James Hanley (novelist)

James Hanley
Liverpool waterfront
Born	(1897-09-03)3 September 1897 Kirkdale, Liverpool, Lancashire, England, UK
Died	11 November 1985(1985-11-11) (aged 88) London, England, UK
Resting place	Llanfechain, Powys, Wales, UK
Occupation	Novelist, playwright, radio and television dramatist, and short story writer
Literary movement	Expressionism, Modernism, English literature, Welsh literature in English
Notable works	Boy, The Furys, The Closed Harbour, Levine
Spouse	Dorothy Enid "Timothy" Thomas (neé Heathcote)

James (Joseph) Hanley (3 September 1897 – 11 November 1985) was a British novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Irish descent.

Hanley published his first novel Drift in 1930 and in the 1930s and 1940s he wrote a number of novels and short stories about seamen and their families. This included Boy (1931), which was the subject of a notorious obscenity trail. Hanley came from a family of seamen and spent two years at sea himself. But after World War II there was less emphasis on the sea in his works.

While he was frequently praised by the critics, Hanley's novels did not sell well and in the late 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s he wrote plays, mainly for the BBC, first for radio and then for television, but also for the theatre. Hanley returned to the novel in the 1970s and his last novel, A Kingdom, was published in 1978, when he was eighty.

Biography

Born in Kirkdale, Liverpool, Lancashire, in 1897 (not Dublin, nor 1901 as he generally implied) to a working class family. Both his parents were, on the other hand, born in Ireland, his father Edward Hanley around 1865, in Dublin, and his mother, Bridget Roache, in Queenstown, County Cork, around 1867. However, both were "well established in Liverpool by 1891", when they got married. Hanley's father worked most of his life as a stoker, particularly on Cunard liners, and other relatives had also gone to sea.^[1] James also grew up living close to the docks. He left school in the summer of 1910 and worked for four years in an accountants' office. Then early in 1915, aged 17 he went to sea for the first time (not 13 as he again implied).^[2] Thus life at sea was a formative influence and much of his early writing is about seamen.^[3]

Then, in April 1917, Hanley jumped ship in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, and shortly thereafter joined the Canadian Army in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Hanley fought in France in the summer of 1918, but was invalided out shortly thereafter. After the war he worked as a railway porter in Bootle and he devoted himself "to a prodiguous range of autodidactic, high cultural activities – learning the piano, regularly attending […] concerts […] reading voraciously and, above all, writing."^[4] However, it was not until 1930 that his novel Drift was accepted.^[5]

Hanley moved from Liverpool to near Corwen, North Wales in 1931, where he met Dorothy Enid "Timothy" Thomas, neé Heathcote, a descendant of Lincolnshire nobility. They lived together and had a child, Liam Powys Hanley, in 1933, but did not marry until 1947.^[6][7] Then, as war was approaching, In July 1939, Hanley moved to London, to write documentaries and plays for the BBC,^[8] but he moved back to Wales, to Llanfechain, the other side of the Berwyn Mountains from Corwen, in the early years of the war, where he remained until 1963, when the Hanleys moved to North London, close to their son Liam.^[9]

Hanley published an autobiographical work, Broken Water: An Autobiographical Excursion in 1937, and while this generally presents a true overall picture of his life, it is seriously flawed, incomplete and inaccurate. Chris Gostick describes it as "a teasing palimpsest of truth and imagination".^[10]

Hanley's brother was the novelist Gerald Hanley and his nephew the American novelist and playwright William Hanley. James Hanley's wife also published three novels, as Timothy Hanley. She died in 1980. James Hanley himself died in 1985. He was buried in Llanfechain, Wales.^[11]

St. Garmon's Church Llanfechain. The Hanleys lived in Llanfechain from December 1940 until 1963, and Hanley was buried there.

Works

1930s and 1940s

Hanley's first publication, the novel Drift (1930), was written under the influence of James Joyce.^{[note 1]} While Drift is about an Irish Catholic family, the setting is Liverpool, and in the 1930s Hanley wrote largely about the Irish community in Liverpool, especially with the semi-autobiographical novels about the Fury family, The Furys (1935), The Secret Journey (1936), and Our Time is Gone (1940), as well as Ebb and Flood (1932). Hanley's novels of the 1930s and 1940s also focus on life at sea. Hanley wrote two further novels about the Furys of Liverpool, Winter Song (1950), and An End and a Beginning (1958), though Irish and especially Roman Catholic characters continue to have a significant role throughout most of Hanley’s career.^[12]

James Hanley consistently explored the lives of men and women "in extremis", that is in dramatically precarious states of fear and isolation, which tend to lead to violence and madness.^[13] A grim early example is in the novella The Last Voyage (1931). John Reilly is a fireman who is still working only because he has lied about his age, and now faces his last voyage.^[14] Reilly although he is in his mid-sixties has a young family, and therefore the family will have to live on his inadequate pension.^[15] In another sense this is Reilly's last voyage, because despairing as to the future he throws himself into the ship’s furnace: “Saw all his life illuminated in those flames. ‘Not much for us. Sweat, sweat. Pay off. Sign on. Sweat, sweat. Pay off. Finish. Ah, well!’”.^[16][17]

In Boy (1931) young Fearon’s isolation and suffering arise because no one cares for him. The story of Boy is "sordid and horrible".^[18] The young protagonist’s parents are only interested in the wages he can earn, and encourage him to leave school as soon as possible.^[19] Likewise society is unconcerned about the harsh, unhealthy conditions he endures cleaning ships’ boilers. Then, when he goes to sea, he is sexually abused by his fellow seamen. Finally, when young Fearon is dying in agony from a venereal disease caught in a Cairo brothel, his Captain smothers him.^[20]

It is not surprising that Hanley should show an interest in such extreme situations, given his early awareness of the precariousness of life in the working class world that he came from.^[21] Hanley would also have sensed, very early in his life, that individual lives of the working poor and their children was of little value in a modern industrial city like Liverpool.^[22] All this encouraged his exploration not only of working class life but also the emotional life of characters on the periphery of society.^[23]

There is an exploration of another type of extreme situation in those works of Hanley which deal with a shipwreck, such as “Narrative” (1931), and the World War II novels The Ocean (1941), Sailor’s Song (1943), though these extreme situations are undergone by groups of men, and “were primarily inspiriting in their representation of maritime heroism”.^[24]

After World War II

In the 1950s he wrote some of "his finest novels", Closed Harbour (1952), The Welsh Sonata (1954), Levine (1956), and An End and a Beginning (1958), the final volume of the Furys sequence.^[25] Characters in extreme situations is also the subject these novels of Hanley's maturity, where the male protagonists, following some trauma, are both unemployed and isolated from family and society.^[26]

Hanley’s protagonists tend to be solitary figures and his concern is with loneliness, rootlessness, violence and madness and "he was never a political novelist or propagandist".^[27] His described himself as an anarchist, in a statement sent to International Pen. "I have been labelled a 'Proletarian writer' [… which] is to be party to more than one quite absurd theory, one of which is that only one section society is evil, and only one section capable of soaring; this message comes out of Communist vacuums […] My whole attitude is anarchial (sic), I do not believe in the State at all ".^[28]

In the 1960s, because of his lack of financial success as a novelist, Hanley turned to writing plays for radio, television, and occasionally the theatre.^[29] While he wrote mostly for the BBC, his plays were also produced in several other countries, including the CBC in Canada.^[30] Hanley play Say Nothing was on stage for a month at the Theatre Royal, Stratford East in 1962 and off Broadway, New York, in 1965, while Inner Journey was on stage in Hamburg in 1966, as well as New York's Lincoln Center for a month in 1969.^[31]

Hanley returned to the novel form in the 1970s, publishing Another World, A Woman in the Sky (1973), A Dream Journey (1976) and The Kingdom (1978), all of which "were positively received".^[32] Several of Hanley's later novels were derived from earlier plays.^[33]

Hanley also frequently published short stories and book reviews, throughout his career, and some of these stories were subsequently collected and published in book form.^[34]

Works set in Wales

Hanley lived a large part of his writing life, from 1931 until 1963, in Wales, and wrote several works with a Welsh setting and subject matter.^[35] The first full length work was Grey Children: A Study in Humbug and Misery (1937). The subject matter of this non-fiction work, unemployment in industrial South Wales, though has more in common with Hanley’s novels of the 1930s about the struggles of working class Liverpudleians. In genre Grey Children belongs with George Orwell’s Road to Wigan Pier, published earlier in 1937.^[36]

It was not, however, until 1953, over twenty years after Hanley moved to Wales, with the publication of “Anatomy of Llangyllwch”, in Don Quixote Drowned, that he wrote at length about that part of rural North Wales where he lived. Hanley uses the fictional name “Llangyllwch” for the village of Llanfechain, where the Hanleys moved in the early 1940s, on the other side of the Berwyn Mountains from Corwen, close to the English border.^[37]

A local character from Llanfechain was the source of the central character, Rhys, in The Welsh Sonata (1954), which was Hanley’s first full-length novel with a Welsh setting.^[38] This novel marks an important step forward in Hanley’s attempt to give form to his feelings about Wales. The Welsh Sonata is narrated from the perspective of Welsh characters, and Hanley occasional uses Welsh words, and he adopts, at times, a poetic style.^[39]

Almost twenty years after The Welsh Sonata, in 1972, Hanley’s second Welsh novel, Another World appeared. Hanley’s third Welsh novel, A Kingdom (1978), published "remarkably" when he was 80, was his last novel.^[40] As he had been living in North London since 1963, this is very much written at a distance.^[41] There is a suggestion of the influence of the austere poetry of Hanley’s friend, Welsh poet-priest, R. S. Thomas in this "elegiac evocation of hill-farm life".^[42]

Reputation

Following Hanley's death in 1985 there has been the occasional reprinting, including, by Harvill The Last Voyage and Other Stories (1997) and The Ocean (1999); and more recently by OneWorld Classics, Boy (2007) and The Closed Harbour (2009), both with new biographical information provided by Chris Gostick. Several titles are also available from Fabers reprints on demand service. In 2013 Parthian Books published A Kingdom in their series "Library of Wales".

In 2001, to mark what was then believed to be the centennial of James Hanley's birth, a one day conference was held in Cambridge. Another important landmark was the publication in 2002 of John Fordham's James Hanley: Modernism and the Working Class by the University of Wales Press, which amongst other things suggests that Hanley is not simply a realist or naturalist, but because of his use of expressionistic techniques, should be seen as a modernist.^[43] Fordham's study also contains new biographical material.

Hanley never achieved major success as a writer, even though he often received favourable reviews, both in Britain and America and counted amongst his admirers E.M. Forster, T. E. Lawrence, Anthony Burgess, and Henry Green.^[44] In 1999 Doris Lessing described The Ocean as "a great novel".^[45] John Cowper Powys in his "Preface" to James Hanley's Men in Darkness (1931), comments: "There are few people who could read these powerful and terrible tales without being strongly affected" (ix). And more recently Alberto Manguel questions: "Why one of the major 20th-century writers should have suffered such a fickle fate is a question to which, no doubt, modern readers will have to answer to the sound of the Author's final trumpets".^[46]

Bibliography

Notes

References

External links

• The Official James Hanley Website at the Wayback Machine (archived March 6, 2005).