Islamabad

This article is about the city of Islamabad. For other uses, see Islamabad (disambiguation).
Islamabad
اسلام آباد
Capital city
Islamabad

From top, left to right: Faisal Mosque, Serena Hotel, Prime Minister's Secretariat, Parliament House, Faisal Mosque, and Pakistan Monument

Nickname(s): Isloo,[1] The

Green City
Islamabad

Location within Pakistan

Coordinates: 33°43′N 73°04′E / 33.717°N 73.067°ECoordinates: 33°43′N 73°04′E / 33.717°N 73.067°E
Country  PAK
Territory Islamabad Capital Territory
Founded 1960
Government
 • Governing body Capital Development Authority (CDA)
 • Chief Commissioner Tariq Pirzada
 • Chairman CDA Syed Tahir Shahbaz
 • Deputy Commissioner Amir Ali
Area
 • Capital city 906.00 km2 (349.81 sq mi)
 • Urban 906.00 km2 (349.81 sq mi)
Highest elevation 620 m (2,000 ft)
Lowest elevation 490 m (1,610 ft)
Population (2014 estimate)[2]
 • Capital city 1.9 million[3]
 • Urban 1,829,180
 • Metro 2.2million
Demonym Islamabadi
Time zone PST (UTC+5)
Postcode 44000
Area code(s) 051
Website www.islamabad.gov.pk

Islamabad (/ɪzˈlɑːməˌbɑːd/; Urdu: اسلام آباد‎, Islāmābād, Urdu pronunciation: [ɪsˌlɑːmɑˈbɑːd̪]) is the capital city of Pakistan located within the Islamabad Capital Territory. It has a population of 2 million[4] and together with its neighboring twin city of Rawalpindi, the greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the third largest in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.[5]

Since its foundation, Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanized cities of Pakistan. As the national capital, Islamabad is the seat of the Government of Pakistan; the Presidential Palace (Aiwan-e-Sadr) is located here. Islamabad is also home to the Pakistan Monument, which is one of the two national monuments of Pakistan. Islamabad hosts a large number of foreign diplomats, politicians and government employees. The Capital Development Authority is responsible for managing the public works within the city.

Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northeastern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with the Margalla Pass acting as the gateway between the two regions.[6] The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organised international city divided into several different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan and is ranked as a Gamma+ world city.[7]

The city is home to the Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia[8] and the fourth largest mosque in the world.[9][10] Islamabad has one of the highest literacy rates in Pakistan.[11] There are 16 recognized universities in Islamabad, including Quaid-i-Azam University and the National University of Sciences and Technology.[12] Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad is one of the world's largest universities by enrollment. Islamabad has the lowest infant mortality rate in the country at 38 deaths per thousand as compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand. The Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences is one of the largest research oriented hospitals in South Asia.

Etymology

The name of the city, Islamabad is derived from two words, Islam and abad, meaning "City of Islam". Islam an Arabic word which refers to the religion of Islam and -abad is a Persian place name that means inhabited place or city.[13]

History

Main article: History of Islamabad

Early history

15th century Pharwala Fort beside the Swaan River
Rawat Fort, built by the Gakhars in the 16th century

Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau, is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia.[14] Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period.[15] Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found.[16]

Excavations have revealed evidence of a prehistoric culture. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BC that show this region was home to Neolithic people who settled on the banks of the Swaan River,[14] who developed small communities in the region at around 3000 BC.[15][17] One end of the Indus Valley Civilization flourished here between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Later the area was an early settlement of the Aryan community.[14] A Buddhist town once existed in the region.[18] Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani used the corridor through Islamabad on their way to invade the rest of the Indian Subcontinent.[14] Modern Islamabad is based on the old settlement known as Saidpur. The British took control of the region from the Sikhs in 1849 and built South Asia's largest cantonment in the region.[18]

Construction and development

Islamabad Zones
Aiwan e Quaid, Capital Park

When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of Karachi was its first national capital. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a forward capital for several reasons.[19] Traditionally, development in Pakistan was focused on the colonial center of Karachi, and President Ayub Khan wanted it equally distributed. Moreover, Karachi having tropical weather conditions,[20] was located at one end of the country, making it vulnerable to attacks from the Arabian Sea. Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country.[21][22] Karachi, a business center, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs.[23] The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the army headquarters in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of Kashmir in the north.[14]

In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959.[21][24] A Greek firm of architects, Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills.[25] The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early sixties and then to Islamabad when the essential development work was completed in 1966.[26]

Recent history

Parliament of Pakistan

Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan.[27] As the capital city it has hosted a number of important meetings, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit.[28] Year 2014 has brought in major changes in Islamabad. Construction of the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus began on February 28, 2014 and its expected to be completed by January 2015, with 60 buses initially plying on the route. The Rawalpindi Development Authority oversees the project with a cost of approximately Rs24 billion, which will be shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab.[29] In October 2005, the city suffered some damage due to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had a magnitude of 7.6.[30] Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Siege of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque), the June 2008 Danish embassy bombing, and the September 2008 Marriott bombing.[31] In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the then Punjab Governor Salmaan Taseer.[32] Tragic air crashes also took place here: on 28 July 2010, Airblue Flight 202 crashed in the Margalla Hills killing all 152 flight crew and passengers on board[33] and Bhoja Air Flight 213 carrying 121 passengers crashed while making the final approach for landing, killing all on board on 20 April 2012.[34]

Geography and climate

Rawal lake in Islamabad.
Rawal dam view from Rawal Lake View Park in Islamabad
Tilla Charouni, with 1604 meter / 5263 feet is the highest point in Islamabad

Islamabad is located at 33°26′N 73°02′E / 33.43°N 73.04°E at the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau and at the foot of the Margalla Hills in Islamabad Capital Territory. Its elevation is 540 metres (1,770 ft).[35][36] The modern capital and the ancient Gakhar city of Rawalpindi stand side by side and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities,[37] where no exact boundary exists between the two cities.[23] To the northeast of the city lies the hill station of Murree, and to the north lies the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Kahuta lies on the southeast, Taxila, Wah Cantt, and Attock District to the northwest, Gujar Khan, Rawat, and Mandrah on the southeast, and the metropolis of Rawalpindi to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) SSW of Muzaffarabad, 185 kilometres (115 mi) east of Peshawar, 295 kilometres (183 mi) NNE of Lahore, and 300 kilometres (190 mi) WSW of Srinagar, the capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The city of Islamabad expanses an area of 906 square kilometres (350 sq mi).[38] A further 2,717 square kilometres (1,049 sq mi) area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the Rawal Dam is located.[39]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Islamabad

The climate of Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate, with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). Wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. Coolest Month is January. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam is 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Islamabad. 220 acres (89 ha) of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha).[40] Highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 millimetres (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995.[41] Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher elevations points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali. The temperatures range from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 38 °C (100 °F) in June. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was −6 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967.[42][43] The city has recorded snowfall. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record breaking 620 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.[44][45]

Climate data for Islamabad (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.1
(86.2)		 30.0
(86)		 34.4
(93.9)		 40.6
(105.1)		 45.6
(114.1)		 46.6
(115.9)		 45.0
(113)		 42.0
(107.6)		 38.1
(100.6)		 37.8
(100)		 32.2
(90)		 28.3
(82.9)		 46.6
(115.9)
Average high °C (°F) 17.7
(63.9)		 19.1
(66.4)		 23.9
(75)		 30.1
(86.2)		 35.3
(95.5)		 38.7
(101.7)		 35.0
(95)		 33.4
(92.1)		 33.5
(92.3)		 30.9
(87.6)		 25.4
(77.7)		 19.7
(67.5)		 28.6
(83.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.1
(50.2)		 12.1
(53.8)		 16.9
(62.4)		 22.6
(72.7)		 27.5
(81.5)		 31.2
(88.2)		 29.7
(85.5)		 28.5
(83.3)		 27.0
(80.6)		 22.4
(72.3)		 16.5
(61.7)		 11.6
(52.9)		 21.3
(70.3)
Average low °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7)		 5.1
(41.2)		 9.9
(49.8)		 15.0
(59)		 19.7
(67.5)		 23.7
(74.7)		 24.3
(75.7)		 23.5
(74.3)		 20.6
(69.1)		 13.9
(57)		 7.5
(45.5)		 3.4
(38.1)		 14.1
(57.4)
Record low °C (°F) −3.9
(25)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 5.1
(41.2)		 10.5
(50.9)		 15.0
(59)		 17.8
(64)		 17.0
(62.6)		 13.3
(55.9)		 5.7
(42.3)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −2.8
(27)		 −3.9
(25)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 56.1
(2.209)		 73.5
(2.894)		 89.8
(3.535)		 61.8
(2.433)		 39.2
(1.543)		 62.2
(2.449)		 267.0
(10.512)		 309.9
(12.201)		 98.2
(3.866)		 29.3
(1.154)		 17.8
(0.701)		 37.3
(1.469)		 1,142.1
(44.966)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 195.7 187.1 202.3 252.4 311.9 300.1 264.4 250.7 262.2 275.5 247.9 195.6 2,945.8
Source #1: NOAA (normals)[46]
Source #2: PMD (extremes)[47]

Cityscape

Zones in Islamabad
Zone Area
acres km2
I 54,958.25 222.4081
II 9,804.92 39.6791
III 50,393.01 203.9333
IV 69,814.35 282.5287
V 39,029.45 157.9466
Source: Lahore Real Estate[48]

Civic administration

The Centaurus (pictured during construction) is a multimillion dollar project in Islamabad

The main administrative authority of the city is Islamabad Capital Territory Administration (ICT) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city.[49] Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area.[50] Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area.[48] Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km (1 1⁄4 mi × 1 1⁄4 mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.[51]

view of Blue Area, the commercial hub of the city.

Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17),[48] of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills.[50] The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17.[48] Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors.[50] In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University, Air University, and the National Defence University.[52][53][54] The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed.[48] F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex will be one of the major landmarks of the F-8 sector.[50] G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17.[48] Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Center and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, and the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8.[50]

Islamabad Stock Exchange & Telecom Tower

The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17.[48] The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers a major portion of sector H-12.[50] The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Currently two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17.[50] Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park. Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V.[48]

Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area

When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonement city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas.[55][56] However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District, which is part of province of Punjab .[57]

Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway, Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway.[56] Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway.[58] Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent.[55]

Architecture

Pakistan Monument by night

Islamabad's architecture is a combination of modernity and old Islamic and regional traditions. The Saudi-Pak Tower is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad's tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include Pakistan Monument and Faisal Mosque. Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by Gio Ponti, Prime Minister’a secretariat based on Mughal architecture and the National Assembly by Edward Durell Stone.[24]

The murals on the inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture.[59] The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.[60] The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks a dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions.[61] The Centaurus is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by WS Atkins PLC.[62] The newly built Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers is another example of modern architecture in the city.,[63]

Demographics

Islamabad had an estimated population of around 1.67 million in 2011[2] which according to the estimate of Population Census Organization will rise to around 2 million in 2020.[4] Urdu, the national language of the country, is predominantly spoken within the city due to the ethnic mix of populations. Pothwari is also widely spoken, as is English. The mother tongue of the majority of the population is Punjabi, at 68%. 15% of the population are native Sindhi speakers, 10% are native Pashto speakers, and 8% speak other languages.[64] The total migrant population of the city is 1 million, with the majority (691,977) coming from Punjab. Around 210,614 of the migrated population came from Sindh and rest from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir. Smaller populations emigrated from Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Balochistan, and Gilgit–Baltistan.[65]

The majority of the population lies in the age group of 15–64 years, around 59.38%. Only 2.73% of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90% is below the age of 15.[66] Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%.[67] 9.8% of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26% have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2% have a master or equivalent degree.[68] The labour force of Islamabad is 185,213[69] and the unemployment rate is 15.70%.[70]

Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95.53% of the population Muslim. In rural areas this percentage is 98.80%. Per 1998 census in urban areas the percentage of Muslims is 97.83%. The second largest religion is Christianity, with 4.07% of the population, 0.94% in rural areas and 5.70% in the city. Hinduism accounts for 0.02% of the population, and other minorities 0.03%.[71]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Islamabad

Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP.[72] Islamabad Stock Exchange, founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange.[73] The exchange has 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares.[74] As of 2012, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.[75]

Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with the addition two Software Technology Parks, which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. The tech parks are located in Evacuee Trust Complex and Awami Markaz. Awami Markaz houses 36 IT companies while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies.[76] Call centres for foreign companies have been targeted as another significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 10% to encourage foreign investments in the information technology sector. Most of Pakistan's state-owned companies like PIA, PTV, PTCL, OGDCL, and Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. are based in Islamabad. Headquarters of all major telecommunication operators such as PTCL, Mobilink, Telenor, Ufone, and China Mobile are located in Islamabad.

Culture

Saidpur village
Main article: Culture of Islamabad

Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has a cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as Aryan, Soanian, and Indus Valley civilisation can still be found in the region. A 15th-century Gakhar fort, Pharwala Fort, which was built on the remains of a 10th-century Hindu fort, is located near Islamabad.[77][78] Rawat Fort in the region was built by the Gakhars in 16th century and contains the grave of the Gakhar chief, Sultan Sarang Khan.[78]

Saidpur village in Islamabad is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sultan Sarang Khan. The 500-year-old village was converted into the a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja Man Singh. He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda.[79] The region is home to many Hindu temples that are preserved, showing the history of Hindu civilisation and architecture in the region.. The shrine of Sufi mystic Pir Meher Ali Shah is located at Golra Sharif, which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region.[80] The shrine of Bari Imam was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual Urs of Bari Imam. The event is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people.[81]

The Lok Virsa Museum in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the Shakarparian hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from the region and other parts of Pakistan.[82]

Infrastructure

Education

Quaid-i-Azam University – Entrance Arch – in Islamabad.
Located over an area of 1,700 acres (688 ha) below the Margalla Hills, Quaid-i-Azam University is one of the top ranked universities in Asia.
The New Campus (Jahani Hostel) at the International Islamic University in Islamabad, Pakistan.
International Islamic University is the seat of Islamic learning in Asia.

Islamabad boasts the highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 88%,[67] and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country.[83] A large number of public and private sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organisations and almost all of them are recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. High schools and colleges are either affiliated with the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education or with the UK universities education boards, O/A Levels, or IGCSE. According to Academy of Educational Planning and Management's report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognised institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 religious, 367 primary, 162 middle, 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 degree colleges).[84] There are seven teacher training institutes in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty.[84]

The Gender Parity Index in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys only institutes, 175 girls only, and 551 mixed institutes in Islamabad.[84] Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls.[84] There are 16 recognised universities in Islamabad with a total enrollment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers.[84] Most of the top ranked universities; National University of Sciences and Technology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, also have their headquarters in the capital.[12] The world's second largest general university by enrolment, Allama Iqbal Open University is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include Air University, Bahria University, Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Hamdard University, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, National Defence University, Shifa College of Medicine, National University of Modern Languages, Iqra University, International Islamic University, Virtual University of Pakistan, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah University.

In 2006–2007, the Federal Government spent a total of 54,523.637 million Rs. on the education sector out of which 25,830.670 million was the developmental fund.[84] This amount is 25.18% of the total educational budget spend in that year, which was 216,518.059 million Rs. The public expenditure on education as a percentage of total government spending that year was 14.09%.[84]

Health care

Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences

Islamabad has the lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand.[85] Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services.[86] The hospital has 30 major medical departments.[87] PIMS is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialities.[88] Children's Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialities, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and a Blood Bank.[89] The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services.[90] PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center.[91]

PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006, is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.[92] The hospital consists of a 100[92]-bed facility and 10 major departments: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric, General Medicine, General Surgery, Intensive Care Unit/Coronary Care Unit, Orthopedics, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Radiology, and Dental Department.[93] Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialities, 150 IPD beds and OPD facilities in 35 different specialisations.[94] According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 dispensaries, and 5 Maternity and Child Welfare Centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds.[95]

Transport

Benazir Bhutto International Airport
External video
A graphic animation showing details of the new Islamabad International Airport

Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world through Benazir Bhutto International Airport, previously known as Islamabad International Airport.[96] The airport is the third largest in Pakistan and is located outside Islamabad, in Chaklala, Rawalpindi.[97] In fiscal year 2004–2005, over 2.88 million passengers used Benazir Bhutto International Airport and 23,436 aircraft movements were registered.[98] Islamabad Gandhara International Airport is under construction at Fateh Jang to cope with the increasing number of passengers. When completed, the airport will be the largest in Pakistan. The airport will be built at a cost of $400 million and is expected to be complete and operational by 2014. This will be the first green field airport in Pakistan with an area of 3,600-acre (15 km2).[99]

All major cities and towns are accessible through regular trains and bus services running mostly from the neighbouring city of Rawalpindi. Lahore and Peshawar are linked to Islamabad through a network of motorways, which has significantly reduced travelling times between these cities. M-2 Motorway is 367 km (228 mi) long and connect Islamabad and Lahore.[100] M-1 Motorway connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is 155 km (96 mi) long.[100] Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the Faizabad Interchange, which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.[101] Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus Service was inaugurated in February 2014 and the work is scheduled to complete in 2015.

There is an Islamabad/Rawalpindi central railway station that allows travel to every major city in Pakistan. In addition to freight, Pakistan Railways provides passenger rail service throughout the day, with train coaches that have air-conditioning in first-class. The routes the British built from Rawalpindi, which contained a major military base, linked to Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, Quetta, Multan, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Sindh, Sukkur, Bahawalpur, Jhelum, Gujrat, Gujranwala, Kohat, Khanewal, Nawabshah, Nowshera and the Malakand Pass.

Sports

Islamabad Golf Club
Jinnah Sports Stadium

Islamabad has a multi-purpose Sports Complex opposite Aabpara. The complex includes Liaquat Gymnasium for indoor games, Mushaf Squash Complex and Jinnah Stadium for outdoor games, which is a venue for regular national and international events. 2004 SAF Games were held in the stadium. Major sports in the city include Football, Cricket, Squash, Hockey, Table Tennis and Boxing. The Islamabad Golf Club has recently been enlarged to 27 holes (with 9 holes under repair in 2012/2013). Other golfcourses are the Navy course (18 holes) and the Air Force golf course (9 holes). Modest water sporting facilities are developed at the Rawal Lake.[102] Islamabad also has various rock climbing spots in the Margalla Hills.[103]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Berenson, Alex (2011). The Midnight House. Random House. p. 5. ISBN 978-0099536970.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Population by Province/Region since 1951". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  3. ↑ http://www.islamabadthecapital.com/islamabad/demographics/
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Islamabad's population touches two-million mark". The Dawn News. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  5. ↑ Frantzeskakis, J. M. "Islamabad, a town planning example for a sustainable city" (PDF).
  6. ↑ "Islamabad". Islamabad.net.
  7. ↑ "The World According to GaWC 2012". Globalization and World Cities(GaWC).
  8. ↑ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ed. (21 September 2010). "Mosques". Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 1972. ISBN 978-1598842036. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  9. ↑ Leslie Noyes Mass (15 September 2011). Back to Pakistan: A Fifty-Year Journey. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 170. ISBN 978-1442213197. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  10. ↑ Ravi Kalia (21 April 2011). Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy. India: Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 978-0415670401. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  11. ↑ http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/pslm_prov2006-07/2.14a.pdf
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 HEC, Pakistan. "HEC University Rankings by Category".
  13. ↑ Adrian Room (13 December 2005). Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company. p. 177. ISBN 978-0786422487. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "Islamabad history". Pakistan.net.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Pakistan Defence Ministry. "Potohar".
  16. ↑ "Sacred rocks of Islamabad". Dawn. 2 August 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  17. ↑ LEAD. "Background on the Potohar Plateau".
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lonely Planet. "Islamabad History".
  19. ↑ "City of Islamabad". Capital Development Authority, Govt. of Pakistan. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  20. ↑ Carolyn Black (October 2002). Pakistan the Land. Crabtree Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-0778793465. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Czechoslovak Society for Eastern Studies (1965). New Orient (Prague: Czechoslovak Society for Eastern Studies) 4–6: 565. ISSN 0548-6408. OCLC 2264893. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ↑ Barbara A. Weightman (15 March 2011). Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 187. ISBN 978-0470876282. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Wolfgang Saxon (11 April 1988). "New Capital City With an Industrial Twin". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Jonathan M. Bloom, ed. (23 March 2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0195309911. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  25. ↑ CDA Islamabad. "History of Islamabad".
  26. ↑ Maneesha Tikekar (1 January 2004). Across the Wagah: An Indian's Sojourn in Pakistan. Promilla. pp. 23–62. ISBN 978-8185002347. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  27. ↑ CDA Islamabad. "Islamabad Demographics".
  28. ↑ DAWN News. "Islamabad making history".
  29. ↑ http://www.dawn.com/news/1083242/shahbaz-to-inaugurate-work-on-metro-bus-service-on-feb-28
  30. ↑ "Quake's terrible toll is revealed". BBC News. 9 October 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  31. ↑ OhmyNews. "Timeline of Suicide Blasts in Islamabad".
  32. ↑ Munawer Azeem (5 January 2012). "Islamabad saw four terror attacks last year". Dawn (Islamabad). Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  33. ↑ "No survivors as Pakistan plane crash kills 152". BBC News. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  34. ↑ "Pakistan plane crashes near Islamabad airport". BBC. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  35. ↑ Stanley D. Brunn; Jack F. Williams; Donald J. Zeigler (2003). "Cities of South Asia". Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 368–369. ISBN 978-0847698981. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  36. ↑ "Islamabad Airport". Climate Charts.
  37. ↑ Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin (27 November 2006). Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook (1st ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 299. ISBN 978-1851098019. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  38. ↑ Butt, M. J., Waqas, A., Iqbal, M, F., Muhammad., G., and Lodhi, M. A. K., 2011, "Assessment of Urban Sprawl of Islamabad Metropolitan Area Using Multi-Sensor and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data." Arabian Journal For Science And Engineering. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s13369-011-0148-3.
  39. ↑ "Islamabad". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  40. ↑ "Urban growth monitoring along Islamabad Highway". GIS Development.
  41. ↑ "Climate Records: Islamabad". Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  42. ↑ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 13 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  43. ↑ "Average Conditions, Islamabad, Pakistan". Retrieved 25 September 2009.
  44. ↑ "Severe Storms on dated 23rd July 2001 Islamabad, Pakistan" (PDF). Abdul Hameed, Director Pakistan Meteorological Department.
  45. ↑ "Weather Log – July 21–31, 2001". National Climatic Data Center. 6 August 2001.
  46. ↑ "Islamabad Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  47. ↑ "Extremes of Islamabad". Pakistan Meteorological Department. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 DHA Lahore. "Map of Islamabad".
  49. ↑ CDA Official site. "CDA".
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 "The Idea of Islamabad". TheIslamabad.com.
  51. ↑ Matthew S. Hull (5 June 2012). Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan (1st ed.). University of California Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0520272156. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  52. ↑ Bahria University. "Official website".
  53. ↑ Air University. "Official website".
  54. ↑ National Defence University. "Official website".
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Dulyapak Preecharushh (6 April 2011). "Myanmar's New Capital City of Naypyidaw". In Stanley D. Brunn. Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects (1st ed.). Springer. p. 1041. ISBN 978-9048199198. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Planning of Islamabad and Rawalpindi" (PDF). |first2= missing |last2= in Authors list (help)
  57. ↑ Sheikh, Iqbal M.; Van S. Williams; S. Qamer Raza; Kanwar S.A. Khan. "Environmental Geology of the Islamabad-Rawalpindi Area, Northern Pakistan" (PDF). Regional Studies of the Potwar Plateau Area, Northern Pakistan (U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey).
  58. ↑ "Margalla Avenue to benefit commuters of KPK, traffic on Kashmir Highway". OnePakistan. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  59. ↑ National Monument — a symbol of unity. Daily Times. 30 March. Retrieved 23 March 2008
  60. ↑ Allison Lee Palmer (12 October 2009). The A to Z of Architecture. Scarecrow Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0810868953. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  61. ↑ Archnet. "Faisal Mosque".
  62. ↑ "The Centaurus Hotel".
  63. ↑ Islamabad Stock Exchange-Official Website. "Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers".
  64. ↑ Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan. "POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE" (PDF).
  65. ↑ Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan. "MIGRANT POPULATION BY PLACE OF BIRTH" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2010.
  66. ↑ Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan. "POPULATION BY SELECTIVE AGE GROUPS" (PDF).
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Literacy Rate" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  68. ↑ Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan. "Population by Level of Education".
  69. ↑ Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan. "LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES" (PDF).
  70. ↑ Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan. "UN-EMPLOYMENT RATES" (PDF).
  71. ↑ Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan. "POPULATION BY RELIGION" (PDF).
  72. ↑ "Pakistan | Economics and extremism". Dawn. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  73. ↑ "Pakistan Stock Exchanges".
  74. ↑ ISE-Official website. "About ISE".
  75. ↑ "Rs 371bn revenue target: FBR hails LTU Islamabad's performance". Business Recorder. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  76. ↑ Pakistan Software Export Board. "Islamabad".
  77. ↑ WikiMapia. "Pharwala Fort".
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Ministry of Tourism, Government of Pakistan. "Forts of Pakistan".
  79. ↑ "Sidpur Village". The Daily Times.
  80. ↑ "Golra Sharif".
  81. ↑ Huma Khawar. "Spotlight Bari Imam". Dawn News.
  82. ↑ Viamigo. "RAWALPINDI/ISLAMABAD CITIES TOUR".
  83. ↑ Charles S. Benson (1972). "New Cities and Educational Planning". In Dennis L. Roberts. Planning Urban Education: New Techniques to Transform Learning in the City. Educational Technology Publications. p. 111. ISBN 978-0877780243. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.6 AEPAM. "Pakistan Education Statistics 2008–09" (PDF).
  85. ↑ TheNews website. "Punjab tops in infant mortality, poverty, income inequality".
  86. ↑ PIMS-Official website. "About PIMS".
  87. ↑ PIMS-Official website. "Departments at PIMS".
  88. ↑ PIMS-Official website. "Islamabad Hospital".
  89. ↑ PIMS-Official website. "Children Hospital".
  90. ↑ PIMS-Official website. "Maternal & Child Health Care Center".
  91. ↑ PIMS-Official website. "Quaid-i-Azam Postgraduate Medical College".
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 PAEC General Hospital-Official website. "About PAEC Hospital".
  93. ↑ PAEC General Hospital-Official website. "Functions of Major Departments".
  94. ↑ SHIFA International Hospital-Official website. "SHIFA History".
  95. ↑ Federal Bureau of Statistics. "Hospitals/Dispensaries and Beds by Province" (PDF).
  96. ↑ Geo News. "PM names Islamabad Airport as Benazir Bhutto International Airport".
  97. ↑ United Impex. "International Air Ports in Pakistan".
  98. ↑ A-Z World Airports. "Islamabad – Benazir Bhutto International Airport (ISB/OPRN)".
  99. ↑ CPG Corporation. "New Islamabad International Airport's Passenger Terminal Building".
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 National Highway Authority Pakistan. "Motorway's of Pakistan".
  101. ↑ NESPAK. "Faizabad Interchange".
  102. ↑ M. Hanif Raza (1985). Islamabad and environs. Colorpix. p. 83. ASIN B0006ENJ0I.
  103. ↑ Arran, John (2012). "A Guide to Climbing in Margalla" (PDF). Rock Climbing Islamabad. Pakistan Alpine Institute. Retrieved 12 October 2013.

External links

Media related to Islamabad at Wikimedia Commons