Institute of Computer Science
| University of London Institute of Computer Science | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1960–1974 |
| Location | 44-45 Gordon Square London, United Kingdom |
The University of London Institute of Computer Science (ICS) was an Institute based in London in England. The Institute was founded by the University of London to support and provide academic research, postgraduate teaching, computer services and network services. It was founded as the University of London's Computer Unit at some point in the 1950s, changed its name to the Institute of Computer Science in the 1960s, and dissolved in 1974.[1]
History
The exact date of foundation remains to be established, but the Institute appears to have already existed by the 1950s. Richard Buckingham was Director, first of the Computer Unit and later of the Institute of Computer Science, from 1957 to 1973.[2]
The name of Institute had been given by 1962, when John Buxton became one of its lecturers.[3] It was dissolved in 1974 and its Director moved to Birkbeck College. Some of the material in this description of the institute is derived from a history of the School of Computer Science & Information System at that college [4]
Staff
The Institute staff included, at various times – Richard Buckingham (Director, 1957 to 1973) [5] Michael P Barnett, Reader in Information Processing, 1964-1965.[6]
Michael Bernal
John Buxton [7]
David Cooper
George Coulouris - moved to Imperial College in 1965 and to QMC in 1971
Jean Dollimore [8]
Alan Fairbourn
Peter Higginson (see below Research, Higginson & Kirstein)
Bryan Higman (see below, Research)
Dick Housden
David Howarth [9]
Benedict Nixon
Eric Nixon (see Research, Software Firsts Change Ringing, below)
Anthony Ralston (Tony) [10]
John Washbrook [11]
Keith Wolfenden
David Barton - moved to QMC in 1974, became head of Computer Science and Statistics Dept. (now deceased)
Michael Clarke - moved to QMC in 1974, became head of Computer Science and Statistics, (now deceased).
Following the dissolution of the ICS staff moved to a number of other institutions-
- Birkbeck: Professor/Director of ICS: Richard Buckingham
- QMC: Jean Dollimore, David Barton, Michael Clarke, George Coulouris (via Imperial)
- UCL: Peter Kirstein (now emeritus professor), John Washbrook (now emeritus professor), Peter Higginson
- Imperial College: Dave Howarth (later Professor), Mike Bernal, George Coulouris (later QMC)
- Kings College: Alan Fairbourn
- UEA: Dick Housden - Professor
- Barnett had already returned to the U.S., where he later became a Professor of Library Science at Columbia University, and then Professor of Computer and Information Science at City University of New York.
Research
The Institute conducted research in computer systems and applications.
Publications by staff and students include – [In the list below all publications are published papers unless otherwise specified. “Comp J” is the Computer Journal of the British Computer Society (BCS)] –
- Coulouris, G.F.; Goodey, T.J.; Hill, Roberta W.; Keeling, R.W; Lewin, D. (1968). "The London CPL1 Compiler". Comp J (BCS).
- Higman, Bryan (1967–1977). A comparative study of programming languages. Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 978-0-354-04068-6.
- Housden, R J W (1969). "A note on list-processing in BCL". Comp J (BCS).
- Bird, Richard (1974). "On transformations of programs". Journal of Computer and System Sciences 8 (1): 22–35. doi:10.1016/S0022-0000(74)80020-6.
- Housden, R J W (1969). "The definition and implementation of Lsix in BCL". Comp J (BCS).
- Higman, Bryan (1967). "Paging and segmentation [letter]". Comp J (BCS).
- Hendry, D F; Samet, P A (1969). "Towards FORTRAN VI? Part 2. FORTRAN in the Modern World". Comp J (BCS). doi:10.1093/comjnl/12.3.218.
- Nixon, Eric. "Software Firsts (change ringing)".
- Paige, СС (1972). "Computational Variants of the Lanczos Method for the Eigenproblem". J. Inst. Maths Applics.
- Dollimore, Jean (1966). "A General Fourier Synthesis Program for the London University Atlas Computer". Comp J (BCS). doi:10.1093/comjnl/8.4.347.
- Mitra, G.; Wolfenden, K. (1968). "A Computer Technique for Optimizing the Sites and Heights of Transmission Line Towers—a Dynamic Programming Approach". Comp J (BCS) 10 (4): 347. doi:10.1093/comjnl/10.4.347.
- and – numerous early RFCs (Internet standards)
Ph.D. degrees were awarded to Barnett's graduate students
- John Michael Gerard, Synthesizing non-linear forms from linear descriptions by syntactic analysis, July 1965.
- Arthur William Charles Sambles, On the mechanization of algebraic manipulation by digital computer, July 1965.
To expedite their work, Gerard and Sambles were sent to MIT, to work with Barnett for several months before his return to England, and published several papers with the MIT Cooperative Computing Laboratory as joint affiliation. These included two of the earliest papers that reported the production of built up mathematical formulas, constructed by symbolic calculation, and recorded using computer typesetting software.[12][13] Gerard and Sambles went on to CERN to work on the mechanized detection of particle events.
Barnett's work at the Institute focused on exploring the practical problems and social consequences of electronic typesetting.[14][15]
Teaching
The Master of Science (M.Sc) in Computer Science of the Institute was one of the first courses in the subject.[16] Barnett also ran informal courses, at the Institute and at the London College of Printing, to explain computer typesetting to officials of the trade unions concerned with the printing industry.[14]
A number of distinguished software and hardware engineers and scientists taught and supervised the M.Sc. and Ph.D degrees awarded by the Institute (see Staff above). Prominent graduates of the Institute include – Michael Newman, Professor of Information Systems, Manchester Business School , Nick Fiddian, Professor and Head of Department of Computer Science, Cardiff University, and Gautam Mitra, OptiRisk Systems Ltd, Professor of Computational Optimisation, Brunel University,
Computer Services
The Institute provided early mainframe computer services on an Atlas computer, as the University of London Atlas Computing Service. The Atlas Computer (Manchester) was an early transistor machine and only three ever existed. A number of pioneering programmes were developed on the ICS Atlas including the CPL1 Compiler, A General Fourier Synthesis Program, A Computer Technique for Optimizing the Sites and Heights of Transmission Line Towers and even an early work in computing for English Change Ringing. All of these are described in papers under Research above. When the Institute closed, services were taken over by the University of London Computer Centre (ULCC) [17] although ULCC did initially run in parallel with the Atlas service.
Networking
The Institute provided batch and interactive communications. The main services were the first UK Arpanet node and Remote Job Entry (RJE) to the IBM 360/195 [18] at the Rutherford Laboratory in Oxfordshire.[19] The Arpanet node was the first in Europe and is therefore the first place where what became the Internet was available in Europe. The RJE service using a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-9 emulating an IBM 1130 (presumably a HASP workstation) was the first remote user of the 360/195,[20]
References
- ↑ Its status as a pioneer institution serving research, teaching and computing services has not been widely recognised. This entry is only the beginning of a description. The Institute deserves a full history which should preferably be written while many of its staff and graduates are still alive.
- ↑ 'BUCKINGHAM, Prof. Richard Arthur', in Who Was Who (London: A & C Black), online edition by Oxford University Press, December 2012, accessed 18 January 2014
- ↑ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2009-11-12). "Obituary John Buxton". Guardian (London). Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ↑ "Birkbeck, University of London, School of Computer Science & Information Systems, A Short History".
- ↑ "Richard A. BUCKINGHAM (1911 - 1994)".
- ↑ Scientist back from U.S., The Times, Wednesday, March 25, 1964, page 10.
- ↑ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2009-11-12). "John Buxton". The Guardian (London).
- ↑ "Jean Dollimore".
- ↑ "David Howarth".
- ↑ "Anthony (Tony) Ralston".
- ↑ "John Washbrook, Emeritus Professor of Computer Science, University College London".
- ↑ I. G. Izsak, J. M. Gerard, R. Efimba and M. P. Barnett, Construction of Newcomb operators on a digital computer, Research in Space Science Special Report Number 140, Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass, 1964.
- ↑ J. M. Gerard, I. G. Izsak and M. P. Barnett, Mechanization of tedious algebra --- the Newcomb operators of planetary theory, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 8, 27, 1965.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Michael P. Barnett, Computer typesetting, experiments and prospects, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1965.
- ↑ M. P. Barnett, The information explosion, Nature, 203, 585, 1964.
- ↑ Samet, P. (1998). "The Evolution of Computer Science Teaching and Research in the UK". Proc. Computers in Europe: Past, Present and Future.
- ↑ "A brief history of ULCC".
- ↑ "IBM 360/195".
- ↑ "LONDON NODE IS NOW UP".
- ↑ "Rutherford Laboratory Annual Report 1973 Computing Services".