Internet in Moldova

Moldova has one of the best wired Internet connections in the world as well as one of the cheapest in terms of price per Mbit.[1] The overall infrastructure is well developed which allows many users to experience good quality services throughout the country. However despite high speed availability and cheap prices, the penetration level is quite low when compared with many EU or CIS countries. In 2012 there were 53 registered Internet Service Provider (ISP) in the country[2] with the majority being local or regional with only a few offering their services throughout the country. Moldtelecom (or MTC) and StarNet are the country's leading providers sharing around 88% of the market.[3] The remaining 12% are shared between other ISPS like Orange Moldova, SunCommunications, Arax Communications, IDC, Moldcell and others. Almost all ISPs that offer their services across the country have their headquarters located in the capital city of Chişinău, the exception being IDC whose headquarters are located in the city of Tiraspol.
Moldtelecom is the only ISP that offers its services throughout the country on a wide scale, StarNet follows offering its services in several large towns and regional centers. Other ISPs are limited to their town or region.
Since 2008 all Mobile Network Operators offer 3G HSDPA Internet access throughout the country. While Moldtelecom and StarNet are major players on the "wired Internet access" market, Orange Moldova and Moldcell are major players on "mobile Internet access" market.
After the War of Transnistria in early 1990s Transnistrian government denied access of operation for many Moldavian based companies on its territory including telecommunications companies. As such the only major ISPs in that area are local IDC or Interdnestrсom (Интерднестрком) and LinkService, both operate only on Transnistrian territory.

Top Level Domain: MD

Legal and regulatory frameworks

In order to meet requirements for WTO and the EU accession, the telecommunications market has been liberalized and no exclusive rights remain. Moldtelecom—the incumbent telecom operator—decreased its tariffs, allowing other providers into the market. However, low computer penetration rates and inconsistent government policy remain major impediments to Internet growth.[4]

The state has officially committed to developing Moldova as an information society, although many of its policies undermine this objective. Moldtelecom, which is also the major national ISP, remains under state control despite large-scale criticism and four failed privatization attempts. Moldtelecom also controls Unite, one of the four mobile operators created in 2007. At present, ISPs are forced to rent access from Moldtelecom's well-developed infrastructure, a necessity which increases their costs and diminishes their competitiveness. Moldtelecom provides the nondiscriminatory Reference Interconnection Offer, the last version having been approved by the regulator after much delay in December 2007. Even though some interconnection agreements are now agreed between the incumbent and IP and data transmission operators, some new entrants have complained about insufficient access to Moldtelecom's network leading to inefficient usage of infrastructure. In April 2009, the Moldovan regulator introduced new guidelines on interconnection tariffs. The regulation addresses the issues of obligations imposed on operators, with emphasis on transparency and nondiscriminatory stances toward competitors. It remains to be seen in practice how the new guideline will be applied by Moldtelecom.[4]

The Ministry of Information Development is the main policymaker in the field of information and communications and was drafting new Policy Strategy 2009–2011. The ministry's objective is to implement the National Strategy and Program on establishing e- Moldova.[4]

The main law regulating the Internet is the 2007 Law on Electronic Communication. The law established the National Agency for Telecommunications and Information Regulation (NATIR) as the telecommunications regulator in Moldova. This law mandates the government to harmonize national legislation with European standards. The law is intended to give NATIR full autonomy over the sector and replaces the licensing regime. Internet service providers can now start operating immediately after notifying NATIR.[4]

This agency is responsible for monitoring ISPs’ compliance with the law and keeping the Public Register of Electronic Communications Network and Service Providers. The law specifically provides for the possibility of introducing anticompetitive restrictions on service providers. The agency can demand that ISPs provide additional accounting information, can make them change to cost-oriented tariffs, and can introduce other measures in order to stimulate efficient market competition; and NATIR also regulates the management of the country's highest-level Internet domain (.md). The National Security Doctrine of Moldova as of 1995 did not include the Internet. The Supreme Security Council (SSC), which oversees implementation of the president's decrees related to national security, monitors ministries’ and state agencies’ various activities to ensure national security. The Ministry of Information Development carries out government policies related to information and communications and encourages collaboration between state and private organizations. The Moldovan legislation does not provide for comprehensive regulation of information security. Rather, the National Security and Information Service is endowed with broad authority to monitor and gather information on Internet usage and data transmission related to national security issues. In July 2008, a Moldovan court ordered the seizure of the PCs of 12 young Internet users for posting critical comments online against the governing party. The suspects were accused of illegally inciting people to overthrow the constitutional order and threaten the stability and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova. It is unknown how the authorities obtained the names of the people, but some suggest that an ISP provided them with the IP addresses of the users.[4]

Even though Moldova is one of the poorest countries in Europe, Internet and cell phones are used extensively by opposition and civil society groups to organize protests and voice their opinion. After the parliamentary elections on April 5, 2009, thousands of Moldovans attempted to gather in Chişinău's main square to protest the results. The protesters set the Parliament and president's offices on fire, images of which were broadcast around the world. As the guarantees for press freedom are still weak, Moldovan state television continued to show regular TV programming rather than broadcasting events occurring in the capital. The authorities disconnected cell phone coverage in the main square. More than 10,000 Moldovans joined in on Twitter (some with GPRS technology on their mobiles) to share their opinions and spread the news of Chişinău's political protests. The authorities attempted to shut down a number of Web sites for a few days, demonstrating a resolute hand in dealing with protesters.[4]

This incident, like others that have transpired in the region (e.g., the Ukrainian Orange Revolution), reveals the growing role of the social media in Eastern Europe as a tool for organizing protests and diffusing them online. At the same time, it creates the concern that governments in the region, aware of the increasing importance of social media, might attempt to close down free speech outlets anytime they feel threatened.[4]

ISPs

ADSL
Cable
FTTB
Dial-up
Wi-Fi

Aside from StarNet and Orange there are many other local free Wi-Fi networks hosted by café's, shops and fast food restaurants.

Mobile Internet

ISPs by category

Provider ADSL Cable FTTx Mobile Connection Speed (maximum)
Download Upload
Moldtelecom + - + - 1Gbit/s 1Gbit/s
StarNet - - + - 1Gbit/s [!] 1Gbit/s [!]
SunCommunications - + - - 300Mbit/s [!] 300Mbit/s [!]
Arax + - + - 100Mbit/s 100Mbit/s
Orange - - + +LTE < 100Mbit/s < 50Mbit/s
Moldcell - - - +LTE < 100Mbit/s < 50Mbit/s
IDC (OK) + - + - 60Mbit/s 60Mbit/s
Unité - - - +3G < 42Mbit/s < 5.76Mbit/s
IDC (Mobilink) - - - +LTE < 10Mbit/s < 10Mbit/s

The "maximum Download/Upload" means maximum external DL/UL speed for the most expensive package available for private (home) subscribers, not business.
[!] - Only as part of a triple play package.

Statistics

General Statistic Diagrams (2008)

At the end of 2014 there were 509,200 wired broadband subscribers and 299,500 mobile subscribers, most of them are from Chişinău. In 2004 there were 183 Internet cafés registered in Chişinău alone, however as personal computers and Internet access became much cheaper over the years the number of registered Internet cafés has significantly decreased.[18] Since 2010 many providers have started offering unlimited 100Mbit plans, the average price for a 100Mbit plan is 200lei or €10. In 2014 there were 71 registered ISPs in the country.[19] Average download speed throughout the country is estimated to be around 40 Mbit/s according to Ookla Net Metrics.[20].
The table below shows the number of Internet users in Moldova (without Transnistria) from year 2000 till present. Statistics are provided by ITU and ANRCETI (National Regulatory Agency for Electronic Communications and Information Technology of the Republic of Moldova)

Year Broadband Subscriptions Broadband Penetration Mobile Subscriptions Mobile Penetration Population Data provided by
2005 ~10,400 0.28% no data no data ~3,600,436 ITU[21]
2010 ~269,100 7.53% no data no data ~3,563,695 ITU[22] / ANRCETI
2011 ~355,100 10.02% no data no data ~3,559,500 ITU[23] / ANRCETI
2012 ~417,200 11.72% ~178,500 5.0% ~3,559,500 ITU[24] / ANRCETI
2013 ~467,000 13.12% ~259,600 7.3% ~3,557,600 ANRCETI
2014 ~509,200 14.3% ~299,500 8.4% ~3,557,600 ANRCETI

* Statistical data may change as new data becomes available !

Structure of Broadband Service Market, by Access Technology[25]

Year xDSL Cable FTTx Other
2007 77.7% 10.4% 11.4% 0.6%
2008 78.2% 6.2% 15.5% 0.1%
2009 71.2% 4.4% 24.1% 0.4%
2010 61.2% 2.8% 35.4% 0.6%
2011 55.4% 4.6% 39.7% 0.3%
2012 48.7% 5.6% 45.4% 0.3%
2013 44.5% 6.1% 49.0% 0.5%
2014 41.6% 7.0% 51.0% 0.3%
Allocation of IPv4 Address Space in Moldova

As of January 2015:
The most popular browser in the country is Google Chrome with 70.18% of the market share, followed by Mozilla Firefox with 11.67%, Opera with 5.22%, Internet Explorer with 5.14% and Safari with 2.19% of the market share.[26]
The most popular operating system in the country is Microsoft Windows 7 with 66.03% of the market share, followed by Microsoft Windows XP with 14.23%, Microsoft Windows 8.1 with 9.19% and Microsoft Windows 8 with 2.8% of the market share; the rest is shared between various distributions of Linux and Apple OS X.[27]
The most popular search engine in the country is Google with 86.78% of the market share, followed by Russian version of Yandex with 4.38%, Microsoft Bing with 3.21% and Mail.Ru with 3.1% of the market share; the rest is shared between other search engines.[28]

History

Surveillance and filtering

The National Security and Information Service is authorized to monitor the Internet and collect any information necessary to prevent infringements of the laws. Surveillance in Moldova is permitted only after obtaining a court order. There is no special legal act providing for Internet surveillance per se. Nevertheless, surveillance may effectively be carried out on the provider level or at companies. The Parliament is deliberating on legislative proposals, including changes to the Law on Operative-Investigative Activities and the Law on Telecommunications that would allow government agencies to carry out surveillance on telephone and electronic communications. The law is still under consideration, but if it is approved, it is expected that it might follow the Russian Law on Surveillance (SORM).[4]

Moldova has established two departments responsible for overseeing the activities of participants in the ICT sector. The first structure, within the Ministry of Internal Affairs, is charged with prevention of interregional and informational infringements. The other body, within the Center on Prevention of Economic Crimes and Corruption, has special powers to prevent infringements in the IT and other fields.[4]

Moldova also possesses a comprehensive centralized database of information on all its citizens. This system, called registru (registry), has been heavily criticized by human rights groups for being too comprehensive and lacking oversight. Privacy rights are poorly developed in Moldova, and not yet defined in law. The information held by registru is extremely comprehensive and brings together data collected by all state agencies. Consequently, human rights groups fear that it represents unwarranted and unprecedented surveillance. The system has proven highly successful, and it is a model for governments in the CIS. It has been exported to several other countries in the region. The current Moldovan president, a former internal ministry general, supports registru—in part because it was originally developed within the Ministry of Internal Affairs.[4]

In 2007 and 2008, the OpenNet Initiative carried out testing on three first-tier ISPs in Moldova: Moldtelecom, Telemedia, and DNT SunCommunications. Results did not reveal any filtering carried out on the Internet backbone. In Internet cafés, access is limited more by surveillance than by direct filtering. Specific content is prohibited, and, if it is accessed, the user is fined. Approximately 56 percent of Internet cafés’ administrators surveyed by ONI admitted to filtering and surveillance activities in 2006. Other administrators stated that they noted that some Web sites were inaccessible, but would not confirm that they used any specific filtering system in the Internet cafés.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.netindex.com/value/
  2. ↑ http://ru.anrceti.md/news29112012
  3. ↑ http://en.anrceti.md/transpdate#fig8
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 "Moldova". OpenNet Initiative. December 19, 2010. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons attribution license.
  5. ↑ http://www.moldtelecom.md/ru/persons/internet/total/
  6. ↑ http://forum.idknet.com/showthread.php?t=6832
  7. ↑ http://www.wifi.starnet.md
  8. ↑ http://orange.md/?p=1&c=2&sc=251
  9. ↑ http://orange.md/?c=2&sc=24&gp=2
  10. ↑ http://orange.md/map/?l=1
  11. ↑ http://www.moldcell.md/eng/private/internet_ca_lumea/laptop/abonament
  12. ↑ http://www.moldcell.md/eng/private/coverage
  13. ↑ http://www.unite.md/internet_3g
  14. ↑ http://www.unite.md/coverage
  15. ↑ http://www.idknet.com/en/internet/note_inet/
  16. ↑ http://www.idknet.com/en/mobile/area/
  17. ↑ http://www.idknet.com/download/files/internet/LTE_map.png
  18. ↑ http://www.yellowpages.md/eng/rub/8390/8475/8666/internet-salons-cafes-rooms/
  19. ↑ http://anrceti.md/news12032015
  20. ↑ http://www.netindex.com/download/2,82/Republic-of%20Moldova/
  21. ↑ http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&ReportFormat=HTML4.0&RP_intYear=2005&RP_intLanguageID=1&RP_bitLiveData=False
  22. ↑ http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&ReportFormat=HTML4.0&RP_intYear=2010&RP_intLanguageID=1&RP_bitLiveData=False
  23. ↑ http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&ReportFormat=HTML4.0&RP_intYear=2011&RP_intLanguageID=1&RP_bitLiveData=False
  24. ↑ http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&ReportFormat=HTML4.0&RP_intYear=2012&RP_intLanguageID=1&RP_bitLiveData=False
  25. ↑ http://anrceti.md/transpdate#fig7
  26. ↑ http://gs.statcounter.com/?PHPSESSID=vvvdm6kq7usecbcto1nlhsmap7#browser-MD-monthly-201501-201501-bar
  27. ↑ http://gs.statcounter.com/?PHPSESSID=vvvdm6kq7usecbcto1nlhsmap7#os-MD-monthly-201501-201501-bar
  28. ↑ http://gs.statcounter.com/?PHPSESSID=vvvdm6kq7usecbcto1nlhsmap7#search_engine-MD-monthly-201501-201501-bar
  29. ↑ http://www.iana.org/reports/2003/md-report-22oct03.html
  30. ↑ http://www.unite.md/news/?n=d501fe33e96a40a2216c8b07e8dc001a
  31. ↑ http://www.moldtelecom.md/news/13383

External links