Isovaleric acidemia

Isovaleric acidemia, also called isovaleric aciduria or isovaleric acid CoA dehydrogenase deficiency,^[1] is a rare autosomal recessive^[2] metabolic disorder which disrupts or prevents normal metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. It is a classical type of organic acidemia.^[3]

Symptoms

A characteristic feature of isovaleric acidemia is a distinctive odor of sweaty feet.^[4] This odor is caused by the buildup of a compound called isovaleric acid in affected individuals.

In about half of cases, the signs and symptoms of this disorder become apparent within a few days after birth and include poor feeding, vomiting, seizures, and lack of energy that can progress to coma. These medical problems are typically severe and can be life-threatening. In the other half of cases, the signs and symptoms of the disorder appear during childhood and may come and go over time. They are often triggered by an infection or by eating an increased amount of protein-rich foods.

Diagnosis

The urine of newborns can be screened for isovaleric acidemia using mass spectrometry,^[3] allowing for early diagnosis. Elevations of isovalerylglycine in urine and of isovalerylcarnitine in plasma are found.

Genetics

Isovaleric acidemia has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

The disorder has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene - one from each parent - must be inherited to be affected by the disorder. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the defective gene, but are usually not affected by the disorder.

Mutations in both copies of the IVD gene result in isovaleric acidemia.

Pathophysiology

The enzyme encoded by IVD, isovaleric acid-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.10), plays an essential role in breaking down proteins from the diet. Specifically, the enzyme is responsible for the third step in processing leucine, an essential amino acid. If a mutation in the IVD gene reduces or eliminates the activity of this enzyme, the body is unable to break down leucine properly. As a result, isovaleric acid and related compounds build up to toxic levels, damaging the brain and nervous system.

Treatment

Treatment consists of dietary protein restriction, particularly leucine. During acute episodes, glycine is sometimes given, which conjugates with isovalerate forming isovalerylglycine, or carnitine which has a similar effect.

Elevated hydroxyisovalerate is a clinical marker of biotin deficiency. Without biotin, leucine and isoleucine cannot be fully metabolized. This leads to the formation of hydroxyisovalerate instead of the normal useful byproducts of leucine and isoleucine catabolism. Elevated hydroxyisovalerate can be caused by genetic conditions or dietary deficiency of biotin, and many patients with organic acidemias related to incomplete leucine catabolism can benefit from supplemental biotin.^[5] Biotin deficiency on its own can have severe physiological and cognitive consequences ^[6] that closely resemble symptoms of organic acidemias.

Epidemiology

Isovaleric acidemia is estimated to affect at least 1 in 250,000 births in the United States.

Screening

On 9 May 2014, the UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) announced its recommendation to screen every newborn baby in the UK for four further genetic disorders as part of its NHS Newborn Blood Spot Screening programme, including isovaleric acidemia ^[7]

See also

• Maple syrup urine disease
• Methylmalonic acidemia
• Propionic acidemia

References

External links

• Organic Acidemia Association
• Isovaleric acidemia at NLM Genetics Home Reference
• -187695062 at GPnotebook
• GeneReviews: The Organic Acidemias