Iris sintenisii
Iris sintenisii | |
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An illustration from Curtis Botanical Magazine of Iris urumovii (a synonym of iris sintenisii) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Iridaceae |
Subfamily: | Iridoideae |
Tribe: | Irideae |
Genus: | Iris |
Subgenus: | Limniris |
Series: | Spuriae |
Species: | Iris sintenisii |
Binomial name | |
Iris sintenisii Janka | |
Synonyms | |
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Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in Series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from regions in Europe, Turkey and parts of Russia with violet-blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.
Description
The iris is intermediate in appearance and form between Iris graminea and a small Iris spuria.[2]
It has thin (or slender),[3][4] wiry (or hard), short rhizomes.[5][6][7][8][9][10] That are covered with the brown, fibrous remains of the last seasons leaves. [4][6][8] Over time it forms many branches to create a tight clumps or tussocks.[7][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
It has linear, glaucous green to dark green, rigid, acuminate (tapering to a long point), grass-like leaves.[4][16][17][5] [3][6][9][11][18][19][10][20][12][13][15][21][22] They are often described as evergreen.[23][17][6][9][24][13][21][25] They have clear pronounced veins.[4][3] They can grow up to between 10–50 cm (4–20 in) long,[7] and 0.3–0.5 cm wide.[4][17][26][3][6][8][11][10] The leaves often exceed the height of the flower stems.[16][4][27][8][11][14][28]
Iris sintenisii is smaller than Iris graminea.[9] It has cylindrical or slightly compressed, unbranched stems.[26][8][7][4][6] They can grow up to between 10–40 cm (4–16 in) long.[23][7] [17][4][5][3][6][8][9][29][30][11][18][19][20][31][12][13][32][14][28][33][15][21][25]
The stems have 2-3,[6] green spathes, (leaves of the flower bud), that are 3.5-7.5 cm long.[4][26][6][8] The leaves are all keeled.[26][6][8] The inner leaves are slightly longer the outer leaves.[6]
The stems or peduncle hold 1 or 2,[7][28][16][4][3][11][8] terminal (top of stem) flowers,[16][6] between late spring and summer,[23][12][32][20][24][11][8] between June and July.[5][7][10][13][14][33][21][17]
The flowers are similar in form to Iris graminea but in different shades of colour.[9] The flowers are not scented,[17][26] and can be up 5–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter,[17][5][8][11][18] and come in shades of violet-blue,[4][2][26][5][8][29][10][24][31][15] blue-purple,[16][23][7][6][18][20] blue,[9][30][13][21][25] purple,[3][12][32] and violet.[22][11]
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[14] The slender falls are slightly panduriform (shaped like a fiddle).[6] They have a rounded or ovate/elliptic blade, measuring 1.3–1.4 cm long and 0.9–1.3 cm wide.[26][4][8] Then they have a narrowing before a long oval haft (connecting to the stem), measuring 2.5–3 cm long and 0.3–0.5 cm wide.[4][16][6][8] The haft is veined with red-purple.[6] They are white or cream, heavily veined violet-blue or purple.[4][7][2][16][5][3][8][9][29][11][18][19][20][31][32][14]
It has single coloured (violet-blue to blue-purple),[16] upright standards that are oblanceolate and 3–4 cm long and 0.4–0.5 cm wide. [4][6][8][14][28]
It has single coloured (violet-blue to blue-purple), style branches, that are 2.6–2.8 cm long and 0.5–0.6 cm wide, with recurved lobes.[4][8][6] It has a small slender ovary 1-2cm long, with a slender beak.[4][26] It also has small, triangular crests.[6]
This iris is uniquely pollinated by ants, as the flowers secrete nectar at the base of the petals.[7][19]
After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong, seed capsule,[5][3] 1.5cm long and 1cm wide.[4] It also has a slender beak appendage up to 2cm long.[4]
Biochemistry
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[14] It has been counted several times; 2n=16, ex Randolph and Mitra 1956, Lenz, Bulletin of the American Iris Society169: 55. 1963; 2n=16, 32 Simonet 1934; 2n=16, Lenz 1963 and 2n=16, Popova, M., & I. Cesmedziev, (1975 & 1976).[30] Normally the chromosome count is recorded as 2n=16, 32.[29][7][31][6]
In 2013, a study was carried out on the morphological and anatomical properties of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris sintenisii were investigated. The cross-sections of root, scape and leaf parts of the plant were examined. During the anatomical studies, the wall thickenings of the endodermal cells were found to be three-sided. Leaf features, such as papillae, metaxylem number in the root and arrangement of vascular bundles can be used as distinguishing characters for the Iris species. [4]
Taxonomy
It is known as Sintenis-Schwertlilie in Germany.[34]
It has the common name of Sintenisa Iris.[27][35]
The Latin specific epithet sintenisii refers to Paul Sintenis, a botanical collector.[2]
Specimens were first collected by Sintenis from the Dobrudja district, on the western coast of the Black Sea, to the south of the mouth of the Danube.[16]
It was then published and described by Victor Janka von Bules in 'Természetrajzi Füz'. (from Budapest) Vol1 page244 in 1877.[36][37]
In 1994, it was given Award of Garden Merit(AGM).[18][10]
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.[37]
Iris sintenisii is an accepted name by the RHS.[38]
Distribution and habitat
Iris sintenisii is native to temperate regions of Asia Minor,[3][22][28][5] and eastern Europe and south eastern Europe.[37][11][27][5][38][26][8]
Range
It is found in Turkey (Asia Minor),[37][29][2][17][11][23][38][19][10][31][32][14][28][25][6][8][39] Within Europe, it is found in Albania,[37][29][26] Bulgaria,[37][29][5][31][33] Greece,[37][29][17][5][31] Italy,[37][2][17][7][5][26][19][14][28][6] Romania,[37][5][31] and parts of former Yugoslavia,[37][29][17][31] or the Balkans.[2][7][23][5][3][19][10][32][14][28][6]
It is also found within the south western parts of the Russian Federation or USSR.[37][29][11][10][31][14][25][6][8] Also found in Macedonia.[40][41]
One reference mentions France and Ukraine.[7] But these could be naturalized populations.
Habitat
Iris sintenisii grows in dry grass meadows (including steppes),[23][27][17][11][14][5] on scrubland,[23][17][11][14] and at the edges of forests.[11][5]
It can be found at altitudes of between 900-1500m above sea level.[17][5][33]
It can though be difficult to spot within meadows, after flowering as the leaves are very grass-like.[19]
Cultivation
hardy, soil, sun, moisture, situation
It is hardy to between USDA Zone 5a (-28.8 °C (-20 °F)) to USDA Zone 9b (-3.8 °C (25 °F)).[24] It is also in European Zone H2.[8] It can tolerate temperatures as low as -18°C.[17][12][25][7] It is hardy in the UK.[10] Within Russia, it is not hardy in St Petersburg but thrives in the Botanical Garden of Stavropol.[27][22]
It prefers to grow in well-drained soils,[12][25][13][21] that do not dry out during the summer.[6] The shallow roots do not like intense summer heat, which dries out the soil.[23][6][14][21] They are tolerate of soils containing limestone.[7] They can grow in neutral to alkaline soils (with a pH level of between 6.6 to 8.5).[24]
The like to grow in positions in full sun or partial shade.[25][17][24][13][21][25]
During the summer or growing season, the iris requires lots of moisture to bloom.[23][6] But care must be taken not to over-water.[24]
They can be grown in a rock garden or rockery,[7][3][15] or in the front of a flower border.[6] They are also suitable for use growing in trough or sink gardens (using old large disused sinks).[15][28]
Care must be taken when weeding during the autumn and early spring, as the leaves are very similar to grass.[17]
Propagation
Irisi sintenisii can be propagated by division or by seed growing.[24] Since, like many other spuria irises, it resents root disturbance,[6] also the roots are very vulnerable to damage during clump division.[23] It should be propagated by seed.[6]
The seeds can be collected from the capsules, when ripe and should be sown direct into clear soil, outdoors or into pots.[24][6]
The young seedlings can then be transplanted either during the beginning of spring or at the start of autumn (fall).[23][6]
They should be plant with a planting distance of 40cm , as they do not like root competition.[21]
This species, which is pollinated by ants, is closely related to Iris graminea.[19]
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[24]
Hybrids and Cultivars
For a long while Iris brandzae was considered a subspecies of Iris sintenisii, but it is now classified as a separate species.[42]
Other known cultivars are 'Sintenissii Uromovi' and 'Topae'.[30]
References
- ↑ "Iris sintenisii Janka is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 "COLLECTION IRIS natural flora, Introdutciruemyh in the Botanical Garden Samara State University" (PDF). .ssc.smr.ru (Samara State University). 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 Özdemir, Canan; Yetişen, Kadriye (2 June 2013). "Morphological and anatomical studies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris sintenisii (Iridaceae) from Turkey" (PDF). Phytologia Balcanica 20 (1): 71–77. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 Rencova, Eva (25 May 2010). "Iris sintenisii Janka". botany.cz. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 British Iris Society (1997) pL6uPLo7l2gC &pg=PA187 A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 187, at Google Books
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 "Chapter II iris clump and other (part3)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) , p. 348, at Google Books
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 "The Small Spurias". kcis.org. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 "Iris sintenisii". rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 "Iris sintenisii". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 "Iris sintenisii". delafleuraumiel.com. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 "Iris sintenisii, Asia Minor Dwarf - steppe Iris". zauberstaude.de. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 Austin, Claire. "Irises A Garden Encyclopedia" (pdf). worldtracker.org. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 "Iris sintenisii dwarf". wrightmanalpines.com. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris". beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 216. ISBN 9780330327749.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 "Search for AGM plants". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 "Iris sintenisii". plant-world-seeds.com. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Christopher Brickel (Editor) RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (5th Edition 2010) , p. 613, at Google Books
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 "Iris sintenisii". jardindumorvan.com. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 "Spuria iris". flowerlib.ru. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 23.10 23.11 "Spuria Irises". herbs2000. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 "PlantFiles: Spuria Iris Iris sintenisii". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 "Iris sintenisii". jardin-nature.net. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.10 Thomas Gaskell Tutin (Editor) Flora Europaea, Volume 5 (1980) , p. 89, at Google Books
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 "Irises section Ksiridion or Spur-iris sredneroslye:". flower.onego.ru. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.9 "Iris summary" (pdf). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Laurin, Terry (19 September 2014). "(SPEC) Iris sintenisii Janka". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 31.9 Kramb, D. (2 October 2004). "Iris sintenisii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 61. ISBN 0715305395.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "Iris sintenisii". bgflora.net. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ "Pflanzen". delta-tours.de. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ "Iris fancy". atlas-roslin.pl. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ "IIridaceae Iris sintenisii Janka". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.9 37.10 "Taxon: Iris sintenisii Janka". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Iris sintenisii". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ "Iris sintenisii". tubives.com (Turkey's Plants Data Service). Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ Vlado Matevski, Andraž Èarni, Oliver Avramoski, Nina Juvan, Mitko Kostadinovski, Petra Košir, Andrej Paušiè, Urban Šilc Forest Vegetation of Galièica Mountain Range in Macedonia , p. 152, at Google Books
- ↑ Vlado Matevski, Andraž Èarni, Mitko Kostadinovski, Petra Košir, Urban Šilc, Igor Zelnik Flora in vegetacija makedonske stepe / Flora and Vegetation of the Macedonian Steppe , p. 53, at Google Books
- ↑ "Iridaceae Iris brandzae Prodan". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Other sources
- Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
- Goulandris and Goulimis, 1969. Wild flowers of Greece, 185.
- Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 116.
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
- Grey Wilson and Mathew, 1981. Bulbs l28.
External links
Media related to Iris sintenisii at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris sintenisii at Wikispecies