Jacob Awad

Jacob IV Awad (or Ya'qub Awwad, Auwad, Aouad, Arabic: يعقوب الرابع عوّاد‎, Latin: Iacobus Evodius Hasruensis) was the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch from 1705 to his death in 1733.

Life

Jacob Awad was born in Hasroun, Lebanon. He studied in Rome for thirteen years,^[1]:148 and at his return in Lebanon he served as secretary of Patriarch Estephan El Douaihy, who^[2] consecrated him bishop of Tripoli in 1698.^[3] Jacob Awad was elected patriarch on November 6, 1705^[1]:145 by the bishops met in the patriarchal residence of the Qannubin Monastery in Kadisha Valley. His election was confirmed by Pope Clement XI on February 21, 1706, and he received the pallium on February 8, 1708.^[4]

The election of Jacob Awad as patriarch was opposed by a number of bishops, who in the next years built a fierce opposition to him, spreading rumors about inadmissible behavior of the Patriarch in his residence of the Qannubin Monastery. These rumors turned into a large scandal, and finally the bishops, advised by some Latin missionaries, in particular by the Carmelite Elias Giacinto, sent for Jacob Awad and summoned a brief trial in the church of Saint Serge and Bacchus in Rayfoun. Here, on May 1710, Jacob Awad was declared guilty and deposed. In his place the bishop of Saida, Youssef Moubarak Al Rayfouni, was elected patriarch,^[4][5] and Awad was confined in the monastery of Our Lady of Louiaze. However, to fully enforce the decisions taken, it was necessary to obtain the approval of Pope; with this aim the opponents of Awad sent Georges Benjamin bishop of Ehden to Rome.^[6] On December 16, 1710 in Rome, contrary to Benjamin's hopes, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ruled in favor of Awad.

Thus, the Custodian of the Holy Land Fra Laurent de Saint-Laurent was sent to Rayfoun, where Youssef Moubarak lived, to restore Awad to the patriarchal see. On August 13, 1711 Jacob Awad was formally reinstated as Patriarch, but during the ceremony he presented his resignation, probably a way to conciliate the decree of Rome with his opponents' will. Youssef Moubarak was so elected Patriarch for the second time. The resignation was examined in Rome by the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith on February 15, 1712, and they decided to start a trial which lasted till May 8, 1713. The final verdict was to reject Awad's resignation, to reinstall him as Patriarch and to condemn the Carmelite Elias Giacinto who was considered the origin of the false rumors. These decisions were easily implemented in Lebanon also because of the death, on September 8, 1713, of the anti-patriarch Youssef Moubarak; thus on January 1714 Jacob Awad returned to the patriarchal residence of the Qannubin Monastery.^[4]

Jacob Awad during his patriarchate helped many Catholic Melkites during the persecutions by the Orthodox party after the schism of 1724. He died on February 12, 1733.^[1]:162

Notes