Jungian cognitive functions
In Carl Jung's theories of psychological type the cognitive functions (sometimes known as mental functions) are defined as different ways of perceiving and judging. They are defined as "thinking", "feeling", "sensation" and "intuition".
History
The model in which the four cognitive functions combine to form different psychological types was conceived by Jung in his pioneering work Psychological Types (1921, ISBN 0-691-09770-4). Jung also posited that the functions formed a hierarchy within a person's psychological dynamics — the most developed function is referred to as the "dominant", with the remaining three filling the roles as "auxiliary" and "inferior" functions.
Four Psychological Functions
The four basic psychological functions, thought (or intellect), feeling, sensation, and intuition are "basic functions" that can be briefly defined as follows:
- Judging/rational functions:
- Thinking
- According to Jung, thinking is "that psychological function which, in accordance with its own laws, brings given presentations into conceptual connection." Jung also made distinction between active and passive thinking: "The term 'thinking' should, in my view, be confined to the linking up of representations by means of a concept, where, in other words, an act of judgment prevails, whether such act be the product of one's intention or not The faculty of directed thinking, I term intellect: the faculty of passive, or undirected, thinking, I term intellectual intuition." The former, active thought, is what Jung considered a 'judging function'.[1]
- Feeling
- Jung defined feeling as "primarily a process that takes place between the ego and a given content, a process, moreover, that imparts to the content a definite value in the sense of acceptance or rejection [...] Hence feeling is also a kind of judging, differing, however, from an intellectual judgment, in that it does not aim at establishing an intellectual connection but is solely concerned with the setting up of a subjective criterion of acceptance or rejection." [2] Also Jung made distinctions between feeling as a judging function, and emotions (affect): "Feeling is distinguished from affect by the fact that it gives rise to no perceptible physical innervations."[3]
- Perceiving/irrational functions:
- Sensation
- Jung presented Sensation as "that psychological function which transmits a physical stimulus to perception. [...] not only to the outer stimuli, but also to the inner, i.e. to changes in the internal organs. Primarily, therefore, sensation is sense-perception, i.e. perception transmitted via the sense organs and 'bodily senses' (kinaesthetic, vaso-motor sensation, etc.)." Also, since the process of conscious perception is a psychological phenomenon representing a physical phenomenon, and not the physical phenomenon itself, he adds: "On the one hand, it is an element of presentation, since it transmits to the presenting function the perceived image of the outer object; on the other hand, it is an element of feeling, because through the perception of bodily changes it lends the character of affect to feeling."[4]
- Intuition
- Intuition is also presented as a basic psychological function as hunches and visions provide an alternative means of perception to sensation: "It is that psychological function which transmits perceptions in an unconscious way. Everything, whether outer or inner objects or their associations, can be the object of this perception. Intuition has this peculiar quality: it is neither sensation, nor feeling, nor intellectual conclusion, although it may appear in any of these forms."[5]
The four psychological functions may be subjugated to the control of consciousness, which can take two attitudes:
- Extraversion: "a strong, if not exclusive, determination by the object."[6] Consciously, in an extravert, the four basic cognitive functions follow the extraverted 'general attitude of consciousness':
- "Now, when the orientation to the object and to objective facts is so predominant that the most frequent and essential decisions and actions are determined, not by subjective values but by objective relations, one speaks of an extraverted attitude. When this is habitual, one speaks of an extraverted type. If a man so thinks, feels, and acts, in a word so lives, as to correspond directly with objective conditions and their claims, whether in a good sense or ill, he is extraverted." [7]
- Introversion: "a turning inwards of the libido, whereby a negative relation of subject to object is expressed. Interest does not move towards the object, but recedes towards the subject."[8] Consciously, in an introvert, the four basic cognitive functions follow the introverted 'general attitude of consciousness'
- "Everyone whose attitude is introverted thinks, feels, and acts in a way that clearly demonstrates that the subject is the chief factor of motivation while the object at most receives only a secondary value." [9]
The difference between extraversion and introversion comes from the source of the decisive factor in forming motivation and developing ideas, whether it is objective (i.e. the external environment) or subjective (the collective Unconscious, or "processes inherent in the psyche"[10]). When discussion function types, Jung ascribed movements of the libido in both directions for each function in each function type, but with one direction being that final judge.
Myers-Briggs
| Myers' Dichotomies | |
| Extraversion | Introversion |
| Sensing | iNtuition |
| Thinking | Feeling |
| Judging | Perceiving |
| Bold letters are used as shorthand labels | |
Isabel Myers, an early pioneer of psychometric testing whose ideas remain controversial within psychology, formalised these ideas and proposed that the mixture of types in an individual's personality could be measured through responses to a personality test she devised along with her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. In this model, four "dichotomies" are defined, each labelled by two letters (one for each of the opposites in question), as shown by the emboldened letters in the table. Individuals' personalities fall into sixteen different categories depending on which side of each dichotomy they belong to, labelled by the four applicable letters (for example, an "ESFP" type is someone whose preferences are extraversion, sensing, feeling and perceiving).
Controversy over attitudes
Myers interpreted Jung as saying that the auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior functions are always in the opposite attitude of the dominant. In support of Myers' (and/or Briggs') interpretation, in one sentence Jung seems to state that the "three inferior" functions of an (extreme) extravert are introverted. The "most differentiated function is always employed in an extraverted way, whereas the inferior functions are introverted" (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 575).
Many, however, have found Jung's writing to be ambiguous, and those who study and follow Jung's theories (Jungians) are typically adamant that Myers is incorrect. Jungians interpret Jung as explicitly stating that the tertiary function is actually in the same attitude as the dominant, providing balance. More recently, typologists such as John Beebe and Linda Berens have introduced theoretical systems in which all people possess eight functions—equivalent to the four functions as defined by Jung and Myers but in each of the two possible attitudes—with the four in the opposite attitude to that measured known as the "shadow functions", residing largely in the unconscious.
There is controversy even within the Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT), co-founded by Myers, regarding the attitude of the tertiary relative to the dominant. "The MBTI Qualifying Program", a binder given out during official training, puts the tertiary in the opposite attitude to the dominant on page 13; however, The Manual, which gives official instructions on how to use the test, has the tertiary in the same attitude on page 31. Charles Martin, former vice president of research at CAPT, writes the following on page 22 of the binder, "In what attitude is the tertiary? Isabel Myers read Jung to say that the auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior are all in the same attitude and opposite the dominant. Others (Harold Grant) read: tertiary is in the same attitude as the dominant."
To summarize Jung views, as discussed in Psychological Types, and maintained until his death,[11] Jung posited that each individual follows a 'general attitude of consciousness' where every conscious act is directed by the tendency to follow introversion for introverts, and extroversion for extroverts. Jung's definition of the general attitude was not limiting the individual from experiencing the opposing attitude, but offers the "decisive determination".[12] The primary, or most developed, differentiated, and conscious function, is entirely positioned in the service of the conscious attitude of introversion or extraversion, but even if all other functions can be conscious and made to follow the general attitude, they are of less differentiation and are hence strongly affected by the opposing attitude of the unconscious.[13][14] Later in the book, Jung describes the auxiliary function as being capable of some significant development or differentiation, if remains less differentiated that the primary.[15] His views on the primary and auxiliary functions both being of enough differentiation to be considered conscious and set aside with the primary as opposed to the most inferior two functions can be noted as early as Psychological Types.[16]
Different models
The tables below give different theorists' ideas about personality types in terms of "cognitive functions".
Carl Jung
Carl Jung developed the theory of cognitive processes in his book Psychological Types where he defined only four psychological functions which can take introverted or extraverted attitudes, as well a judging (rational) or perceiving (irrational) attitude determined by the primary function (judging if thinking or feeling, and perceiving if sensation or intuition).[17] He used the terms dominant, auxiliary, and inferior. Each individual follows a 'general attitude of consciousness' where the function is conscious. The more the function is conscious, the more it is introverted for introverts, and extroverted for extroverts.[18] The less differentiation and are hence strongly affected by the opposing attitude of the unconscious, and manifest in "happening" to the person and not under conscious control.[19][20][21] Therefore, the is a significant difference between Jung and the MBTI regarding the orientation of the functions.
Also, there is a difference between Jung and the MBTI regarding the designation of "inferior" function. While the MBTI clearly designates only the fourth function as the inferior, Jung uses a more flexible definition. "As a consequence of this one-sided development, one or more functions are necessarily retarded. These functions may properly be called inferior ..." (Jung, [1921] 1971:Def. Inferior Function, par. 763).
| General Attitude Type | Extraverted Types | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rational/Irrational Attitude type | Judging Types | Perceiving Types | ||||||
| Function Type | Extraverted Thinking
Types |
Extraverted Feeling
Types |
Extraverted Sensation
Types |
Extraverted Intuitive
Types | ||||
| Auxiliary Function | Sensation | Intuition | Sensation | Intuition | Thinking | Feeling | Thinking | Feeling |
| 1. Primary:
Most differentiated in the extraverted consciousness. |
Thinking | Thinking | Feeling | Feeling | Sensation | Sensation | Intuition | Intuition |
| 2. Auxiliary:
Less differentiated in the extraverted consciousness. |
Sensation | Intuition | Sensation | Intuition | Thinking | Feeling | Thinking | Feeling |
| 3. Inferior:
Mostly undifferentiated. Can fall under the influence of introverted unconscious. |
Intuition | Sensation | Intuition | Sensation | Feeling | Thinking | Feeling | Thinking |
| 4. Inferior:
Mostly undifferentiated. Can fall under the influence of introverted unconscious. |
Feeling | Feeling | Thinking | Thinking | Intuition | Intuition | Sensation | Sensation |
| General Attitude Type | Introverted Types | |||||||
| Rational/Irrational Attitude type | Judging Types | Perceiving Types | ||||||
| Function Type | Introverted Thinking Types |
Introverted Feeling Types |
Introverted Sensation Types |
Introverted Intuitive Types | ||||
| Auxiliary Function | Sensation | Intuition | Sensation | Intuition | Thinking | Feeling | Thinking | Feeling |
| 1. Primary:
Most differentiated in the introverted consciousness. |
Thinking | Thinking | Feeling | Feeling | Sensation | Sensation | Intuition | Intuition |
| 2. Auxiliary:
Less differentiated in the introverted consciousness. |
Sensation | Intuition | Sensation | Intuition | Thinking | Feeling | Thinking | Feeling |
| 3. Inferior:
Mostly undifferentiated. Can fall under the influence of extraverted unconscious. |
Intuition | Sensation | Intuition | Sensation | Feeling | Thinking | Feeling | Thinking |
| 4. Inferior:
Mostly undifferentiated. Can fall under the influence of extraverted unconscious. |
Feeling | Feeling | Thinking | Thinking | Intuition | Intuition | Sensation | Sensation |
Isabel Myers
Isabel Myers created the original type table. In her table, diametrically opposite personality types (that is, those with no traits in common among the dichotomies) are separated by one block along diagonals.
| Type | ISITEJ |
ISIFEJ |
INIFEJ |
INITEJ |
| Dominant or first | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| Auxiliary or second | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| Tertiary or third | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
| Inferior or fourth | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| Type | ISETIP |
ISEFIP |
INEFIP |
INETIP |
| Dominant or first | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| Auxiliary or second | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| Tertiary or third | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| Inferior or fourth | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| Type | ESETIP |
ESEFIP |
ENEFIP |
ENETIP |
| Dominant or first | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| Auxiliary or second | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| Tertiary or third | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| Inferior or fourth | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| Type | ESITEJ |
ESIFEJ |
ENIFEJ |
ENITEJ |
| Dominant or first | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| Auxiliary or second | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| Tertiary or third | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| Inferior or fourth | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
John Beebe
Though John Beebe has not published a type table, the format that Isabel Myers devised can also be applied to his theory. Beebe describes the different cognitive functions' role in the overall personality in terms of various mythic archetypes. Just as in Myers's table, personality types whose primary four functions are completely opposite are separated by one block along diagonals. The same does not apply to the four "shadow" functions, however.
| Type | ISITEJ |
ISIFEJ |
INIFEJ |
INITEJ |
| 1st - Hero/Heroine | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| 2nd - Good Parent | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| 3rd - Puer/Puella | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
| 4th - Anima/Animus | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| 5th - Opposing Personality | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| 6th - Senex/Witch | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| 7th - Trickster | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| 8th - Daemon | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| Type | ISETIP |
ISEFIP |
INEFIP |
INETIP |
| 1st - Hero/Heroine | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| 2nd - Good Parent | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| 3rd - Puer/Puella | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| 4th - Anima/Animus | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| 5th - Opposing Personality | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| 6th - Senex/Witch | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| 7th - Trickster | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| 8th - Daemon | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
| Type | ESETIP |
ESEFIP |
ENEFIP |
ENETIP |
| 1st - Hero/Heroine | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| 2nd - Good Parent | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| 3rd - Puer/Puella | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| 4th - Anima/Animus | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| 5th - Opposing Personality | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| 6th - Senex/Witch | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| 7th - Trickster | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
| 8th - Daemon | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| Type | ESITEJ |
ESIFEJ |
ENIFEJ |
ENITEJ |
| 1st - Hero/Heroine | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| 2nd - Good Parent | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| 3rd - Puer/Puella | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| 4th - Anima/Animus | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
| 5th - Opposing Personality | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| 6th - Senex/Witch | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| 7th - Trickster | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| 8th - Daemon | Extraverted Feelings | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
Linda Berens
The layout of Linda Berens's type table is unique and her terminology differs from that of Beebe; however, the ordering of cognitive processes in her and Beebe's models are the same.
| Engineer |
Coordinator | |||
| Type | ENETIP |
INETIP |
ENITEJ |
INITEJ |
| 1st - Leading/Dominant | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Intuition |
| 2nd - Supporting/Overprotective | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Thinking |
| 3rd - Relief/Unsettling | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Feeling |
| 4th - Aspirational/Projective | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Sensing |
| 5th - Opposing/Backup | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Intuition |
| 6th - Critical/Discovery | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Thinking |
| 7th - Deceiving/Comedic | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Feeling |
| 8th - Devilish/Transformative | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Sensing |
| Mediator |
Guide | |||
| Type | ENEFIP |
INEFIP |
ENIFEJ |
INIFEJ |
| 1st - Leading/Dominant | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Intuition |
| 2nd - Supporting/Overprotective | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Feeling |
| 3rd - Relief/Unsettling | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Thinking |
| 4th - Aspirational/Projective | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Sensing |
| 5th - Opposing/Backup | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Intuition |
| 6th - Critical/Discovery | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Feeling |
| 7th - Deceiving/Comedic | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Thinking |
| 8th - Devilish/Transformative | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Sensing |
| Expediator |
Monitor | |||
| Type | ESETIP |
ISETIP |
ESITEJ |
ISITEJ |
| 1st - Leading/Dominant | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Sensing |
| 2nd - Supporting/Overprotective | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Thinking |
| 3rd - Relief/Unsettling | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Feeling |
| 4th - Aspirational/Projective | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Intuition |
| 5th - Opposing/Backup | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Sensing |
| 6th - Critical/Discovery | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Thinking |
| 7th - Deceiving/Comedic | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Feeling |
| 8th - Devilish/Transformative | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Intuition |
| Improvisor |
Conservator | |||
| Type | ESEFIP |
ISEFIP |
ESIFEJ |
ISIFEJ |
| 1st - Leading/Dominant | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Sensing |
| 2nd - Supporting/Overprotective | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Feeling |
| 3rd - Relief/Unsettling | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Thinking |
| 4th - Aspirational/Projective | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Intuition |
| 5th - Opposing/Backup | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Extraverted Sensing |
| 6th - Critical/Discovery | Extraverted Feeling | Introverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Introverted Feeling |
| 7th - Deceiving/Comedic | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Extraverted Thinking |
| 8th - Devilish/Transformative | Extraverted Intuition | Introverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Introverted Intuition |
Lenore Thomson
Lenore Thomson offers yet another model of the cognitive functions. In her book, Personality Type: An Owners Manual, Thomson advances a hypothesis of a modular relationship of the cognitive functions paralleling left-right brain lateralization. In this approach the Judging functions are in the front-left and back-right brain and the Perception functions in the back-left and front-right brain. The extraverted functions are in the front of the brain, while the introverted functions are in the back of the brain. The order of the cognitive functions are then determined not by an archetypal hierarchy (as supposed by Beebe) but by an innate brain lateralization preference.
| Brain Types by Lenore Thomson | |
| Front of Left Brain | Front of Right Brain |
| Extraverted Thinking & Extraverted Feeling |
Extraverted Intuition & Extraverted Sensing |
| Introverted Sensation & Introverted Intuition |
Introverted Feeling & Introverted Thinking |
| Back of Left Brain | Back of Right Brain |
| Type | ISITEJ |
ISIFEJ |
INIFEJ |
INITEJ |
| Dominant | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| Secondary | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| Left-brain | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| alternatives | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| Right-brain | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| double agents | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| Tertiary | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
| Inferior | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| Type | ISETIP |
ISEFIP |
INEFIP |
INETIP |
| Dominant | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| Secondary | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| Right-brain | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
| alternatives | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| Left-brain | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| double agents | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| Tertiary | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| Inferior | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| Type | ESETIP |
ESEFIP |
ENEFIP |
ENETIP |
| Dominant | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| Secondary | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| Right-brain | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| alternatives | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
| Left-brain | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| double agents | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| Tertiary | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| Inferior | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| Type | ESITEJ |
ESIFEJ |
ENIFEJ |
ENITEJ |
| Dominant | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking |
| Secondary | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition |
| Left-brain | Extraverted Feeling | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Thinking | Extraverted Feeling |
| alternatives | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Intuition | Introverted Sensing | Introverted Sensing |
| Right-brain | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition |
| double agents | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking |
| Tertiary | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Intuition | Extraverted Sensing | Extraverted Sensing |
| Inferior | Introverted Feeling | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Thinking | Introverted Feeling |
Further reading
- Jung, C.G. [1921] (1971). Psychological Types, Collected Works, Volume 6, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.
- Myers, Isabel Myers [1980] (1995). Gifts Differing, Palo Alto, C.A.: Davies-Black Publishing. ISBN 0-89106-074-X.
- Thompson, Henry L (1996). Jung's Function-Attitudes Explained, Watkinsville, GA.: Wormhole Publishing. ISBN 978-1-887278-01-0.
- Nardi, Dario (2005). "8 Keys to Self-Leadership From Awareness To Action", Huntington Beach, CA :Unite Business Press. ISBN 0-971-93261-6.
- Thomson, Lenore (1998). Personality Type: An Owners Manual, Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-57062-987-0.
References
- ↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: para.830
- ↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: para.724
- ↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: para.725
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971: Chapter XI. Definitions)
- ↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.: para.770
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971: Chapter XI. Definitions)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971: p.418)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971: Chapter XI. Definitions)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971: Chapter XI. Definitions)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971: Chapter XI. Definitions)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 418)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 427)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 515)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 514)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 517)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 418)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 427)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 515)
- ↑ (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 514)
- ↑ Jung, Carl G. (1971). Psychological Types. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8.
- ↑ Alshafey, Mohammad. "Psychological Types Quiz: A Tool for Learning about Jung's Psychological Functions." Psychological Types Quiz: A Tool for Learning about Jung's Psychological Functions. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2015. <https://sites.google.com/site/jungpsychologicaltypes/home>.