Juan Ríus Rivera

Juan Rius Rivera

General Juan Rius Rivera
Born 1848
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Died 1924
Honduras
Allegiance Cuban Liberation Army
Years of service 1869-1898
Rank General
Commands held General-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army of the West
Battles/wars Ten Years' War
Cuban War of Independence

General Juan Rius Rivera[note 1] (August 26, 1848 – September 20, 1924), was a native of Puerto Rico who became the General of the Cuban Liberation Army of the West upon the death of General Antonio Maceo.

Early years

Rius was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, to Eusebio Rius and Ramona Rivera he was one of nine brothers.[1] His family, owned a coffee plantation in the Río Cañas Abajo Barrio in Mayagüez,[2] and were one of the wealthiest families in that town. There, he received both his primary and secondary education. Ruis was sent by his parents, to study in Spain and earned his bachelor's degree in Barcelona.[3] He then went to study law at the University of Madrid.[4][5] As a young man, he met and befriended the Puerto Rican patriot Ramón Emeterio Betances. Convinced that the Spanish Crown was mistreating the people of Puerto Rico and inspired by the ideals of Betances, he joined the pro-independence movement on the island. He became a member of the Mayagüez revolutionary cell "Capá Prieto" under the command of Mathias Brugman.

Cuban Liberation Army

On September 23, 1868, a group of Puerto Ricans revolted against Spain in an event known as "El Grito de Lares" ("The Cry of Lares"). Many of the revolutionaries were either killed, imprisoned or exiled. Rius, who had not participated directly in the revolt, was an avid reader of information pertaining to the Antilles and learned about the failed revolt. He then set his hopes on Cuba. He interrupted his studies in Spain, crossed the border to France, and from there he traveled to the United States. He arrived in New York City in 1869 [3] and went to the Cuban Revolutionary "Junta" and offered his services. In December 1869, Colonel Francisco Javier Cisneros advised Rius to be ready to set sail for Cuba and a few days later the Mayagüezano (as the people from Mayagüez are known) sailed for Cuba aboard the "Anna", an American Steamship.[3] There he participated in that country's Ten Years' War (1868–1878) against Spain. In 1870 he joined the forces of Calixto Garcia and was wounded in the Battle of Las Villas while fighting under the command of General Máximo Gómez. The Ten Years' War came to an end with the Treaty of Zanjon, which resulted in the granting of more autonomous powers to Cuba.

Rius did not agree with the treaty, and moved to Trujillo, Honduras in 1884. In 1887, he married a native Honduran named Aurora, the sister of Tomás Estrada Palma, future president of Cuba.[2] In Honduras he dedicated himself to commerce and prospered economically.[2] The Spanish Crown did not keep its part of the treaty with Cuba, and on February 24, 1895, insurgents rose against the Spaniards in the provinces of Oriente, Santa Clara and Matanzas in what became known as "El Grito de Baire". Rius joined the Cuban Liberation Army as one of its generals.

The Commander-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army of the West, General Antonio Maceo, was wounded and surrounded in a place called "La Trocha". In September 1897, Rius Rivera under General Enrique Collazo was sent with Cuban troops aboard the schooner Three Friends to rescue General Maceo. They were able to break through the Spanish blockade and reach General Maceo. On December 7, General Maceo was engaged in a fierce fight against the troops of Spanish Major Cirujedas when he was killed. On December 20, General Rius was promoted to Commander-in Chief of the West at General Maceo's request.

In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas, a wealthy coffee plantation owner from Yauco, visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. There he met with Ramón Emeterio Betances, Juan de Mata Terreforte and Aurelio Méndez Martinez and together they proceeded to plan a major coup. The uprising, which became known as the Intentona de Yauco was to be directed by Betances, organized by Aurelio Mendez Mercado and the armed forces were to be commanded by General Juan Rius Rivera from Cuba.[4] On March 28, 1897, General Rius engaged in combat at Cabezedas in the Occidental Province, where he was then overpowered by Spanish General Hernandez Velasco. He and 250 of his men were captured and imprisoned. General Juan Rius Rivera was gravely injured and was transported to the hospital of San Ambrosio in Havana. Later, he was deported to Castillo Presidio de Montjuïc in Barcelona, Spain where he remained until the end of the war. On February 15, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain in what is known as the Spanish-American War. On April 19, 1898, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution recognizing Cuba as a "free and independent" nation. Spain surrendered and signed the Treaty of Paris on December 10 resulting in Puerto Rico becoming a U.S. territory and Cuba gaining its independence.

Political career

General Rivera was soon active in the young nation's politics. Among the political positions which he held were:

General Rius Rivera was one of the few members of the Cuban Assembly (legislature) who rejected the imposition of the Platt Amendment,[5] which gave the United States the right to intervene unilaterally in Cuba as a precondition for independence in 1902.

In 1902, Tomás Estrada Palma was elected president of Cuba, he in turn named Rius Secretary of the Treasury. When Palma's government fell he chose not to join the new government even thou he was offered a position.[2] In May 1907, Rius returned to Honduras, home town of his wife. There he founded and was president of 'the Banco Atlántico and first president of Hospital D'Antonio.[2]

General Rius was representing Cuba at a conference held in Honduras in 1924 when he suddenly died of heart failure. His remains were returned to Cuba and he is buried in the Colon Cemetery located in Havana, Cuba.,[6]

Notes

  1. ↑
    This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Rius and the second or maternal family name is Rivera.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Millie Gil. "Juan Rius Rivera: El Che Guevara puertorriqueño del siglo XIX". Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Historia de Mayagüez 1760-1960"; by Subcomite de la Historia de Mayaüez (Author); Pages: 321-326; Publisher: Talleres Graficos Interamericanos (1960); Language: Spanish
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Genealogias Biografias e Historia del Mayagüez de Ayer y Hoy y Antologia de Puerto Rico"; by Martin Gaudier (Author); Pages: 245-249; Publisher: Imprenta "El Aguila", San German (1959); Language: Spanish
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by Hector Andres Negroni (Author); Page: 475; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish; ISBN 84-7844-138-7; ISBN 978-84-7844-138-9
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Mayagüez; Notas para su Historia"; by Silvia Aguilo Ramos (Author); Page: 76; Publisher: Model Offset Printing, San Juan (1984); Language: Spanish
  6. ↑ "Noticias de la XVII Brigada Juan Rius Rivera en Cuba"' (Spanish) Retrieved on 2008-12-30

External links