Isotopes of hafnium
Natural hafnium (Hf) consists of five stable isotopes (176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, 174Hf, with a half-life of 2×1015 years. In addition, there are 30 other known radionuclides, the most stable of which is 182Hf with a half-life of 8.9×106 years. No other radioisotope has a half-life over 1.87 days. Most isotopes have half-lives under 1 minute. There are also 27 known nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is 178m2Hf with a half-life of 31 years.
Standard atomic mass: 178.49(2) u
Table
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life[n 1] | decay mode(s)[1][n 2] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 3] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
153Hf | 72 | 81 | 152.97069(54)# | 400# ms [>200 ns] | 1/2+# | ||||
153mHf | 750(100)# keV | 500# ms | 11/2-# | ||||||
154Hf | 72 | 82 | 153.96486(54)# | 2(1) sec | β+ | 154Lu | 0+ | ||
α (rare) | 150Yb | ||||||||
155Hf | 72 | 83 | 154.96339(43)# | 890(120) ms | β+ | 155Lu | 7/2-# | ||
α (rare) | 151Yb | ||||||||
156Hf | 72 | 84 | 155.95936(22) | 23(1) ms | α (97%) | 152Yb | 0+ | ||
β+ (3%) | 156Lu | ||||||||
156mHf | 1959.0(10) keV | 480(40) µs | 8+ | ||||||
157Hf | 72 | 85 | 156.95840(21)# | 115(1) ms | α (86%) | 153Yb | 7/2- | ||
β+ (14%) | 157Lu | ||||||||
158Hf | 72 | 86 | 157.954799(19) | 2.84(7) sec | β+ (55%) | 158Lu | 0+ | ||
α (45%) | 154Yb | ||||||||
159Hf | 72 | 87 | 158.953995(18) | 5.20(10) sec | β+ (59%) | 159Lu | 7/2-# | ||
α (41%) | 155Yb | ||||||||
160Hf | 72 | 88 | 159.950684(12) | 13.6(2) sec | β+ (99.3%) | 160Lu | 0+ | ||
α (.7%) | 156Yb | ||||||||
161Hf | 72 | 89 | 160.950275(24) | 18.2(5) sec | β+ (99.7%) | 161Lu | 3/2-# | ||
α (.3%) | 157Yb | ||||||||
162Hf | 72 | 90 | 161.94721(1) | 39.4(9) sec | β+ (99.99%) | 162Lu | 0+ | ||
α (.008%) | 158Yb | ||||||||
163Hf | 72 | 91 | 162.94709(3) | 40.0(6) sec | β+ | 163Lu | 3/2-# | ||
α (10−4%) | 159Yb | ||||||||
164Hf | 72 | 92 | 163.944367(22) | 111(8) sec | β+ | 164Lu | 0+ | ||
165Hf | 72 | 93 | 164.94457(3) | 76(4) sec | β+ | 165Lu | (5/2-) | ||
166Hf | 72 | 94 | 165.94218(3) | 6.77(30) min | β+ | 166Lu | 0+ | ||
167Hf | 72 | 95 | 166.94260(3) | 2.05(5) min | β+ | 167Lu | (5/2)- | ||
168Hf | 72 | 96 | 167.94057(3) | 25.95(20) min | β+ | 168Lu | 0+ | ||
169Hf | 72 | 97 | 168.94126(3) | 3.24(4) min | β+ | 169Lu | (5/2)- | ||
170Hf | 72 | 98 | 169.93961(3) | 16.01(13) hr | EC | 170Lu | 0+ | ||
171Hf | 72 | 99 | 170.94049(3) | 12.1(4) hr | β+ | 171Lu | 7/2(+) | ||
171mHf | 21.93(9) keV | 29.5(9) sec | IT | 171Hf | 1/2(-) | ||||
172Hf | 72 | 100 | 171.939448(26) | 1.87(3) yr | EC | 172Lu | 0+ | ||
172mHf | 2005.58(11) keV | 163(3) ns | (8-) | ||||||
173Hf | 72 | 101 | 172.94051(3) | 23.6(1) hr | β+ | 173Lu | 1/2- | ||
174Hf[n 4] | 72 | 102 | 173.940046(3) | 2.0(4)×1015 yr | α | 170Yb | 0+ | 0.0016(1) | 0.001619-0.001621 |
174m1Hf | 1549.3 keV | 138(4) ns | (6+) | ||||||
174m2Hf | 1797.5(20) keV | 2.39(4) µs | (8-) | ||||||
174m3Hf | 1797.5 keV | 2.39(4) µs | (8-) | ||||||
174m4Hf | 3311.7 keV | 3.7(2) µs | (14+) | ||||||
175Hf | 72 | 103 | 174.941509(3) | 70(2) days | β+ | 175Lu | 5/2- | ||
176Hf[n 5] | 72 | 104 | 175.9414086(24) | Observationally Stable[n 6] | 0+ | 0.0526(7) | 0.05206-0.05271 | ||
177Hf | 72 | 105 | 176.9432207(23) | Observationally Stable[n 7] | 7/2- | 0.1860(9) | 0.18593-0.18606 | ||
177m1Hf | 1315.4504(8) keV | 1.09(5) sec | 23/2+ | ||||||
177m2Hf | 1342.38(20) keV | 55.9(12) µs | (19/2-) | ||||||
177m3Hf | 2740.02(15) keV | 51.4(5) min | 37/2- | ||||||
178Hf | 72 | 106 | 177.9436988(23) | Observationally Stable[n 8] | 0+ | 0.2728(7) | 0.27278-0.27297 | ||
178m1Hf | 1147.423(5) keV | 4.0(2) sec | 8- | ||||||
178m2Hf | 2445.69(11) keV | 31(1) yr | 16+ | ||||||
178m3Hf | 2573.5(5) keV | 68(2) µs | (14-) | ||||||
179Hf | 72 | 107 | 178.9458161(23) | Observationally Stable[n 9] | 9/2+ | 0.1362(2) | 0.13619-0.1363 | ||
179m1Hf | 375.0367(25) keV | 18.67(4) sec | 1/2- | ||||||
179m2Hf | 1105.84(19) keV | 25.05(25) days | 25/2- | ||||||
180Hf | 72 | 108 | 179.9465500(23) | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 0+ | 0.3508(16) | 0.35076-0.351 | ||
180m1Hf | 1141.48(4) keV | 5.47(4) hr | 8- | ||||||
180m2Hf | 1374.15(4) keV | 0.57(2) µs | (4-) | ||||||
180m3Hf | 2425.8(10) keV | 15(5) µs | (10+) | ||||||
180m4Hf | 2486.3(9) keV | 10(1) µs | 12+ | ||||||
180m5Hf | 2538.3(12) keV | >10 µs | (14+) | ||||||
180m6Hf | 3599.3(18) keV | 90(10) µs | (18-) | ||||||
181Hf | 72 | 109 | 180.9491012(23) | 42.39(6) days | β− | 181Ta | 1/2- | ||
181m1Hf | 595(3) keV | 80(5) µs | (9/2+) | ||||||
181m2Hf | 1040(10) keV | ~100 µs | (17/2+) | ||||||
181m3Hf | 1738(10) keV | 1.5(5) ms | (27/2-) | ||||||
182Hf[n 11] | 72 | 110 | 181.950554(7) | 8.90(9)×106 yr | β− | 182Ta | 0+ | ||
182mHf | 1172.88(18) keV | 61.5(15) min | β− (58%) | 182Ta | 8- | ||||
IT (42%) | 182Hf | ||||||||
183Hf | 72 | 111 | 182.95353(3) | 1.067(17) hr | β− | 183Ta | (3/2-) | ||
184Hf | 72 | 112 | 183.95545(4) | 4.12(5) hr | β− | 184Ta | 0+ | ||
184mHf | 1272.4(4) keV | 48(10) sec | β− | 184Ta | 8- | ||||
185Hf | 72 | 113 | 184.95882(21)# | 3.5(6) min | β− | 185Ta | 3/2-# | ||
186Hf | 72 | 114 | 185.96089(32)# | 2.6(12) min | β− | 186Ta | 0+ | ||
187Hf | 72 | 115 | 186.96459(43)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | |||||
188Hf | 72 | 116 | 187.96685(54)# | 20# s [>300 ns] | 0+ |
- ↑ Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
- ↑ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ↑ Bold for stable isotopes
- ↑ primordial radionuclide
- ↑ Used in Lutetium-Hafnium dating
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 172Yb
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 173Yb
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 174Yb
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 175Yb
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 176Yb
- ↑ Believed to occur naturally after the α decay of 186W (which is currently classified as stable)
Notes
- Evaluated isotopic composition is for most but not all commercial samples.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties". Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties". Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Isotopes of lutetium | Isotopes of hafnium | Isotopes of tantalum |
Table of nuclides |
Isotopes of the chemical elements | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 H |
2 He | ||||||||||||||||
3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | ||||||||||
11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | ||||||||||
19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr |
37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe |
55 Cs |
56 Ba |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn | |
87 Fr |
88 Ra |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Uut |
114 Fl |
115 Uup |
116 Lv |
117 Uus |
118 Uuo | |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
71 Lu | |||
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
103 Lr | |||
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