John Bugas

John Stephen Bugas
Vice President of the Ford Motor Company
In office 1945–1968
Preceded by	Harry Bennett
Personal details
Born	(1908-04-26)April 26, 1908 Rock Springs, Wyoming, U.S.
Died	December 2, 1982(1982-12-02) (aged 74) Ypsilanti, Michigan, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Margaret Stowe McCarty, 1938–1972 (widowed) Joan Murphy, 1975–1982 (his death)
Children	4
Alma mater	University of Wyoming
Occupation	Former Vice President of Ford Motor Company, Cattle Rancher
Religion	Roman Catholicism

John Stephen Bugas (April 26, 1908 – December 2, 1982), known as Jack Bugas,^[1][2] was the second in command at Ford Motor Company during the presidency and chairmanship reign of Henry Ford II (the oldest grandson of founder Henry Ford).^[3] He is best known for wresting control of the company from Harry Bennett—including drawing pistols on each other—following the death of Henry Ford.

Early life

The Bugas family originated from Austria. The parents of Jack Bugas, Andrew (Andrej) P. Bugas (born in 1867) and Helena L. Bugas (the name “Bugas” was then spelled “Bugos”), were both born in Austria.^[4] Andrew Bugas immigrated to the United States in 1882 (following his father, John P. Bugos, who immigrated from Austria in 1878, though died back in Austria in 1902) and became a naturalized U.S. citizen at age 26 in 1891.^[5]

In 1901, Andrew Bugas was elected to the Wyoming State Legislature (as a Republican) and served six terms until 1907. Andrew and Helena Bugas married in 1902 and from 1903 to 1929 had a total of eight sons and two daughters.^[5]

Jack Bugas was born in 1908 in Rock Springs, Wyoming. In 1909, the Bugas family moved to Wamsutter, Wyoming. There, Andrew Bugas opened the first agency for the Continental Oil Company, operated a small hotel and post office, ran a road construction and trucking company, and developed a family ranch he would name the Eagle’s Nest.^[5]

When Jack Bugas was in his early teens, his father’s debts forced the family to mortgage the Eagle’s Nest. Bugas worked for years to help retire his father’s debts, including quitting school at the age of 16 for two years when his father placed him in charge of a road construction crew—an experience which Bugas would later say was “the hardest and most important in his life”^[1] and “what gave him confidence and taught him self-reliance.”^[6] Bugas later recalled standing with his father outside the Eagle’s Nest weeping as they burned the paid-off note.^[7]

The “tall, rangy”^[8] Bugas (at 6’1”^[5]) was a standout basketball player at the University of Wyoming^[7] (on Willard Witte’s 1934 national championship team^[9]), where he was also on the baseball and track & field team and a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He graduated college and law school (which he funded by working as a forest ranger, trucker, timekeeper and refinery laborer^[1]) with honors.^[5]

FBI and Ford Motor Company

In 1935, Bugas went to work for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Adept at the art of fisticuffs while wearing a suit,” Bugas rose quickly through the ranks, and by 1938 J. Edgar Hoover appointed him head of the FBI’s Detroit office.^[10] At the FBI he most notably led the quashing of two Nazi spy rings (including German Countess Grace Buchanan-Dineen, whom Bugas “turned” to a double agent^[7]) and personally captured Public Enemy Number One Tom Robinson at gunpoint.^[6] Bugas and Hoover would remain old friends until Hoover’s death in 1972.^[7]

In 1944, Bugas left public service to join Ford Motor Company. He was hired away from the FBI by Henry Ford (still deeply shaken by the Lindbergh kidnapping) to protect his grandchildren—Henry Ford II and his siblings—working under head of security Harry Bennett.^[11] Some say Bennett (who had originally been hired by Henry Ford to stifle attempts at unionization) targeted hiring the “tough-as-nails former FBI man”^[12] in hopes of neutralizing him, as his 1941 FBI investigation and discovery of theft from Ford’s Rouge plant implicated some of Bennett’s cronies.^[7][13]

Before Edsel Ford’s death he had mentioned to Bugas “how vulnerable he felt his family was to Bennett’s machinations.”^[7] Bugas quickly became an “Edsel loyalist,” and with it an enemy of Bennett, whom Edsel Ford’s widow blamed for her husband’s early death in 1943. Bennett once recalled that Bugas “seemed to sit around most of the day, his jacket off and his gun jutting from the shoulder holster beneath his arm.”^[10]

When (Edsel Ford’s oldest son) Henry Ford II was selected by his grandfather in 1945 to succeed him as president of Ford (at that time America’s largest private corporation), Bugas was immediately put in charge of taking control of the company from Bennett’s entrenched gangster element in management, and of ousting Bennett.^[3] When Bugas fired Bennett in his office, Bennett called Bugas a “son of a bitch” and drew a loaded .45 automatic on him (which Bennett kept in his desk drawer, often taking target practice into the wall over a visitor’s shoulder^[11]) and in response Bugas pulled a .38 from his shoulder holster, exclaiming, “Don’t make the mistake of pulling the trigger, because I’ll kill you. I won’t miss. I’ll put one right through your heart, Harry.”^[14][15]

Kiplinger Magazine wrote in 1947 that “no one has risen faster in the Ford organization than big, brown-eyed John Bugas.”^[16] The “practical and energetic man”^[17] ultimately became second in command at Ford as “Henry Ford II’s closest confidant,”^[18] helped restructure and revitalize the struggling company (which faced considerable financial and strategic challenges transitioning from military manufacturing to a peacetime economy) and by 1956 make it a publicly traded corporation. (The Ford IPO was the largest the United States had ever seen, raising nearly seven-hundred-million dollars—roughly five-billion dollars in today’s terms.)

Robert McNamara described being chosen as Ford’s next president (and the first in its history that wasn’t a member of the Ford family) in 1960 over Bugas, who “believed he would have little competition in his rise to the top of the company”^[11]—except for the Whiz Kids. Bugas never knew that Ford II had discussed the matter of his appointment to the presidency with Goldman Sachs head Sidney Weinberg, who talked Ford II out of it. Bugas nevertheless over the years became a top holder of Ford stock options.^[7]

At Ford, Bugas held various vice president titles (among them industrial relations, international import-export group), as well as consulted directly with Henry Ford. Bugas also served as a member of the Board of Directors starting in 1950.^[3]

In an interview he claimed to be chauffeured in and drive only Fords and Lincolns,^[1] including various Shelby cars.

Despite Ford exclaiming for many years “As long as I’m alive, John Bugas will have a job at Ford Motor Company,” Bugas resigned suddenly in 1968 (the month Semon “Bunkie” Knudsen was hired as president).^[7] Bugas moved into an office in the Standard Oil of Indiana Building and worked on oil leases for a partnership he had with Marathon Oil Company and Max Fisher^[7] (Forbes 400 member and “Detroit oil and real estate magnate known for his philanthropy and for the advice he gave Republican presidents on the Middle East and Jewish issues”^[19])—with whom he had been investing in Wyoming oil wells since the 1950s. (Fisher, Bugas, and Henry Ford II “were the closest friends amongst Detroit’s business elite.”)^[20] Bugas also became more deeply involved in the management of his vast Wyoming cattle ranches.

In the major reshuffling of Nixon administration posts in 1973 during the growing Watergate scandal, Bugas narrowly missed being selected by Nixon as Director of the FBI (instead of William Ruckelshaus).^[21]

Among Bugas’s legacy at Ford is a quaint one: “As if to illustrate the power of directives at Ford, the company still insists on spelling employee with one final e, a practice begun by a directive from John Bugas in the mid 1940s! He is said to have insisted that the spelling of employee conform to current newspaper style,” while another story says that his intention was to “save a lot of money in typing and paper costs.”^[22]

Wyoming cowboy

Bugas would always retain a love for his home state of Wyoming, saying “Its wide, un-cramped spaces ... give me a feeling of personal freedom I have never felt anywhere else.”^[1]

Over the years he acquired over twenty-thousand-acres^[6][7] in Sunlight Basin^[23] (“by far the largest private ownership”^[17]) and Clark’s Fork,^[24] within the Absaroka Mountain Range in northwest Wyoming. There he owned multiple working cattle ranches, with over 800 head of Hereford cattle,^[24] and he would frequently return to his beloved ranches with his wife and children, teaching them to move cattle and enjoy the Wyoming life as he so did.^[5][9] He would spend his time there riding, fishing, and hunting.^[1] Later in his life, Bugas traveled to his ranches every May and October for the cattle drives.^[7]

Because of his exploits in fighting the bad guys (while at both the FBI and Ford), Bugas thus “became the consummate hero—legendary to this day”^[6]—and earned the reputation as the real life John Wayne, complete with his preferred ascot neckerchief and worn-out hat. (Bugas reportedly would rub a new hat in the dirt, saying “You never want to let anyone see you in a new hat,” and then shoot a hole through it with his gun.^[6])

Jack’s preferred dress was Levis and an old shirt, often a University of Wyoming Cowboy T-shirt.^[1]

Author Loren Estleman wrote that Bugas “exhibited a rough frontier charm that might not have been all artifice, helped along by frank dark eyes slanting away from a nose like the prow of an icebreaker and a shy smile that showed no teeth. His pioneer inflections were gentle. Company scuttlebutt said he was embarrassed by stories about his obstreperous past and had taken steps to eradicate the frontier influence from his manner, including speech lessons.”^[2] (“In an old-style gunfight I’d have picked him as my first target.”^[2])

Described as “poker-faced”^[14] and “stiff and formal” (he favored classical music and “an evening at the theatre”^[1]), Bugas was known for his “cowboy morality.” He once saw a man on a train verbally abusing a woman and, “grabbing him by the scruff of the neck, Bugas took him out between the swaying cars to chastise him and, when the man swung at him, knocked him down.”^[7]

Bugas was an expert marksman in all sizes of firearms (from his days in the FBI),^[1] and was an avid mountain game hunter (“in Wyoming and Montana he has killed bears and cats and all kinds of deer”^[25]) and wingshooter (frequenting partridge, pheasant, and grouse shoots at his ranches and throughout the world^[7]).

Bugas’s ranch in Sunlight Basin contains the Bugas-Holding site, a notable Late Prehistoric age winter hunting campsite located along Sunlight Creek, a stream in the lower elevations with evidence of bison and mountain sheep hunting.^[26]

Personal life

In addition to his Wyoming ranches, for the last twenty-five years of his life Bugas’s main home was Wildwood Manor, his sprawling country estate in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan designed by noted architect Hugh T. Keyes (who also designed Max Fisher’s main home).^[27] Wildwood became the unofficial site for many discreet Ford meetings, including with Henry Ford, McNamara, Lee Iacocca, Carroll Shelby, and Hoover—often accompanied by their entire families.^[7] It was also the site of large Republican fund-raising parties in 1976 with President Ford and Vice President Rockefeller in attendance^[28] and in 1980 with presidential candidate Ronald Reagan. (Wildwood Manor is not unlike the fortified “Castle” compound built by Henry Ford for Bugas’s predecessor and nemesis Bennett, where Bugas and his family spent much time.^[14][29] Like Henry’s and Edsel’s houses, Wildwood also had a Ford-built, detached industrial power house serving the main house.) Bugas also owned riding stables nearby.^[30]

Bugas was a significant patron of the University of Wyoming, the Whitney Western Art Museum, and Cranbrook Kingswood, as well as a major Republican Party supporter.

Bugas was the recipient of many awards, ranging from Automotive Executive of the Year^[31] to the Anti-Defamation League’s Human Relations Award (“for a life-time of service in the field of human rights”).^[32]

He was a practicing Catholic, and was known to meet with Pope John XXIII at Vatican City.^[33] (Bugas was director of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, making many public appearances in support of the conference.^[34])

Bugas was married to Margaret Stowe McCarty (a descendent of Harriet Beecher Stowe^[1]), with whom he had three daughters and a son, until her death in 1972.^[3] In 1975 he married Joan Murphy, a former Ford Agency model twenty-five years his junior (who survived him).^[7]

Bugas died in 1982, at the age of 74, at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital a week after undergoing heart bypass surgery.^[3][9]

Economics and Politics

Bugas was actively engaged in matters of economics and politics, from endowing a professor of economics at the University of Wyoming to fundraising for the Republican Party—where he was even known to collect money from top Ford executives for the party.^[11] (Bugas and his wife were frequent guests at White House state dinners of Presidents Nixon and Ford.^[35])

Despite his “erstwhile G-man”^[2] life, Bugas, like his boss Henry Ford, was a “thorough-going free enterpriser”^[17] and vigorous defender of laissez-faire capitalism and business interests (often against labor interests, as Head of Industrial Relations at Ford).

He became the outspoken industry watchdog to Communist infiltration into the U.S. motor industry, and was quoted as saying, “Communism is bad medicine. There is no room in this country—or in industry—for Communists or Fascists.”^[1]

Bugas has been embraced by the Austrian School of economics (for reasons unrelated to Bugas’s strong Austrian roots^[4]) as a rare instance of a prominent historical businessman who “followed in the footsteps” of Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises (in a Mises Institute article John Bugas: G-Man, Ford Executive, Misesian?).^[36] Like Mises, Bugas “made the notion of ‘consumer sovereignty’ a key plank in his economic analysis and defense of the market economy.” Bugas “realized that this insight from objective economic science was very useful rhetorically in battling the foes of (what is usually called) capitalism.”^[36]

Bugas led the fight at Ford in 1949 against Walter Reuther’s demands for noncontributory pensions for UAW members by posing the practical argument that increased costs of production cannot simply be passed on (or “shifted forward”) to the consumer in the form of higher prices. (In so doing, he implicitly advanced the Austrian “subjective theory of value”, which states that the value of a good is not determined by the cost of labor required to produce that good—the Marxian “labor theory of value”—but rather by the subjective importance the end consumer places on that good.) Bugas explained that, if the employees didn’t fund their own pension, the company would have to pay for it by raising car prices, and to think that the company could do this at its whim was a fallacy. He wrote to Reuther: “Old-age security is a highly desirable goal, but it must be paid for. There is no ‘kitty’ from which Ford can draw.” (Reuther cheekily retorted that Ford could find its workers’ pensions “from the same source that is used to finance security for high paid executives.”)^[37]

In a 1955 speech, Bugas notably coined the term “consumerism” as a substitute for “capitalism” to better describe the American economy:^[38][39][40]

“

The term “consumerism” would pin the tag where it actually belongs—on Mr. Consumer, the real boss and beneficiary of the American system. It would pull the rug right out from under our unfriendly critics who have blasted away so long and loud at capitalism. Somehow, I just can’t picture them shouting: “Down with the consumers!”[41]

”

Though the term “consumerism” first appeared in 1915, it was Bugas who first adopted it to illustrate the “consumer sovereignty” concept of Mises, “as a means of contrasting the American economy to that of the Soviet Union.”^[38]

In discussing union demands for guaranteed annual wages, Bugas again invoked his practical business logic:

“

You may have heard mention of a thing known as GAW, or guaranteed annual wage, which some people claim will be considered. I will just say that we’d be very happy if only somebody would come up with a good plan for GAP, or guaranteed annual profit. The best guarantee possible of continued high and stable employment in any business enterprise is to be guided primarily by sound business considerations in making plans and decisions.[42]

”

References