Jonathan Haidt

Jonathan Haidt
Born	(1963-10-19) October 19, 1963 New York City
Residence	New York City
Fields	Social psychology, moral psychology, positive psychology, cultural psychology
Institutions	University of Virginia (1995-2011), New York University—Stern School of Business (current)
Alma mater	Yale University (B.A.), University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.)
Thesis	Moral Judgment, Affect, and Culture, or, Is it Wrong to Eat Your Dog? (1992)
Doctoral advisor	Jonathan Baron, Alan Fiske

Jonathan Haidt (pronounced “height”) is a social psychologist and Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York University’s Stern School of Business.^[1] His academic specialization is the psychology of morality and the moral emotions. Haidt is the author of two books: The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (2006) and The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion (2012), which became a New York Times bestseller.^[2] He was named one of the “top global thinkers” by Foreign Policy Magazine,^[3] and one of the “top world thinkers” by Prospect magazine.^[4] His three TED talks have been viewed more than 3 million times.^[5]

Education and career

Haidt was born in New York City and raised in Scarsdale, New York. He earned a BA in philosophy from Yale University in 1985, and a PhD in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1992. He then studied cultural psychology at the University of Chicago as a post-doctoral fellow. His supervisors were Jonathan Baron and Alan Fiske (at the University of Pennsylvania,) and cultural anthropologist Richard Shweder (University of Chicago). During his post-doctoral appointment, Haidt won a Fulbright fellowship to fund three months of research on morality in Orissa, India. In 1995, Haidt was hired as an assistant professor at the University of Virginia, where he worked until 2011, winning four awards for teaching, including a statewide award conferred by the Governor of Virginia.^[6]

In 1999 Haidt became active in the new field of positive psychology, studying positive moral emotions. This work led to the publication of an edited volume, titled Flourishing, in 2003, and then to The Happiness Hypothesis in 2006. The Happiness Hypothesis introduced the widely cited metaphor that the mind is divided into parts, like a small rider (conscious reasoning) on a very large elephant (automatic and intuitive processes).^[7] In 2004, Haidt began to apply moral psychology to the study of politics, doing research on the psychological foundations of ideology. This work led to the publication in 2012 of The Righteous Mind. Haidt spent the 2007-2008 academic year at Princeton University as the Laurance S. Rockefeller Visiting Professor for Distinguished Teaching. In 2011, Haidt moved to the Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Haidt’s current research applies moral psychology to business ethics. In 2013, he co-founded Ethical Systems,^[8] a non-profit collaboration dedicated to making academic research on ethics widely available to businesses. He is also engaged in efforts to foster greater political civility^[9] and to increase the ideological diversity of social psychology and other social sciences.^[10]

Research contributions

Haidt’s research on morality has led to publications and theoretical advances in four primary areas:

The Social Intuitionist Model

Haidt’s principal line of research since graduate school has been on the nature and mechanisms of moral judgment. In the 1990s he developed the Social Intuitionist Model of moral judgment, which posits that moral judgment is mostly based on automatic processes – moral intuitions – rather than on conscious reasoning. People engage in reasoning largely to find evidence to support their initial intuitions. Haidt’s main paper on the Social Intuitionist Model, “The Emotional Dog and its Rational Tail,” has been cited over 2700 times.^[11]

Moral Disgust

Together with Paul Rozin and Clark McCauley, Haidt developed the Disgust Scale,^[12] which has been widely used to measure individual differences in sensitivity to disgust. Haidt, Rozin, and McCauley have written extensively on the psychology of disgust as an emotion that began as a guardian of the mouth (against pathogens), but then expanded during biological and cultural evolution to become a guardian of the body more generally, and of the social and moral order.^[13]

Moral Elevation

With Sara Algoe, Haidt demonstrated that exposure to stories about moral beauty (the opposite of moral disgust) cause a common set of responses, including warm, loving feelings, calmness, and a desire to become a better person.^[14] Haidt called the emotion "moral elevation,"^[15] as a tribute to Thomas Jefferson, who had described the emotion in detail in a letter discussing the benefits of reading great literature.^[16] Feelings of moral elevation cause lactation in breast-feeding mothers,^[17] suggesting the involvement of the hormone oxytocin. There is now a large body of research on elevation and related emotions.^[18]

Moral Foundations Theory

In 2004, Haidt began to extend the Social Intuitionist Model to specify the most important categories of moral intuition.^[19] The result was Moral Foundations Theory, co-developed with Craig Joseph and Jesse Graham, and based in part on the writings of Richard Shweder. The theory posits that there are (at least) six innate moral foundations, upon which cultures develop their various moralities, just as there are five innate taste receptors on the tongue, which cultures have used to create many different cuisines. The six are Care/harm, Fairness (equality)/cheating, Liberty/oppression, Loyalty/betrayal, Authority/subversion, and Sanctity/degradation. The theory was developed to explain cross-cultural differences in morality, but Haidt and his collaborators at YourMorals.org^[20] have found that the theory works well to explain political differences as well. Liberals (leftists) tend to endorse primarily the Care and Equality foundations, whereas conservatives (rightists) tend to endorse all six foundations more equally.^[21]

Elephant and Rider Metaphor

The observations of social intuitionism, that intuitions come first and rationalization second, led to the Elephant and Rider Metaphor.^[22] The rider represents the conscious controlled processes and the elephant represents all of the automatic processes. The metaphor corresponds to Systems 1 and 2 described in Daniel Kahneman's Thinking, Fast and Slow.^[23] This metaphor is used extensively in both The Happiness Hypothesis and The Righteous Mind.

Criticism

Haidt has been criticized by the “new atheists,” such as Sam Harris, who argued that Haidt’s defense of religion ends up justifying human sacrifice and superstition.^[24] Haidt has also been criticized by some authors on the political left. Social psychologist John Jost wrote that Haidt “mocks the liberal vision of a tolerant, pluralistic, civil society, but, ironically, this is precisely where he wants to end up.”^[25] The journalist Chris Hedges wrote a scathing review of The Righteous Mind in which he accused Haidt of supporting “social Darwinism” and right-wing social policies.^[26] In his response, Haidt noted many inaccuracies in Hedges' reading of the book, most notably that Hedges took quotations from conservatives and inappropriately attributed them to Haidt.^[27]

Selected publications

A complete list of publications can be obtained at http://people.stern.nyu.edu/jhaidt/publications.html

• Haidt, J., Koller, S., & Dias, M. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613-628.
• Haidt, J . (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review. 108, 814-834.
• Wheatley, T., & Haidt, J. (2005). Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe. Psychological Science, 16, 780-784.
• Haidt, J. (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316, 998-1002.
• Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (2008). Disgust. In M. Lewis, J. Haviland, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.) Handbook of emotions, 3rd edition. (pp. 757–776). New York: Guilford Press.
• Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1029-1046.
• Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010). Morality. In S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.) Handbook of Social Psychology, 5th Edition. Hobeken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 797–832.
• Iyer, R., Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012). Understanding Libertarian morality: The psychological dispositions of self-identified libertarians. PLoS ONE 7:e42366 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042366.

See also

• Moral psychology
• Moral Foundations Theory
• Positive psychology
• Social intuitionism

References

Books

• Haidt, Jonathan; Keyes, Corey L.M. (2002). Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well Lived. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-55798-930-7. 
• Haidt, Jonathan (2005). The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02802-0. 
• Haidt, Jonathan (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-307-37790-6. 

External links

Webpages

• Homepage
• Full list of haidt’s publications: http://people.stern.nyu.edu/jhaidt/publications.html
• The Righteous Mind
• http://www.EthicalSystems.org
• http://www.HappinessHypothesis.com/
• http://www.MoralFoundations.org
• http://www.YourMorals.org
• http://www.CivilPolitics.org
• http://www.ElevationResearch.org
• http://www.asteroidsclub.org
• Review of The Righteous Mind in the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/the-righteous-mind-by-jonathan-haidt.html

TED Talks

• http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_haidt_on_the_moral_mind.html
• http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_haidt_humanity_s_stairway_to_self_transcendence.html
• http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_haidt_how_common_threats_can_make_common_political_ground.html

Interviews

• http://vimeo.com/36128360
• http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/413586/may-02-2012/jonathan-haidt
• http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303830204577446512522582648.html
• http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/magazine/a-liberal-learns-to-compete.html