Jitan Ram Manjhi

Jitan Ram Manjhi
Manjhi (on left) meeting Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi
33rd Chief Minister of Bihar
In office 20 May 2014[1] – 20 February 2015[2]
Preceded by	Nitish Kumar
Succeeded by	Nitish Kumar
Personal details
Born	(1944-10-06) 6 October 1944 Mahakar, Gaya district, Bihar
Political party	Unattached Member in the Bihar Legislative Assembly, [3] (previously Janata Dal (United), Indian National Congress, Janata Dal and Rashtriya Janata Dal)
Spouse(s)	Shanti Devi
Children	2 sons and 5 daughters
Profession	Politician
Religion	Hinduism

Jitan Ram Manjhi (born 6 October 1944) is an Indian politician from the eastern state of Bihar, who served as its 23rd Chief Minister following Nitish Kumar's resignation. He resigned on 20 February 2015, hours before floor test. Previously, he had served as minister for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes welfare in Kumar's cabinet.

Before joining JDU, Manjhi was a member of the political parties of Indian National Congress (till 1990), Janata Dal (till 1996) and Rashtriya Janata Dal (till 2005). A senior politician, Manjhi has been a member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from 1980 to 1990 (on INC party ticket), then from 1996 to 2005 (on RJD party ticket) and again from 2005 to 9 Feb 2015 (on JDU party ticket). He has been a minister in many Bihar state governments, under multiple Chief Ministers like Chandrashekhar Singh, Bindeshwari Dubey, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Jagannath Mishra, Laloo Prasad Yadav and Rabri Devi.

Early life

Manjhi was born on 6 October 1944 in Mahakar village under Khijarsarai area in Gaya district of Bihar.^[4][5] His father Ramjit Ram Manjhi and mother Sukri Devi were farm labourers. After completing his graduation, he worked at the Gaya telephone exchange. He is married to Shanti Devi and has 2 sons and 5 daughters.^[4]

Political career

Indian National Congress

Jitan Ram Manjhi entered politics in 1980. On the ticket of the Indian National Congress party, he contested and won the assembly elections from the Fatehpur segment in Gaya district. He became a minister for the first time in the Chandrashekhar Singh-led government in Bihar. He won from the same constituency in the 1985 election, but lost in 1990. Between 1980 and 1990, he served as a minister of state in successive cabinets headed by Congress chief ministers Bindeshwari Dubey, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Jagannath Mishra.^[4][5]

Rashtriya Janata Dal

Immediately after losing the 1990 election, Manjhi switched to the Janata Dal. But when the Janata Dal split in 1996 and Laloo Prasad Yadav formed his own Rashtriya Janata Dal, Manjhi moved to the RJD under Yadav and won the Barachatti seat in the 1996 by-election (the previous incumbent Bhagwati Devi had left this seat to become a Member of Parliament from Gaya constituency). In the following election in 2000, he again won the same seat on an RJD ticket.^[4] Throughout 1996 to 2005, Manjhi was a minister in the RJD state government in Bihar, first under the chief ministership of Yadav himself, and then under Rabri Devi, Yadav's wife who took the chair of CM after Yadav himself was convicted and jailed for the Fodder Scam.^[4]

Janata Dal (United)

When Yadav's RJD lost the October 2005 elections to the Bharatiya Janata Party-Janata Dal (United) NDA coalition, Manjhi switched loyalties to the JDU. He won the election from Barachatti putting behind Samta Devi of his previous party RJD.^[6]

However, Manjhi was asked to resign immediately on the next day when his involvement in a corruption scam surfaced. Manjhi was involved in a fake B.Ed. degree racket in Bihar as the state education minister in the RJD government during the 1990s.^[7] As a junior minister in the Rabri Devi government, he was alleged to have given illegal permissions to institutes to run fake degree courses.^[4] He was later re-inducted in the state government cabinet by CM Nitish Kumar in 2008 after having absolved of the charges.^[8]

During the 2008 food crisis in Bihar, Manjhi promoted eating rats as they caused damage to food grains and as rats and chickens had "equal food values, not only in terms of protein, but in all areas of nutrition".^[9][10][11] Rat catching is common with people of the socioeconomically backward Musahar caste, to which Manjhi belongs.^[12]

In the 2010 Bihar elections, he was elected to state legislative assembly from Makhdumpur in Jehanabad district.^[13] After Kumar split his party Janata Dal (United) from the NDA to oppose coalition leader Bharatiya Janata Party's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi, Manjhi contested from Gaya but lost heavily and came a poor third behind winner Hari Manjhi (BJP) and Ramji Manjhi (RJD).^[14] He has been expelled from JD(U) on 9 Feb 2015. ^[3]

As Chief Minister

Manjhi is considered as a close confidant of Bihar ex-CM and JDU supremo Nitish Kumar, but is not known for his administrative skills.^[1][15] Following the JDU's poor showing in the 2014 general election, Kumar accepted responsibility for the defeat and resigned. Manjhi, minister for SC and ST welfare in Nitish's cabinet, replaced him as the 23rd Chief Minister of Bihar.^[16] Manjhi's promotion, despite his loss in the general elections and a miserable third place finish in Gaya, has been criticized in the media for being a cynical political ploy of Kumar deliberately choosing a puppet whom he could control as well as to rouse casteist emotions.^[17] Opposition leader Sushil Kumar Modi of the Bharatiya Janata Party called Manjhi a "dummy chief minister", to which Manjhi responded by saying he was "not a rubber stamp."^[1] But after taking oath on 20 May 2014, Manjhi stated that he would "continue to seek guidance from Nitish Kumar."^[1] Due to the breakup of the JDU from the BJP-led NDA and the desertion of some JDU MLAs, CM Manjhi's government faced instability and appeared unlikely to pass the trust vote in the state legislative assembly. However, Lalu Prasad Yadav's RJD and Sonia Gandhi's Congress party provided outside support to Manjhi because he belongs to a backward caste.^[18][19]

After ten months, the party asked him to resign to make way for Nitish Kumar to return as the Chief Minister. He refused and was expelled from the party for refusing on 9 February 2015, resulting in political crisis in the state.^[20] The governor asked Manjhi to seek vote of confidence on 20 February 2015, the first day of budget session of assembly.^[21] BJP announced it would support Manjhi but Manjhi was short of numbers he needed to prove the majority.^[22] On 20 February 2015, Manjhi resigned from the post of chief minister in morning before vote. He told that the legislators who supported him were threatened with death and the speaker of assembly did not allow secret ballot so he chose to resign. He said that people of the state is watching these politicians and will show them the power of democracy.^[2]

Controversies

During a speech in a meeting of Bihar State Foodgrain Businessmen's Association, Manjhi commented that his government is ready to forgive allegations against small-scale traders that indulge in black marketing and hoarding of food grains.^[23] He defended their action by adding that small-scale hoarding by these traders were a means to provide sustenance to their families and education to their children, both of which, in his view, were "noble causes." Widely criticised by the Indian media as "shocking," the comment came at a time when soaring prices of essential commodities was exacerbating India's food inflation, which the credit rating agency Moody's attributed to "structural problems that have widened the gap between demand and supply of food.".^[24]

HAM

He floated new political front, Hindustani Awam Morcha (HAM), on 28 February 2015 and clarified that the political party was not formed due to technical difficulties.^[25] Jitan Ram Manjhi is also active on social media like Facebook.^{[26][27][28][29]}

References

Chief Ministers of Bihar Sri Krishna Sinha Deep Narayan Singh Binodanand Jha K. B. Sahay Mahamaya Prasad Sinha Satish Prasad Singh B. P. Mandal Bhola Paswan Shastri Harihar Singh Daroga Prasad Rai Karpoori Thakur Kedar Pandey Abdul Ghafoor Jagannath Mishra Ram Sundar Das Chandrashekhar Singh Bindeshwari Dubey Bhagwat Jha Azad Satyendra Narayan Sinha Lalu Prasad Yadav Rabri Devi Nitish Kumar Jitan Ram Manjhi