Joseph A. Califano, Jr.

Joseph A. Califano, Jr.
12th United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
In office
January 25, 1977 – August 3, 1979
Appointed by Jimmy Carter
Preceded by F. David Mathews
Succeeded by Patricia R. Harris
Personal details
Born Joseph Anthony Califano, Jr.
May 15, 1931
Brooklyn, New York, United States
Nationality American
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Hilary Byers Califano (m. 1983)
Children Mark Gerald Califano
Joseph Anthony Califano III
Claudia Frances Califano
Brooke Byers Califano
John Byers Califano
Alma mater College of the Holy Cross (1952)
Harvard Law School (1955)
Occupation Government
Profession Politician
Religion Roman Catholic

Joseph Anthony Califano, Jr. (born May 15, 1931) was a former United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and the founder and former chairman of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia), an evidence-based research organization. He is one of two living former Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare (the other is his predecessor, Forrest David Mathews).

He has been Adjunct Professor of Public Health (Health Policy and Management) at Columbia University Medical School (Department of Psychiatry) and School of Public Health and is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.

Early life

Califano was born in Brooklyn, New York, on May 15, 1931, the son of Joseph Anthony Califano, Sr., and Katherine (Gill) Califano. He attended St. Gregory's Elementary School and Brooklyn Preparatory School in Brooklyn, New York.

Califano received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the College of the Holy Cross, in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1952, and his LL.B., magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School in 1955. In law school, he was a member of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau and an editor of the Harvard Law Review.

Military and Department of Defense

In 1955, Califano enlisted in the Navy as an officer candidate. He was commissioned an ensign in November 1955, served three years in the Office of the Judge Advocate General in Washington, D.C., and was released to inactive duty in October, 1958, as a lieutenant. He associated with the law firm of Dewey Ballantine in New York City from October 1958, until April 1961.

In April 1961, Califano became Special Assistant to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense. In July 1962, he was appointed Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Army. On July 1, 1963, he was appointed General Counsel of the Army. He also served as Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Army for Civil Functions, supervising the Corps of Engineers' Civil Works Program and was a member of the President's Appalachian Regional Commission. In early 1964, Califano was selected to serve as the principal legal advisor to the United States Delegation to the Investigating Committee of the Organization of American States on the Panama riots of January 1964. Subsequently, he was also selected to present the United States case before the International Commission of Jurists during hearings held in Panama dealing with those riots. In recognition of his work as General Counsel of the Department of the Army, Califano was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal, the highest civilian award of the Army.

On April 1, 1964, Califano was appointed Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense. He had special responsibilities for Department of Defense liaison with the Office of the President of the United States. He also acted as Executive Secretary of the President's Advisory Committee on Supersonic Transport, as the Department of Defense representative on the President's Committee on the Economic Impact of Defense and Disarmament, and as a member of the Federal Radiation Council. In recognition of his work as the Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense, Califano was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal of the Department of Defense. Between March 21 and March 25, 1965, Califano was assigned to monitor the progress of the historic March from Selma to Montgomery which helped ensure the passage of the landmark Voting Rights Act of 1965.[1]

Califano was appointed Special Assistant to President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 26, 1965. In this position, Califano served as LBJ's top domestic aide, developing the President's legislative program as well as helping coordinate economic policies and handling domestic crises. He also worked on a variety of domestic problems, including labor-management relations, balance of payments, health care, education, environmental and urban issues, and civil rights. He served in this position until January 20, 1969. While in this post, The New York Times called him "The Deputy President for Domestic Affairs."

Non-military career

Califano was a member of the Washington law firm of Arnold & Porter from March 1969 until May 1971. He was a member of the Washington law firm of Williams, Connolly & Califano from June 1971 until January 1977.

Califano was sworn in as Secretary of HEW.

In January 1977, Califano became Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.He served in that Cabinet post until August 1979. He put the Department through the most complete reorganization in its twenty-five year history; created the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) to run Medicare and Medicaid; mounted major health promotion and disease prevention programs, including childhood immunization, the first national anti-smoking campaign, an alcoholism initiative, and issuance of Healthy People, the first Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention which for the first time set health goals for the American people; began the collection of hundreds of millions of dollars of defaulted student loans, and instituted computerized techniques to police welfare, Medicare and Medicaid programs; worked with the Congress to maintain the financial integrity of the Social Security system, contain health care costs, and restructure Federal aid to elementary, secondary and higher education; and issued the first regulations to provide equal athletic opportunity to women under Title IX and to provide equal opportunity to the handicapped.

However, initially he refused to sign meaningful regulations for Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which was the first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities.[2] After an ultimatum and deadline, demonstrations took place in ten U.S. cities on April 5, 1977, including the beginning of a sit-in at the San Francisco Office of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This sit-in, led by Judith Heumann and organized by Kitty Cone, lasted until May 4, 1977, a total of 28 days, with more than 150 people refusing to leave. It is the longest sit-in at a federal building to date. Califano signed the regulations on April 28, 1977.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

As Secretary, Califano also funded the nation’s first free standing hospice in Branford, CT, and issued regulations to make Medicare reimbursement available for hospice care.

In 1979, as Secretary, Califano directed the Public Health Service to eliminate its official characterization of homosexuality as “a mental disease or defect” which immigration authorities had used to deny individuals entry to the United States solely because of their sexual orientation.

President Jimmy Carter dismissed Califano on July 19, 1979.[9]

Post-administration life

In January 1980, Califano formed the law firm of Califano, Ross & Heineman in Washington, D.C. From 1983 until 1992, he was senior partner and head of the Washington office of Dewey Ballantine. In 1992, he founded The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia).

Califano has also written articles for The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Readers Digest, New Republic, Journal of the American Medical Association, The New England Journal of Medicine, America, The Washington Monthly, and other publications.

He was Founding Chairman of the Board of the Institute for Social and Economic Policy in the Middle East at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Califano is a director of CBS Corporation and Willis Group Holdings, Ltd. He is a Trustee of New York Presbyterian Hospital, The Century Foundation, The Urban Institute, The American Ditchley Foundation, The LBJ Foundation and the National Health Museum; Trustee Emeritus of The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and a member of the advisory council of the American Foundation for AIDS Research and the Council on Foreign Relations.

Awards

In 2010, Califano received the Gustav O. Lienhard Award from the Institute of Medicine for his contributions to improving public health, his leadership in catalyzing federal action to curb smoking and his broader efforts to reduce the toll of addiction and substance abuse.[10]

In November 2011, the Columbia Spectator editorial board published an piece titled "Cut ties to CASA", stating that "the methods that CASA uses to research substance abuse are shoddy and questionable, and reports of CASA’s “findings” are often misleading and sensationalized" and that "Califano’s outlandish claims reflect on the integrity of the organization, and unfortunately on Columbia’s as well."[11] Contrary to the claims made in the Spectator article, the organization’s research staff has published more than 190 articles or book chapters in professional and peer-reviewed publications, including 121 articles in peer-reviewed journals including the Journal of the American Medical Association,[12] the Journal of Adolescent Health,[13] the Annals of Internal Medicine[14] and the New England Journal of Medicine.[15]

Books

Califano is the author of twelve books. In early 1969, he traveled around the world on a study of the "student-youth-and-establishment" problem under a Ford Foundation grant. He wrote about those travels in his book, The Student Revolution: A Global Confrontation, published by W.W. Norton in 1969. Califano's second book, A Presidential Nation, was published by W.W. Norton in 1975. His third, The Media and the Law, was published by Praeger Special Studies in 1976 and was co-authored and co-edited with Howard Simons, Managing Editor of The Washington Post. His fourth, The Media and Business, was published by Random House in 1978 and was also in collaboration with Mr. Simons.

In May 1981, Simon and Schuster published Califano's fifth book, Governing America, about his years as Secretary of HEW. In June, 1982, Warner Books published his sixth, The 1982 Report on Drug Abuse and Alcoholism. Califano's seventh book, America's Health Care Revolution: Who Lives? Who Dies? Who Pays?, was published by Random House in 1986. His eighth book, The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years, was published by Simon and Schuster in 1991 and republished by Texas A & M University Press in 2000. His ninth book, Radical Surgery: What's Next for America's Health Care, was published by Random House in January, 1995.

Personal life

Mr. Califano is married to the former Hilary Paley Byers. They have five children: Mark, Joseph III and Claudia Califano, and Brooke Byers and John F. Byers IV, and nine grandchildren: Joseph Anthony IV, Peter Anderson, Brian Philip, Russell Paley, Olivia Rose, Evan Frederic, Nicholas James, Grace Frances and Patrick Joseph

References

  1. ↑ From Selma to Montgomery LBJ Presidential Library, Accessed April 23, 2015
  2. ↑ "Short History of the 504 Sit in". dredf.org.
  3. ↑ "Disability History Timeline". Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management. Temple University. 2002.
  4. ↑ "The Regents of the University of California. 2008. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement." Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  5. ↑ "Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  6. ↑ "EDGE - Curriculum - Biology". disabilityhistory.org.
  7. ↑ "Political Organizer for Disability Rights, 1970s-1990s, and Strategist for Section 504 Demonstrations, 1977". cdlib.org.
  8. ↑ "Kitty Cone, Facts On File, Inc., 2009. American History Online; Facts on File information obtained from Encyclopedia of American Disability History". Encyclopedia of American Disability History.
  9. ↑ "The Tobacco Observer" (PDF). Legacy.library.ucsf.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
  10. ↑ "Crusader Against Substance Abuse Receives Institute of Medicine's 2010 Lienhard Award" (Press release). Washington: National-Academies.org. October 11, 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
  11. ↑ Editorial Board (November 28, 2011). "Cut ties to CASA". Columbia Daily Spectator.
  12. ↑ Foster, SE.; Vaughan, RD.; Foster, WH.; Califano, JA. (Feb 2003). "Alcohol consumption and expenditures for underage drinking and adult excessive drinking.". JAMA 289 (8): 989–95. doi:10.1001/jama.289.8.989. PMID 12597750.
  13. ↑ Feinstein, Emily C.; Richter, Linda; Foster, Susan E. (May 2012). "Addressing the Critical Health Problem of Adolescent Substance Use Through Health Care, Research, and Public Policy". Journal of Adolescent Health 50 (5): 431–436. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.033.
  14. ↑ Anupam B. Jena, MD, PhD; Dana P. Goldman, PhD; Susan E. Foster, MSW; and Joseph A. Califano Jr., LLB (20 December 2011). "Prescription Medication Abuse and Illegitimate Internet-Based Pharmacies". Ann Intern Med. 155 (12): 848–850. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00008.
  15. ↑ Califano Jr, JA (Nov 2, 1995). "The wrong way to stay slim.". The New England Journal of Medicine 333 (18): 1214–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199511023331811. PMID 7565980.

External links

Government offices
Preceded by
Powell Pierpoint		 General Counsel of the Army
1963 – 1964 		Succeeded by
Alfred B. Fitt