the agricultural employees' obligatory old-age insurance. For the civil servants must had work 44 hours per a week and for the industrial workers 48 hours per a week.
The Hungarian military force's state was catastrophic. That's why Darányi published the Győr Program which was drawn up by Béla Imrédy. The aim of the program was the army's equipment and its modernisation. The government intended one billion pengős for the program. This sum was earmarked for five years, but they made use of it under two years. The 60% of the program's budget was used for the development of the army while its 40% was for the infrastructure. Despite of thing this program's economy activating effect was really considerable.
The change took place after the Anschluss in his politics. Hungary became neighbour of Nazi Germany on March 1938 and vigorous Nazi propaganda began in the country at this time. Darányi selected the shiftings towards the right due to these threats. He appointed Germanophile politicians to his government and from this he regularly expressed the importance of the German contacts. Darányi began secret negotiations with Kálmán Hubay with the intention of sharing the right extremist forces. With whom he came to an agreement about the Arrow Cross Party members may secure parliamentarian mandates, but the right extremist politicians must respect the lawful way. The conservatives received this activity of his distrustfully. Horthy also expressed his discontent, that is why Darányi resigned on 11 May 1938. He was followed by Béla Imrédy in the position.
Later life
Promoting the First Anti-Jewish Law and its preparation are connected to his name yet. This bill was introduced to the parliament during his prime ministership, but it already became law during reign of Imrédy. Kálmán Darányi served as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 5 December 1938 until his death.
References
- Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
- parlament.hu
- Jenő Gergely – Lajos Izsák: A huszadik század története. [History of the twentieth century.] Annonica Kiadó, 2000. (Magyar századok) ISBN 963-9252-13-1
- Mária Ormos: Magyarország a két világháború korában 1914–1945. [Hungary during the two World Wars 1914–1945.] Csokonai Kiadó, Debrecen, 1998. (Történelmi kézikönyvtár) ISBN 963-260-115-7
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Miklós Kállay |
Minister of Agriculture 1935–1938 |
Succeeded by Ferenc Marschall |
| Preceded by Gyula Gömbös |
Prime Minister of Hungary 1936–1938 |
Succeeded by Béla Imrédy |
| Preceded by Miklós Kozma |
Minister of the Interior Acting 1937 |
Succeeded by József Széll |
| Preceded by Gyula Kornis |
Speaker of the House of Representatives 1938–1939 |
Succeeded by András Tasnádi Nagy |
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