Jean-Jacques Ekindi

Jean-Jacques Ekindi (born January 1945[1]) is a Cameroonian politician. He has been the National President of the Progressive Movement (Mouvement Progressiste, MP),[2] an opposition political party, since its foundation in 1991, and he was a Deputy in the National Assembly of Cameroon from 2007 to 2013.

As a student activist and a CPDM leader

Ekindi was born in Douala.[1] Early in his political career, he was a member of the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC).[3] He was politically active while studying in France, and he was arrested for political reasons in 1970 when he returned to Cameroon for a visit. After nearly two years in prison, he was released and resumed his studies in France.[4] When the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) was created as the governing party in 1985, replacing the Cameroon National Union (CNU), Ekindi joined the party,[4][5] encouraged by President Paul Biya's promises of reform.[4]

Ekindi was elected as the President of the Wouri Section of the CPDM in 1986.[4][6] His election was considered part of an effort by President Biya to reconcile factions in the party by allowing politicians such as Ekindi, who had been considered disloyal in the past, to take prominent leadership roles as Section Presidents.[6] In 1990, at the beginning of the period of multiparty political reform, he was considered to be among the leading progressive figures within the CPDM.[7] In early 1991, Ekindi was re-elected as President of the Wouri Section, defeating Albert Dzongang.[5] However, he left the CPDM[8][9][10][11] in May 1991.[10][11] Ekindi was considered the most important CPDM member to defect to the opposition at that time.[9]

As an opposition leader in the early 1990s

In opposition, Ekindi founded a new party, the MP;[3][11] he has been the MP's National President since it was founded[2] on 23 August 1991.[12] He participated in a rally held by the National Coordination of Opposition Parties and Associations (NCOPA) in Douala on 23–24 September 1991,[9] and on that occasion he was arrested and treated so badly that he required hospitalization.[9][11] 30 to 60 people were arrested when they protested in Douala against Ekindi's arrest.[13] Ekindi was in custody for less than 24 hours and was released without charge[11] at the request of foreign consuls.[9]

Ekindi was the MP candidate in the October 1992 presidential election. During the campaign, Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV) refused to air a segment produced by the Ekindi campaign on 2 October, judging that the segment included "'vociferous attacks' against the CPDM and 'insulting and defamatory words against Paul Biya'". The National Communication Board reviewed this decision and decided to allow the segment to be aired on 7 October. Further messages from the Ekindi campaign on 9 October and 10 October were not allowed to be aired, however;[14] according to the government, this was because Ekindi was "not respecting legal provisions".[15] According to the official results of the 1992 election, Ekindi received 0.79% of the vote (a total of 23,525 votes) and placed fifth. His best performance was in the Far North Province, where he won 9,903 votes.[16]

When Biya garnered the nickname "Lion Man" (l'homme lion) at the time of the 1992 presidential election, Ekindi in turn garnered the nickname "Lion Hunter" (chasseur du lion) for his fierce opposition to Biya.[4][17] Ekindi's stance on the issue of federalism varied at the time. He backed the idea on 4 February 1992 and urged Biya to not ignore the Anglophone problem, arguing that concerns about the possibility of Anglophone secession were baseless because the Anglophone parties were not seeking secession. However, he said in April 1992 that a unitary state was preferable because it would be less expensive than federalism.[8]

Political activities since 2003

In late 2003, Ekindi became the Chairman-in-Office of the Front of Alternative Forces, an opposition coalition.[18] Ekindi was briefly detained in Douala along with other members of the Front in January 2004 as they were about to launch a petition related to the forthcoming presidential election;[19] among other things, the petition called for the electoral register to be computerized and for electoral lists to be revised.[18] He was again detained on 17 August 2004 at a march in Douala.[19] In a September 2004 interview, Ekindi expressed his disapproval of the large number of political parties in Cameroon, arguing that it was not useful to have so many and that it made the political landscape crowded and chaotic. He said that many parties were created by individuals seeking only personal gain and that the government used agents to create new parties in order to disrupt the existing opposition. According to Ekindi, Cameroon would ideally have only three parties, one of them in power and the other two in opposition, and he proposed merger agreements to make that happen.[20]

Again running as the MP's presidential candidate in the 11 October 2004 presidential election, Ekindi submitted a legal challenge to Biya's candidacy at the Supreme Court in September 2004, arguing that the constitution barred Biya from standing for re-election while also serving as the President of the CPDM.[21] Ekindi then announced his withdrawal from the election on 10 October in favor of John Fru Ndi, the candidate of the main opposition party, the SDF.[22] His name nevertheless remained on the ballot, and he placed 13th out of 16 candidates with 0.27% of the vote; he received his best score in the Far North Province, where he took 0.62% of the vote.[23]

After the 2004 election, Ekindi filed two petitions at the Supreme Court seeking the annulment of the election. The first petition dealt with Ekindi's argument that Biya was not a valid candidate because was simultaneously President of the Republic and President of the CPDM, while the second focused on allegations of misconduct in the election itself. The Supreme Court rejected both of Ekindi's petitions, along with all ten of the other petitions filed by others seeking the election's annulment, on 22 October.[24]

In an interview with The Post on 2 January 2007, Ekindi said that he planned to stand as a parliamentary and municipal candidate in Douala in the election held later that year. Also in that interview, he sharply criticized Biya's 2007 New Year address, arguing that it was inappropriate for Biya to criticize corruption and other problems when he, as President for the previous 24 years, was the person most responsible for the state of the nation. According to Ekindi, Biya's criticisms of the country's problems actually represented an admission of his own failure. Furthermore, in response to Biya's assertion that 2006 had been a good year, Ekindi said that this indicated that Biya was divorced from the stark reality experienced by the people.[25]

In the 22 July 2007 parliamentary election, Ekindi was elected to the National Assembly as an MP candidate in the Wouri Centre constituency of Littoral Province, where the MP received 22.43% of the vote and one of the three available seats. Ekindi was the only member of his party to win a seat in the 2007 election.[26] During the campaign, he complained that the MP received only six seconds of airtime on television per day, giving it a total of one minute and 24 seconds for the whole campaign. According to Ekindi, this represented discrimination against small parties and was illegal.[27] He also headed the MP list for the concurrent municipal election[28] in Douala 1 and won a seat as a municipal councillor there.[29] At the time of the election, the alliance between the MP and the SDF collapsed because, according to Ekindi, the SDF decided to run candidates in Wouri Centre and ignored the alliance. The MP instead formed an alliance with the Cameroon Democratic Union (CDU).[30]

During the re-election of Bureau of the National Assembly on 14 March 2008, Ekindi objected when Emilia Lifaka, the Vice-President of the CPDM Parliamentary Group, presented a "consensus" list of candidates for the Bureau. Ekindi said that he had not been consulted about the list and that it was therefore not based on a consensus. Cavaye Yeguie Djibril, the President of the National Assembly, ignored Ekindi's objection.[31]

After three broadcasting stations were temporarily shut down and broadcasting equipment was subsequently withheld from one of them, Ekindi alleged on 4 July 2008 that Minister of Communications Jean Pierre Biyiti bi Essam was "guilty of abuse of power".[32] Ekindi participated in political consultations with Prime Minister Ephraïm Inoni regarding the appointment of the members of Elections Cameroon (ELECAM), the national electoral commission. After Biya appointed the members of ELECAM on 30 December 2008, Ekindi said on 3 January 2009 that the appointments went beyond mere manipulation, which he had come to expect, and reached the level of blatant deception. According to Ekindi, he had not expected Biya to go so far as to appoint leading CPDM members to ELECAM, as the members of ELECAM were supposed to be neutral, independent individuals. Furthermore, he said that the consultations held prior to the appointments were useless because the proposals made during those consultations were completely ignored.[33]

The MP failed to win any seats in the September 2013 parliamentary election, and Ekindi therefore lost his seat in the National Assembly.[34]

Personal life

Ekindi's wife, Else Ekindi, died suddenly on 26 October 2007.[35]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dippah Kayessé, "Jean Jacques Ekindi: 16 ans après être passé à l’opposition, le coordonnateur du MP va bénéficier d’un mandat à l’Assemblée nationale.", Quotidien Mutations, 27 July 2007 (French).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Joe Dinga Pefok, "Douala Tit-Bits", The Post (Cameroon), 16 January 2006 (French).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Milton H. Krieger and Joseph Takougang, African State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroon's Political Crossroads (2000), Westview Press, page 133.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Joe Dinga Pefok, "JEAN JACQUES EKINDI: The Lion Hunter", The Post (Cameroon), 8 October 2004.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Benjamin Lissom Lissom, "http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200708210757.html "Jean Jacques Ekindi - une ambition assouvie", Cameroon Tribune, 21 August 2007 (French).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 African State and Society in the 1990s, page 81.
  7. ↑ African State and Society in the 1990s, page 113, note 82.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Piet Konings and Francis B. Nyamnjoh, Negotiating an Anglophone Identity: A Study of the Politics of Recognition and Representation in Cameroon (2003), page 159.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 African State and Society in the 1990s, page 138.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jennifer A. Widner, Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa (1994), page 147.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "QUESTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF ALL PERSONS SUBJECTED TO ANY FORM OF DETENTION OR IMPRISONMENT, IN PARTICULAR: TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT; Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. P. Kooijmans, pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/32", Commission on Human Rights, UN Economic and Social Council, E/CN.4/1993/26, 15 December 1992.
  12. ↑ Cameroon Political Parties – Government of Cameroon.
  13. ↑ "Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 - Cameroon", Human Rights Watch (UNHCR Refworld), 1 January 1992.
  14. ↑ Francis B. Nyamnjoh, Africa's Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging (2005), Zed Books, pages 142–143.
  15. ↑ "Cameroon: A Transition in Crisis", Article 19 (UNHCR Refworld), October 1997.
  16. ↑ Cameroon Tribune, 27 October 1992 (cited in Nantang Jua, "The Power Elite, the State, and Transition Politics in Cameroon", Political Liberalization and Democratization in Africa: Lessons from Country Experiences (2003), ed. Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere and John Mukum Mbaku, Greenwood Publishing Group, page 97).
  17. ↑ Africa's Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging, page 153.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Françoise Ndame, "Inscription sur les listes électorales: L’opposition s’organise, le pouvoir panique", Le Messager (Cameroon-info.net), 14 January 2004 (French).
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Amnesty International Report 2005 - Cameroon", Amnesty International (UNHCR Refworld), 25 May 2005.
  20. ↑ Joe Dinga Pefok, "Cameroon Needs Only Three Political Parties - Ekindi", The Post (Cameroon-info.net), 6 September 2004.
  21. ↑ "Cameroon election bid challenged", BBC News, 29 September 2004.
  22. ↑ "Presidentielle: Jean Jacques Ekindi se désiste au profit de John Fru Ndi", AFP (Cameroon-info.net), 10 October 2004 (French).
  23. ↑ 2004 results page for Ekindi at official election website.
  24. ↑ Kini Nsom & Nformi Sonde Kinsai, "Supreme Court Clears Way For Biya’s Victory", The Post (Cameroon), 25 October 2004.
  25. ↑ Joe Dinga Pefok, "Ekindi To "Tie Knot" With SDF At 2007 Elections", The Post (Cameroon), 6 January 2007.
  26. ↑ "Legislatives 2007: Les résultats de la Cour suprême", Mutations (Cameroon-info.net), 13 August 2007 (French).
  27. ↑ P. Ng’onana, "Propagande: Des acteurs pas sur la fréquence", La Nouvelle Expression (Cameroon-info.net), 20 July 2007 (French).
  28. ↑ Dippah Kayessé, "Coalition: UDC et le MP font le travail en commun", Mutations (Cameroon-info.net), 19 July 2007 (French).
  29. ↑ Sandrine Tonlio, "Douala 1er - Ekindi contre l'adoption du compte financier", Mutations, 24 June 2009 (French).
  30. ↑ Joe Dinga Pefok, "Ndam Njoya, Ekindi Agree On Mutual Support At Elections", The Post (Cameroon), 24 June 2007.
  31. ↑ Kini Nsom, "Assembly Bureau Elections - Adama Modi Embarrasses Cavaye Again", The Post (Cameroon), 17 March 2008.
  32. ↑ "Cameroon broadcaster's equipment held by police", Committee to Protect Journalists (UNHCR Refworld), 8 July 2008.
  33. ↑ Joe Dinga Pefok, "Ekindi Says Biya Violated The Law Appointing ELECAM Members", The Post (Cameroon), 5 January 2009.
  34. ↑ "Cameroun: le parti au pouvoir de Paul Biya remporte haut la main les législatives", Radio France Internationale, 17 October 2013 (French).
  35. ↑ Joe Dinga Pefok, "Ekindi's Wife Passes On", The Post (Cameroon), 29 October 2007.