J. M. Barrie

Sir James Matthew Barrie, Bt

Barrie in 1890
Born James Matthew Barrie
9 May 1860
Kirriemuir, Angus, Scotland
Died 19 June 1937 (aged 77)
London, England
Resting place Kirriemuir Cemetery, Angus, Scotland
Occupation Novelist, playwright
Nationality Scottish
Citizenship United Kingdom
Education Glasgow Academy
Forfar Academy
Dumfries Academy
Edinburgh University
Period Victorian, Edwardian
Genre Children's literature, drama, fantasy
Literary movement Kailyard school
Notable works The Little White Bird
Peter Pan
The Admirable Crichton
Spouse Mary Ansell (m. 1894–1909)
Children Guardian of the Llewelyn Davies boys
Signature
Website
jmbarrie.co.uk

Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish author and dramatist, best remembered today as the creator of Peter Pan. The child of a family of small-town weavers, he was educated in Scotland. He moved to London, where he developed a career as a novelist and playwright. There he met the Llewelyn Davies boys who inspired him in writing about a baby boy who has magical adventures in Kensington Gardens (included in The Little White Bird), then to write Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, a "fairy play" about an ageless boy and an ordinary girl named Wendy who have adventures in the fantasy setting of Neverland.

Peter Pan quickly overshadowed his previous work and although he continued to write successfully, it became his best-known work, credited with popularising the name Wendy, which was very uncommon previously.[1] Barrie unofficially adopted the Davies boys following the deaths of their parents.

Barrie was made a baronet by George V in 1913, and a member of the Order of Merit in 1922. Before his death, he gave the rights to the Peter Pan works to London's Great Ormond Street Hospital, which continues to benefit from them.

Childhood and adolescence

James Matthew Barrie was born in Kirriemuir, Angus, to a conservative Calvinist family. His father, David Barrie, was a modestly successful weaver. His mother, Margaret Ogilvy, had assumed her deceased mother's household responsibilities at the age of eight. Barrie was the ninth child of ten (two of whom died before he was born), all of whom were schooled in at least the three Rs, in preparation for possible professional careers. His siblings were; Alexander (1842 – 16 July 1914), Mary Ann (1845–1918), Jane (14 March 1847 – 31 August 1895), Elizabeth (12 March 1849 – 1 April 1851), Agnes (23 Dec 1850–1851), David Ogilvy (30 January 1853 – 29 January 1867), Sarah (3 June 1855 – 1 November 1913), Isabella (4 January 1858 – 1902) and Margaret (9 July 1863 – 1936). He was a small child (he only grew to 5 ft 31⁄2 in. according to his 1934 passport), and drew attention to himself with storytelling.

When he was 6 years old, Barrie's next-older brother David (his mother's favourite) died two days before his 14th birthday in an ice-skating accident. This left his mother devastated, and Barrie tried to fill David's place in his mother's attentions, even wearing David's clothes and whistling in the manner that he did. One time Barrie entered her room, and heard her say "Is that you?" "I thought it was the dead boy she was speaking to", wrote Barrie in his biographical account of his mother, Margaret Ogilvy (1896), "and I said in a little lonely voice, 'No, it's no' him, it's just me.'" Barrie's mother found comfort in the fact that her dead son would remain a boy forever, never to grow up and leave her.[2] Eventually Barrie and his mother entertained each other with stories of her brief childhood and books such as Robinson Crusoe, works by fellow Scotsman Walter Scott, and The Pilgrim's Progress.[3]

At the age of 8, Barrie was sent to The Glasgow Academy, in the care of his eldest siblings Alexander and Mary Ann, who taught at the school. When he was 10 he returned home and continued his education at the Forfar Academy. At 14, he left home for Dumfries Academy, again under the watch of Alexander and Mary Ann. He became a voracious reader, and was fond of Penny Dreadfuls, and the works of Robert Michael Ballantyne and James Fenimore Cooper. At Dumfries he and his friends spent time in the garden of Moat Brae house, playing pirates "in a sort of Odyssey that was long afterwards to become the play of Peter Pan".[4][5] They formed a drama club, producing his first play Bandelero the Bandit, which provoked a minor controversy following a scathing moral denunciation from a clergyman on the school's governing board.[3]

Literary career

Peter Pan statue in Kensington Gardens, London

Barrie wished to follow a career as an author, but was dissuaded by his family who wanted him to have a profession such as the ministry. With advice from Alec, he was able to work out a compromise: he was to attend a university, but would study literature.[6] He enrolled at the University of Edinburgh, where he wrote drama reviews for the Edinburgh Evening Courant. He graduated and obtained a M.A. on 21 April 1882.[6]

He worked for a year and a half as a staff journalist on the Nottingham Journal following a job advertisement found by his sister in The Scotsman,[6] then returned to Kirriemuir, using his mother's stories about the town (which he renamed "Thrums") for a piece submitted to the newspaper St. James's Gazette in London. The editor 'liked that Scotch thing',[3] so Barrie wrote a series of them, which served as the basis for his first novels: Auld Licht Idylls (1888), A Window in Thrums (1890),[7] and The Little Minister (1891). The stories depicted the "Auld Lichts", a strict religious sect that his grandfather had once belonged to.[6] Literary criticism of these early works has been unfavourable, tending to disparage them as sentimental and nostalgic depictions of a parochial Scotland far from the realities of the industrialised nineteenth century, but they were popular enough to establish Barrie as a successful writer. After the success of the "Auld Lichts", he printed Better Dead (1888) privately and at his own expense, and it failed to sell.[6] His two "Tommy" novels, Sentimental Tommy (1896) and Tommy and Grizel (1900), were about a boy and young man who clings to childish fantasy, with an unhappy ending.

Meanwhile, Barrie's attention turned increasingly to works for the theatre, beginning with a biography of Richard Savage and written by both Barrie and H.B. Marriott Watson (performed only once, and critically panned).[6] He immediately followed this with Ibsen's Ghost (or Toole Up-to-Date)[6] (1891), a parody of Henrik Ibsen's dramas Hedda Gabler and Ghosts (unlicensed in the UK until 1914,[8] it had created a sensation at the time from a single 'club' performance). The production of Barrie's play at Toole's Theatre in London was seen by William Archer, the translator of Ibsen's works into English, who enjoyed the humour of the play and recommended it to others. His third play, Walker, London (1892), helped him be introduced to a young actress named Mary Ansell. He proposed to her and they were married on 9 July 1894. Barrie bought her a Saint Bernard puppy, who would play a part in the novel The Little White Bird (or Adventures in Kensington Gardens). He also gave Ansell's given name to many characters in his novels.[6]

Barrie also authored Jane Annie, a failed comic opera for Richard D'Oyly Carte (1893), which he begged his friend Arthur Conan Doyle to revise and finish for him. In 1901 and 1902 he had back-to-back successes: Quality Street, about a responsible 'old maid' who poses as her own flirtatious niece to win the attention of a former suitor returned from the war; and The Admirable Crichton, a critically acclaimed social commentary with elaborate staging, about an aristocratic household shipwrecked on a desert island, in which the butler naturally rises to leadership over his lord and ladies for the duration of their time away from civilisation.

Peter Pan first appeared in his novel The Little White Bird, published in the UK by Hodder & Stoughton in 1902, and serialised in the US in the same year in Scribner's Magazine.[9] Barrie's more famous and enduring work, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, had its first stage performance on 27 December 1904. This play introduced audiences to the name Wendy, which was inspired by a young girl, Margaret Henley, who called Barrie 'Friendy'; she could not pronounce her Rs very well and so it came out as 'Fwendy'. It has been performed innumerable times since then, and was developed by Barrie into the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy. It has since been adapted into feature films, musicals, and more. The Bloomsbury scenes show the societal constraints of late Victorian and Edwardian middle-class domestic reality, contrasted with Neverland, a world where morality is ambivalent. George Bernard Shaw's description of the play as "ostensibly a holiday entertainment for children but really a play for grown-up people", suggests deeper social allegories at work in Peter Pan.

Production of the The Twelve Pound Look at Shimer College.

In April 1929 Barrie gave the copyright of the Peter Pan works to Great Ormond Street Hospital, a leading children's hospital in London. The current status of the copyright is somewhat complex.

Barrie had a long string of successes on the stage after Peter Pan, many of which discuss social concerns. The Twelve Pound Look concerns a wife divorcing a peer and gaining an independent income. Other plays, such as Mary Rose and a subplot in Dear Brutus revisit the idea of the ageless child. Later plays included What Every Woman Knows (1908). His final play was The Boy David (1936), which dramatised the Biblical story of King Saul and the young David. Like the role of Peter Pan, that of David was played by a woman, Elisabeth Bergner, for whom Barrie wrote the play.[10]

Along with a number of other playwrights, he was involved in the 1909 and 1911 attempts to challenge the censorship of the theatre by the Lord Chamberlain.[11]

Social connections

Sir James Barrie, around 1910.

Barrie travelled in high literary circles, and in addition to his professional collaborators, he had many famous friends. Novelist George Meredith was an early social patron. He had a long correspondence with fellow Scot Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa at the time, but the two never met in person. George Bernard Shaw was for several years his neighbour in London, and once participated in a Western that Barrie scripted and filmed. H. G. Wells was a friend of many years, and tried to intervene when Barrie's marriage fell apart. Barrie met Thomas Hardy through Hugh Clifford while he was staying in London.

After the First World War, Barrie sometimes stayed at Stanway House near the village of Stanway in the English county of Gloucestershire. He paid for the pavilion at Stanway cricket ground. Barrie also founded an amateur cricket team for his friends. H. G. Wells along with other luminaries such as Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Conan Doyle, P. G. Wodehouse, Jerome K. Jerome, G. K. Chesterton, A. A. Milne, E. W. Hornung, A. E. W. Mason, Walter Raleigh, E. V. Lucas, Maurice Hewlett, Owen Seaman, Bernard Partridge, Augustine Birrell, Paul Du Chaillu, Henry Herbert La Thangue, George Cecil Ives, George Llewelyn Davies (see below) and the son of Alfred Tennyson all played in the team at various times. The team was called the Allahakbarries, under the mistaken belief that "Allah akbar" meant "Heaven help us" in Arabic (rather than "God is great").[3]

Barrie befriended Africa explorer Joseph Thomson and Antarctica explorer Robert Falcon Scott.[12] He was godfather to Scott's son Peter,[3] and was one of the seven people to whom Scott wrote letters in the final hours of his life during his expedition to the South Pole, asking Barrie to take care of his wife Kathleen and son Peter. Barrie was so proud of the letter that he carried it around for the rest of his life.[6]

In 1896, his agent, Addison Bright persuaded him to meet with Broadway producer Charles Frohman. Frohman would become not only his financial backer, but a close friend as well.[6] Frohman, who was responsible for producing the debut of Peter Pan in both England and the US, as well as other productions of Barrie's plays, famously declined a lifeboat seat when the RMS Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat in the North Atlantic. Actress Rita Jolivet, who stood with Frohman, George Vernon, and Captain Alick Scott at the end, survived the sinking and recalled Frohman paraphrasing Peter Pan: 'Why fear death? It is the most beautiful adventure that life gives us.'[13]

His secretary from 1917, Cynthia Asquith, was the daughter-in-law of Herbert Asquith, British Prime Minister from 1908 to 1916.[14] In the 1930s, Barrie met and told stories to the young daughters of the Duke of York, the future Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret.[14]

Marriage

Barrie became acquainted with actress Mary Ansell in 1891 when he asked his friend Jerome K. Jerome for a pretty actress to play a role in his play Walker, London. The two became friends, and she joined his family in caring for him when he fell very ill in 1893 and 1894.[3] They married in Kirriemuir on 9 July 1894,[15] shortly after Barrie recovered, and Mary retired from the stage; but the relationship was reportedly unconsummated[16] and the couple had no children. The marriage was a small ceremony in his parents' home, in the Scottish tradition. In 1900 Mary found Black Lake Cottage, at Farnham, Surrey, which became the couple's "bolt hole" where Barrie could entertain his cricketing friends and the Llewelyn Davieses.[17] Beginning in mid 1908, Mary had an affair with Gilbert Cannan (an associate of Barrie's in his anti-censorship activities), including a visit together to Black Lake Cottage, known only to the house staff. When Barrie learned of the affair in July 1909, he demanded that she end it, but she refused. To avoid the scandal of divorce, he offered a legal separation if she would agree not to see Cannan any more, but she still refused. Barrie sued for divorce on the grounds of infidelity, which was granted in October 1909.[2][18] A few of Barrie's friends, knowing how painful the divorce was for him, wanted to avoid bad press. They wrote to newspaper editors asking them not to publish the story (only three papers did).[6]

Llewelyn Davies family

The Llewelyn Davies family, consisting of Arthur (1863–1907), Sylvia (1866–1910) (daughter of George du Maurier),[19] and their five sons: George (1893–1915), John (Jack) (1894–1959), Peter (1897–1960), Michael (1900–1921), and Nicholas (Nico) (1903–1980), played an important part in Barrie's literary and personal life.

Barrie became acquainted with the family in 1897, meeting George and Jack (and baby Peter) with their nurse (nanny) Mary Hodgson in London's Kensington Gardens. He lived nearby and often walked his Saint Bernard dog Porthos[20] in the park. He entertained the boys regularly with his ability to wiggle his ears and eyebrows, and with his stories. He did not meet Sylvia until a chance encounter at a dinner party in December. She told Barrie that Peter had been named after the title character in her father's play, Peter Ibbetson.[6] Barrie became a regular visitor at the Davies household and a common companion to the woman and her boys, despite the fact that both he and she were married to other people.[2] In 1901, he invited the Davies family to Black Lake Cottage, where he produced an album of captioned photographs of the boys acting out a pirate adventure, entitled The Boy Castaways of Black Lake Island. Barrie had two copies made, one of which he gave to Arthur, who misplaced it on a train.[21] The only surviving copy is held at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.[22]

The character of Peter Pan was invented to entertain George and Jack. Barrie would say, to amuse them, that their little brother Peter could fly. He claimed that babies were birds before they were born; parents put bars on nursery windows to keep the little ones from flying away. This grew into a tale of a baby boy who did fly away.[6]

Arthur Llewelyn Davies died in 1907, and "Uncle Jim" became even more involved with the Davies family, providing financial support to them. (His income from Peter Pan and other works was easily adequate to provide for their living expenses and education.) Following Sylvia's death in 1910, Barrie claimed that they had recently been engaged to be married.[2] Her will indicated nothing to that effect, but specified her wish for "J. M. B." to be trustee and guardian to the boys, along with her mother Emma, her brother Guy du Maurier, and Arthur's brother Compton. It expressed her confidence in Barrie as the boys' caretaker and her wish for "the boys to treat him (& their uncles) with absolute confidence & straightforwardness & to talk to him about everything." When copying the will informally for Sylvia's family a few months later, Barrie inserted himself elsewhere: Sylvia had written that she would like Mary Hodgson, the boys' nurse, to continue taking care of them, and for "Jenny" (referring to Hodgson's sister) to come and help her; Barrie instead wrote "Jimmy" (Sylvia's nickname for him). Barrie and Hodgson did not get along well, but served together as surrogate parents until the boys were grown.[2]

Barrie also had friendships with other children, both before he met the Davies boys and after they had grown up, and there has since been speculation that Barrie was a paedophile.[23][24] One source for the speculation is a scene in the novel The Little White Bird, in which the protagonist (who resembles Barrie) helps a small boy undress for bed, and at the boy's request they sleep in the same bed.[6] However, there is no evidence that Barrie had sexual contact with children, nor that he was suspected of it at the time. Nico, the youngest of the brothers, flatly denied as an adult that Barrie ever behaved inappropriately.[2] "I don't believe that Uncle Jim ever experienced what one might call 'a stirring in the undergrowth' for anyone—man, woman, or child", he stated. "He was an innocent—which is why he could write Peter Pan."[25] His relationships with the surviving Davies boys continued well beyond their childhood and adolescence.

The statue of Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, erected secretly overnight for May Morning in 1912, was supposed to be modelled upon old photographs of Michael dressed as the character. However, the sculptor, Sir George Frampton, used a different child as a model, leaving Barrie disappointed with the result. "It doesn't show the devil in Peter", he said.[2]

Barrie suffered bereavements with the boys, losing the two to whom he was closest in their early twenties. George was killed in action in 1915, in World War I. Michael, with whom Barrie corresponded daily while at boarding school and university, drowned in 1921, with his friend and possible lover,[26] Rupert Buxton,[27] at a known danger spot at Sandford Lock near Oxford, one month short of his 21st birthday. Some years after Barrie's death, Peter compiled his Morgue from family letters and papers, interpolated with his own informed comments on his family and their relationship with Barrie. Peter committed suicide by throwing himself in front of a train shortly after completing the work.

Death

Barrie died of pneumonia on 19 June 1937 and was buried at Kirriemuir next to his parents and two of his siblings. He left the bulk of his estate (excluding the Peter Pan works, which he had previously given to Great Ormond Street Hospital) to his secretary Cynthia Asquith.[28] His birthplace at 4 Brechin Road is maintained as a museum by the National Trust for Scotland.

Biographies

Books

Journals

Film and television

Honours

Barrie was made a baronet by King George V in 1913; his baronetcy was not inherited. He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1922. In 1919 he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews for a three-year term. In 1922 he delivered his celebrated Rectorial Address on Courage at St Andrews, and visited University College Dundee with Earl Haig to open its new playing fields, with Barrie bowling a few balls to Haig.[29] He later served as Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh from 1930 to 1937.

Other

Works (by year)

References

  1. ↑ "History of the name Wendy". Wendy.com. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Birkin, Andrew: J. M. Barrie & the Lost Boys Constable, 1979; revised edition, Yale University Press, 2003
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Chaney, Lisa. Hide-and-Seek with Angels – A Life of J. M. Barrie, London: Arrow Books, 2005
  4. ↑ McConnachie and J. M. B.: Speeches of J. M. Barrie, Peter Davies, 1938
  5. ↑ "Peter Pan project off the ground". BBC News Scotland. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 White, Donna R. S. (1994). British Children's Writers, 1880–1914. Detroit, Michigan: Gale. ISBN 978-0-8103-5555-2.
  7. ↑ J. M. Barrie. "A Window in Thrums". Project Gutenberg.
  8. ↑ Dominic Shellard, et al. The Lord Chamberlain Regrets, 2004, British Library, p77-79.
  9. ↑ Cox, Michael (2005). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 428. ISBN 9780198610540.
  10. ↑ Jonathan Law, ed. (2013). The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9781408131480.
  11. ↑ Postlewait, Thomas (2004). "The London Stage, 1895-1918". The Cambridge History of British Theatre. p. 38. ISBN 9780521651325.
  12. ↑ Smith, Mark (2 September 2010). "Two friends who took the world by storm". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  13. ↑ Ellis, Frederick D., The Tragedy of the Lusitania (National Publishing Company, 1915), pp. 38–39; Preston, Diana, Lusitania, An Epic Tragedy (Walker & Company, 2002), p. 204; New York Tribune, "Frohman Calm; Not Concerned About Death, Welcomed It as Beautiful Adventure, He Told Friends at End", 11 May 1915, p. 3; Marcosson, Isaac Frederick, & Daniel Frohman, Charles Frohman: Manager and Man (John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1916), p. 387; Frohman, Charles, The Lusitania Resource
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Captain Scott and J M Barrie: an unlikely friendship". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  15. ↑ "General Register Office for Scotland". Gro-scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2009. Retrieved from Internet Archive 27 December 2013.
  16. ↑ Birkin, Andrew: J. M. Barrie & the Lost Boys Constable, 1979; revised edition, Yale University Press, 2003
  17. ↑ "JM Barrie". Surrey Monocle. 10 January 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009. Retrieved from Internet Archive 27 December 2013.
  18. ↑ "J. M. Barrie Seeks Divorce from Wife". New York Times. 7 October 1909. Retrieved 17 April 2010. The name of James M. Barrie, the playwright, figures as a petitioner in the list of divorce cases set down for trial at the next session of the law courts here.
  19. ↑ married the 3Q of 1892 in Hampstead, London: GROMI: vol. 1a, p. 1331
  20. ↑ Neverpedia article about Porthos
  21. ↑ "Andrew Birkin on J. M. Barrie". Jmbarrie.co.uk. 5 April 1960. Retrieved 8 May 2010. Retrieved from Internet Archive 27 December 2013.
  22. ↑ J. M. Barrie's Boy Castaways at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
  23. ↑ Justine Picardie Published: 12:01 am BST 13 July 2008 (13 July 2008). "How bad was J. M. Barrie?". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  24. ↑ Parker, James (22 February 2004). "The real Peter Pan – The Boston Globe". Boston.com. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  25. ↑ "J. M. Barrie and Peter Pan – Winter 2005 Issue – Endicott Studio: Peter Pan 2". Endicott-studio.com. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  26. ↑ "Audio". Jmbarrie.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  27. ↑ "Rupert Buxton". Neverpedia.com. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  28. ↑ Birkin, Andrew: J. M. Barrie & the Lost Boys (Constable, 1979; revised edition, Yale University Press, 2004)
  29. ↑ Baxter, Kenneth. "J M Barrie and Rudyard Kipling". Archives Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee. University of Dundee. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  30. ↑ Carnival PR and Design. "The Barrie School". Barrie.org. Retrieved 22 July 2009.

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Academic offices
Preceded by
The Earl Haig		 Rector of the University of St Andrews
1919–1922 		Succeeded by
Rudyard Kipling
Preceded by
The Earl of Balfour		 Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh
1930–1937 		Succeeded by
The Lord Tweedsmuir
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New title Baronet
(of Adelphi Terrace)
1st creation
1913–1937 		Extinct