Jalumi War
| Jalumi War | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Ibadan War | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
| Ilorins, Ekitis and Ijeshas | Ibadan | ||||
  Location within Nigeria | |||||
The Jalumi War, also called the Battle of Ikirun, was a battle that took place on 1 November 1878 in the north east of present-day Osun State, Nigeria. It was part of the larger conflict named the Ibadan War. The forces of Ibadan defeated in detail a force of rebellious Yorubas including soldiers from Ilorin, Ekiti, Ila and Ijesha. Despite the victory, fighting continued in the years that followed until the Ilorins were finally defeated in 1897.
Background
The Jalumi War took place in the hilly country of the northeast of Osun State in the area that includes Ikirun, Iba, Inisa, Okuku and Eko-Ende. It was one of the series of civil wars in Yorubaland between 1793 and 1893.[1]
In June 1878 word came to Ibadan that the Ilorins had joined the Ekitis and Ilas in the alliance against them.[2] The Ekitis and Ila, now joined by the Ijeshas, laid siege to Ikirun. The king of Ilorin sent his forces, led by Ajia, to join his allies around Ikurin. They suffered a setback at Otan, but were reinforced and joined the siege.[3] When news reached Idadan they were unable to send help until their army returned on 14 October 1878 from an expedition to Meko. The Balogun Ogboriefon was told to march to the aid of Ikirun with five days.[3]
It was the peak of the rainy season, and many Ibadan soldiers drowned crossing the Oba and Osun rivers. The Balogun had to share command with the Osi Ilori, a jealous and incompetent man.[4] On 30 October 1878 the Ikurins had been pressed back and fought within their town walls. The Balogun of Ibadan entered the town the next day with his relief force. The attacking forces at this time were in three groups. The Ilorins under Ajia were to the northeast, near the Ikirun farms. The Ilas under prince Adeyala and the Ekitis under Fanunmi were camped together nearby. The Ijeshas were to the east, led by Ayimoro and Ogunmodede, encamped in the small town of Iba.[5]
Battle
On 1 November 1878 the three besieging forces advanced against Ikirun. The Balogun left the Osi Ilori and his followers with the Ikiruns to fight the Ilorins, Ekitis and Ilas, while he took his soldiers to fight the Ijeshas. The first group was defeated, their leader the Osi Ilori was taken alive, and the rest retreated to Ikirun.[6] When the Balogun heard of the failure, he did not panic, but through clever maneuvers defeated and ruthlessly destroyed the Ijeshas.[6] He then returned, defeated the Ilorins and drove them out of their camp, but not before they had killed the Osi. He then defeated the demoralized Ekitis and Ilas. The victory was complete.[7]
The people of Ofa heard that the Ilorins were in retreat, and cut the bridge across the Otin River in their rear. The Ilorins were pushed into the flooded river by the victorious Ibadans, and thousands of men, women and horses drowned.[7] Jalumi means "drown in the river". The battle is so named because of the drowning of the forces of Ilorin.[8]
War charms were used by both sides in the Ibadan war, and some thought that the Muslim charms were more powerful than the traditional Yoruba ones.[9] According to a verbal report given one hundred years later, an actor named Ojelade from Inisha who lived in Okuku impressed the Bologun of Ibadan with his magical powers. He and his troupe were asked to help the Ibadan forces against the rebels. It is said that Ojelade disguised himself as a white man, which made the enemy flee since "they could not fight the ghost of a white man." The members of the troupe could not be hurt. They stretched out their arms, and the bullets were caught in their clothes and fell to the ground, where they were collected and shot back at the enemy. Through these and other actions the troupe helped with the victory.[10]
Aftermath
Despite the Ibadan victory, the Ijebu refused to ally with them and the Egba would not give them passage to the coast. The Ekiti formed a military confederation called the Ekiti Parapo commanded by the Ogedengbe of Ilesha, and formed a tighter alliance with the Ijesha. The Ibadan found themselves fighting on three fronts.[11] Okuku, which had been under the control of Ilorin, now came within the control of Ibadan, which posted a representative to the town.[12] However the region continued to be harried by the Ilorins. This continued after the British had negotiated peace in 1893, and ended only after the British Captain Bower destroyed the main Ilorin army near Otan using rockets in 1896. Ilorin itself fell the next year.[13]
References
Citations
- ↑ The Jalumi War in Yoruba History, Odo-Otin.
- ↑ Johnson 2010, p. 424.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Johnson 2010, p. 426.
- ↑ Johnson 2010, p. 427.
- ↑ Johnson 2010, p. 428.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Johnson 2010, p. 430.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Johnson 2010, p. 434.
- ↑ Lakemfa 2010.
- ↑ McKenzie 1997, p. 109.
- ↑ Granqvist 1993, p. 149.
- ↑ Smith 1988, p. 144.
- ↑ Barber 1991, p. 50.
- ↑ Barber 1991, p. 61.
Sources
- Barber, Karin (1991-04-01). I Could Speak Until Tomorrow: Oriki, Women, and the Past in a Yoruba Town. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0287-2. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
- Granqvist, Raoul (1993-01-01). Culture in Africa: An Appeal for Pluralism. Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN 978-91-7106-330-4. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
- Johnson, Samuel (2010-09-30). The History of the Yorubas: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02099-2. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
- Lakemfa, Owei (2010-08-04). "The Akala - Oyinlola 'Jalumi' War". Vanguard. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
- McKenzie, Peter Rutherford (1997-01-01). Hail Orisha!: A Phenomenology of a West African Religion in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-10942-0. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
- Smith, Robert Sydney (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11604-0. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
- "The Jalumi War in Yoruba History". Odo-Otin Local Government. Retrieved 2014-08-17.