Ismaël Bullialdus

Ismaël Bullialdus
Born September 28, 1605
Loudun, Vienne, France
Died November 25, 1694 (aged 89)
Abbey St Victor, Paris, France
Other names Boulliau
Occupation Astronomer
Known for Astronomia Philolaica & Republic of Letters correspondences

Ismaël Bullialdus (1605–1694) was a famous astronomer and mathematician during the seventeenth century. He published several books, and was an active member of the Republic of Letters, a scholarly exchange of ideas during the 17th and 18th centuries. He is most well known for his work in astronomy, and his most famous work is his book titled Astronomia Philolaica.

An early defender of the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, Ismael Bullialdus is known today as "the most noted astronomer of his generation".[1] He was also known for his mathematical works and his active involvement in the Republic of Letters as a historian, classical scholar and philologist.

Ismael Bullialdus was the second-born to his two Calvinist parents. His older brother was originally named after their father Ismael, but only lived to the age of three and therefore his parents gave him, their second-born, and only surviving child, the father's name. His parents were Susanna Motet and Ismael Bullialdus; his father was a notary by profession and an amateur astronomer who made observations in Loudun, France.

Career

At the age of 21 Bullialdus converted to Roman Catholicism and by the age of 26 he was ordained. One year later, in 1632, he moved to Paris. Enjoying the patronage of the de Thou family, Bullialdus worked for thirty years in Paris as a librarian associated with the brothers Pierre and Jacques Dupuy who were working on the Bibliothèque du Roi (Bibliothe), France's first royal library. After the death of his employers, the brothers Dupuy, Bullialdus became secretary to the French ambassador of Holland. After a dispute with him in 1666, however, he once again moved, this time to the Collège de Laon where he worked again as a librarian. Bullialdus published his first work "De Natura Lucis" in 1638, which he followed with many more published works ranging from books to published correspondence during his time involved with the Republic of Letters.He was one of the earliest members to be elected as a foreign associate into the Royal Society of London on April 4, 1667, only seven years after the Society was founded. He spent the last five years of his life in the same occupation in which he started his career, as a priest. He retired to the Abbey St. Victor in Paris, and died there at the age of 89.

Involvement in the Republic of Letters

Bullialdus was an active member of the Republic of Letters, the long-distance correspondence of many different intellectuals or philosophes as they were called in France, during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Republic emerged as an international community of self-proclaimed scholars and literary figures which consisted mostly of men. The intellectuals exchanged hand-written letters, published papers and pamphlets, and thought it as their duty to bring others to the Republic by expanding correspondence.

Bullialdus' letters exchanged throughout his correspondence within the Republic were collected and made into the Archive Boulliau. Bullialdus' archive was not kept intact. Shortly after, or as some research has shown, possibly even shortly before his death, Bullialdus' entire library—books, manuscripts and correspondence—was dispersed. The entire Archive Boulliau was sold, which led to a century of dispersal and diversion, followed by dramatic forgery and theft incidents. Evidence suggests that the Bibliothèque du Roi, the library that Bullialdus was associated with as a librarian in his younger years, acquired a large portion of the Boulliau papers in some years predating 1782. After the Bibliothèque du Roi reorganized its collections, the papers it had acquired from Boulliau were divided into what is presently the Collection Boulliau, which holds 41 volumes and over 23,000 pages. The papers outside of the formal collection include around 7,000 pages of manuscripts that can be found today in around 45 different archives in nearly a dozen countries.

After much research was done, an inventory of the Collection Boulliau was prepared and a chronological calendar of his complete correspondence emerged. Although it is difficult to prove, evidence suggests that thousands of Boulliau manuscripts are lost. It is not likely that the precise content or arrangement of the original archive will ever be known due to the dispersal of Boulliau's library around the time of his death. His last known testament dated August 20, 1691, displays no mention of his manuscripts.

The relatively modern-day, makeshift solutions used in attempting to balance out the missing pieces of Boulliau collection's theoretical puzzle come in the way of two historical documents created by Robert A. Hatch and published in his book titled Archives of the Scientific Revolution; the "Long Inventory" (a manuscript catalogue of the Archive Boulliau) and the "Short Inventory" (a sales-list complete with the appraised value and selling price of Boulliau's library). In conjunction with the calendar created by Hatch, these documents are the most critical historical documents in attempts to recreate the Archive Boulliau.

The most famous of the known letters included in the original Archive Boulliau include correspondence with such notable names of the time as Galileo, Mersenne, Oldenberg and Huygens. Less well-known but published letters of Bullialdus' include those exchanged with Pierre Desnoyers, Fermat, Gassendi, Nicolaas Heinsius and Prince Leopold, among others. The majority of Bullialdus' correspondence and manuscripts, however, remain unpublished.

In addition to his own letters, Bullialdus contributed in large quantity to "The Archives of the Scientific Revolution". Among Bullialdus' papers were notes and examinations of rare manuscripts. Also found among his letters were copies of his contemporaries' manuscripts which he had preserved. Arguably most notable were the ten volumes of original autographs addressed to Pieresc.

Principal works

Undoubtedly, Ismael Bullialdus' most famous work is his book titled "Astronomia Philolaica". It was published in 1645 and is thought of by some historians of science today to be the most important book in astronomy between Kepler and Newton. The book widened the awareness of Kepler's planetary ellipses, however, whereas Kepler used a physical cause to explain planetary motion, and called on math and science to support his theory, Bullialdus offered an entirely new cosmology; his "Conical Hypothesis." Bullialdus' Philolaic Astronomy consists of fourteen main assumptions.

The assertions of Philolaic Astronomy:

  1. Planets have a simple motion in a simple line.
  2. Planetary revolutions are equal, perpetual, uniform.
  3. They should be regular revolutions or composed of regular revolutions.
  4. They can only be circular.
  5. Or composed of circles.
  6. Motions should have a principle of equality.
  7. Since they admit of a certain inequality, the center of the zodiac must be the reference point of inequality.
  8. This point is in the sun.
  9. Half of the inequality is attributed to eccentricity, the other to another cause which makes the planet slower at aphelion, less slow at perihelion, without disturbing the equality of motion or transposing it to some other place, whether the circle or the surface.
  10. When the planet, moving from aphelion, comes to quadrature on the same surface, with equal motion, it should differ from the apparent motion of the first inequality completely or nearly so; but because the other half [of the inequality] is due to the distance [between] the circles, the center of planetary motion must be between the points of true and apparent motion.
  11. Since the equal motion in the first quadrant is greater than the apparent motion, that part of apparent motion must be greater, hence from the first quadrant to perihelion the arc described going to perihelion must be larger than the first.
  12. All revolution is composed of circular parts; the same is true of each part.
  13. Equal motion is uniform; thus, the motion in coming from aphelion corresponds to the larger parallel circles, which increase from aphelion to perihelion. This equal motion does not correspond to a single circle, but to several unequal circles to which the apparent motion also corresponds; the apparent motion includes all the circles on the same surface. The motion must [also] be eccentric and inclined.
  14. These circles follow one another in a continuous series and are all parallel among themselves; they do not overlap or enclose one another; the apparent motion forms a solid surface containing larger and smaller circles.
Illustration of The Inverse Square Law
Bullialdus' Conical Hypothesis

Bullialdus' famous hypotheses

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Hatch, Robert A. (2000), "Boulliau, Ismaël (1605–1694)", in Applebaum, Wilbur, Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton, New York, pp. 98–99. As cited by Westwater, Lynn Lara (2012), "A Rediscovered Friendship in the Republic of Letters: The Unpublished Correspondence of Arcangela Tarabotti and Ismaël Boulliau", Renaissance Quarterly 65 (1): 67–134, doi:10.1086/665836.

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Further reading

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