Indonesian Army
TNI-AD Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Darat (Indonesian Army) | |
---|---|
TNI-AD insignia | |
Active | 1945 – present |
Country | Indonesia |
Type | Army |
Size | 233,000(regular)[1] |
Part of | Indonesian National Armed Forces |
Motto |
Kartika Eka Paksi (Sanskrit, lit:"Unmatchable Bird with Noble Goals") |
Engagements |
Indonesian Independence Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation East Timor Invasion Counter-insurgency in Aceh Counter-insurgency in Maluku Papua conflict |
Commanders | |
Indonesian Army Chief of Staff |
General Gatot Nurmantyo (25 July 2014-present) |
Insignia | |
Army Aviation Roundel |
The Indonesian Army (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Darat, TNI–AD), the land component of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, has an estimated strength of 233,000 regular personnel.[1] The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR) "Civil Security Forces" first emerged as a paramilitary and police corps.[2]
Since the nation's independence movement, the Indonesian Army has been involved in multifaceted operations ranging from the incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, to the annexation of East Timor, as well as internal counter-insurgency operations in Aceh, Maluku and Papua.
The Indonesia Army is composed of a headquarters, 12 military area commands, a strategic reserve command KOSTRAD, a special forces command Kopassus, and various adjunct units.
History
In the week following the Japanese surrender of 1945, the Giyugun (PETA) and Heiho groups were disbanded by the Japanese. Most PETA and Heiho members did not yet know about the declaration of independence. Command structures and membership vital for a national army were consequently dismantled. Thus, rather than being formed from a trained, armed, and organised army, the Republican armed forces began to grow in September from usually younger, less trained groups built around charismatic leaders.[3] Creating a rational military structure that was obedient to central authority from such disorganisation, was one of the major problems of the revolution, a problem that remains through to contemporary times.[4] In the self-created Indonesian army, Japanese-trained Indonesian officers prevailed over those trained by the Dutch. A thirty-year-old former school teacher, Sudirman, was elected 'commander-in-chief' at the first meeting of Division Commanders in Yogyakarta on 12 November 1945.[5]
On 17 November 1952, General Nasution is suspended as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government. From the 1950s, the military articulated the doctrines of dwifungsi and hankamrata, a military roles in the country's socio-political development as well as security; and a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno, with armed forces support, issued a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers. He assumed the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'.
The army was heavily involved in the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966. The killings were an anti-communist purge following a failed coup of the 30 September Movement. The most widely accepted estimates are that more than 500,000 people were killed. The purge was a pivotal event in the transition to the "New Order"; the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was eliminated as a political force. The failed coup released pent-up communal hatreds which were fanned by the Indonesian Army, which quickly blamed the PKI. Communists were purged from political, social, and military life, and the PKI itself was banned. The massacres began in October 1965, in the weeks following the coup attempt, and reached their peak over the remainder of the year before subsiding in the early months of 1966. They started in the capital, Jakarta, and spread to Central and East Java and, later, Bali. Thousands of local vigilantes and army units killed actual and alleged PKI members. Although killings occurred across Indonesia, the worst were in the PKI strongholds of Central Java, East Java, Bali, and northern Sumatra. It is possible that over one million people were imprisoned at one time or another.
Sukarno's balancing act of "Nasakom" (nationalism, religion and communism) had been unraveled. His most significant pillar of support, the PKI, had been effectively eliminated by the other two pillars—the army and political Islam; and the army was on the way to unchallenged power. In March 1968, Suharto was formally elected president.
The killings are skipped over in most Indonesian history books and have received little introspection by Indonesians and comparatively little international attention. Satisfactory explanations for the scale and frenzy of the violence have challenged scholars from all ideological perspectives. The possibility of a return to similar upheavals is cited as a factor in the "New Order" administration's political conservatism and tight control of the political system. Vigilance against a perceived communist threat remained a hallmark of Suharto's thirty-year presidency. The CIA described the massacre as "one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s, the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War, and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s."[6]
Later army operations have not been without controversy; it has been periodically associated with human rights violations, particularly in West Papua, East Timor and Aceh.[7][8]
The size of the Army has expanded over the years; in July 1976 the Army was estimated to consist of solely 180,000 personnel, one armoured cavalry brigade, part of Kostrad (one tank battalion, plus support units), 14 infantry brigades (90 infantry, 1 para, 9 artillery, 11 anti-aircraft, and 9 engineer battalions) of which three of the brigades were in Kostrad, two airborne brigades totaling six battalions, also part of Kostrad, one independent tank battalion, 7 independent armoured cavalry battalions, and four independent para-commando battalions.[9][9]
Organization
Territorial commands | Current commander | Current chief of staff | Location of headquarters |
---|---|---|---|
KODAM Iskandar Muda (Kodam IM) | MayJend Agus Kriswanto | BrigJend Purwadi Mukson | Banda Aceh, Aceh |
Kodam I/Bukit Barisan (Kodam I/BB) | MayJend Winston Pardamean Simanjuntak | BrigJend Cucu Sumantri | Medan, North Sumatra |
Kodam II/Sriwijaya (Kodam II/Swj) | MayJend Bambang Budi Waluyo | BrigJend Toto S. Moerasad | Palembang, South Sumatra |
Komando Daerah Militer Jayakarta (Kodam Jaya) | MayJend Agus Sutomo | BrigJend Teddy Lhaksmana | Cawang, East Jakarta |
KODAM III/Siliwangi (Kodam III/Slw) | MayJend Dedi Kusnadi Thamim | BrigJend Suyatno | Bandung, West Java |
Kodam IV/Diponegoro (Kodam IV/Dip) | MayJend Sunindyo | BrigJend Ibnu Darmawan | Semarang, Central Java |
Komando Daerah Militer V/Brawijaya (Kodam V/Brw) | MayJend Eko Wiratmoko | BrigJend Kustanto Widiatmoko | Surabaya, East Java |
Komando Daerah Militer XII/Tanjungpura (Kodam XII/Tpr) | MayJend Ibrahim Saleh | BrigJend Aris Martono Haryadi | Pontianak, West Kalimantan |
Kodam VI/Mulawarman (Kodam VI/Mlw) | MayJend Benny Indra Pujihastono | BrigJend Lodewyk Pusung | Balikpapan, East Kalimantan |
Kodam VII/Wirabuana (Kodam VII/Wrb) | MayJend Bachtiar | BrigJend Rukman Ahmad | Makassar, South Sulawesi |
Kodam IX/Udayana (Kodam IX/Udy) | MayJend Wisnu Bawa Tenaya | BrigJend Ruslian Hariadi | Denpasar, Bali |
Kodam XVI/Pattimura (Kodam XVI/Ptm) | MayJend Meris Wiryadi | BrigJend Juwondo | Ambon, Maluku |
Kodam XVII/Cenderawasih (Kodam XVII/Cen) | MayJend Fransen G. Siahaan | BrigJend Deliaman Th. Damanik | Jayapura, Papua |
Operational commands | Current commander | Current chief of staff | Location of headquarters |
Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat (Kostrad) | LetJend Mulyono | MayJend M. Setyo Sularso | Gambir, Central Jakarta |
Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus) | MayJend Doni Monardo | n/a | Cijantung, East Jakarta |
Executive agencies | Current commander | Current chief of staff | Location of headquarters |
Pusat Polisi Militer Angkatan Darat (Puspomad) (Military Police) | MayJend Unggul K. Yudoyono | BrigJend Dodik Wijanarko | Central Jakarta |
Pusat Intelijen Angkatan Darat (Pusintelad) (Military Intelligence) | BrigJend Teddy Lhaksamana W.K. | n/a | Matraman, East Jakarta |
Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat (Puspenerbad) (Army Aviation) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Pusat Teritorial Angkatan Darat (Pusterad) (Territorial) | n/a | n/a | Cilangkap, East Jakarta |
Direktorat Topografi Angkatan Darat (Dittopad) (Topographical) | BrigJend Dedy Hadria | n/a | Matraman, East Jakarta |
Direktorat Ajudan Jenderal Angkatan Darat (Ditajenad) (Adjutant General) | BrigJend Budi Prasetyono | n/a | Matraman, East Jakarta |
Direktorat Kesehatan Angkatan Darat (Ditkesad) (Medical) | BrigJend Dubel Meriyones | n/a | n/a |
Direktorat Keuangan Angkatan Darat (Ditkuad) (Finance) | BrigJend Bambang Ratnanto | n/a | n/a |
Direktorat Zeni Angkatan Darat (Ditziad) (Engineer) | BrigJend Irwan | n/a | Matraman, East Jakarta |
Direktorat Pembekalan Angkutan Angkatan Darat (Ditbekangad) (Logistics and Transport) | BrigJend Hadi Sutrisno | n/a | n/a |
Direktorat Perhubungan Angkatan Darat (Dithubad) (Communication) | BrigJend | n/a | n/a |
Direktorat Hukum Angkatan Darat (Ditkumad) (Judge Advocate General) | Kol Purwanti | n/a | n/a |
Direktorat Peralatan Angkatan Darat (Ditpalad) (Ordnance) | BrigJend | n/a | Matraman, East Jakarta |
Dinas Penerangan Angkatan Darat (Dispenad) (Information) | BrigJend Sisriadi | n/a | Central Jakarta |
Dinas Psikologi Angkatan Darat (Dispsiad) (Psychology) | BrigJend Ketut Ngurah Sumitra Jaya Utama | n/a | Bandung, West Java |
Dinas Informasi dan Pengolahan Data Angkatan Darat (Disinfolahtad) (Information and Data Processing) | BrigJend | n/a | n/a |
Dinas Jasmani Angkatan Darat (Disjasad) (Health) | BrigJend | n/a | n/a |
Dinas Penelitian dan Pengembangan Angkatan Darat (Dislitbangad) (Research and Development) | BrigJend | n/a | n/a |
Dinas Pembinaan Mental Angkatan Darat (Disbintalad) (Chaplain) | BrigJend | n/a | n/a |
Territorial Commands
The Armed Forces' operational sections were established by General Soedirman, following the model of the German Wehrkreise system. The system was later codified in Surat Perintah Siasat No.1, signed into doctrine by General Soedirman in November 1948.
The Army's structure underwent various reorganizations throughout its early years. From 1946 to 1952, the Army was organised into set divisions. These were further consolidated in 1951, and then dispersed in 1952. From 1952 to 1958-59, the Army was organised into seven Tentara & Teritoriums. In August 1958, the Indonesian Army reconsolidated its territorial command. There were then established sixteen Kodams, which retained earlier divisional titles; the Siliwangi Division, for example, became Kodam VI/Siliwangi.[10]
A reorganization in 1985 made significant changes in the army chain of command. The four multiservice Regional Defense Commands (Kowilhans) and the National Strategic Command (Kostranas) were eliminated from the defense structure, re-establishing the Military Area Command (Kodam), or regional command, as the key organization for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services.[11] The chain of command flowed directly from the ABRI commander in chief to the ten Kodam commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands.
The Kodams incorporate provincial and district commands each with a number of infantry battalions, sometimes a cavalry battalion, artillery, or engineers.[12] Some have Raider battalions attached. Currently there are 12 Military Area Commands.
Infantry battalions in progress of forming:
- Infantry battalion 147/BSY, will be based in East Belitung Regency.
- Infantry battalion 612, will be based in East Kutai Regency.
- Infantry battalion 622, will be based in Tanah Laut Regency.
- Infantry battalion 632/Panglima Batur, will be based in North Barito Regency.
- Infantry battalion 735, will be based in Morotai Island Regency.
Operational Commands
Special Forces Command (Kopassus), est 5,530 divided is composed of five groups, Grup 1/Parakomando (Para Commando), Grup 2/Parakomando (Para Commando), Pusat Pendidikan Pasukan Khusus (Training), Grup 3/Sandhi Yudha (Combat Intelligence), SAT 81/Penanggulangan Teror (Counter-terrorism); plus the Presidential Guard (Paspampres) and headquarters.[13] Each group is headed by a Colonel and all groups are para-commando qualified.
Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), is the Indonesian Army's Strategic Reserve Command. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has around 40,000 troops.[14] It also supervises operational readiness among all commands and conducts defense and security operations at the strategic level in accordance with policies of the TNI commander.
- Army Aviation Command (id:Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat) The army had its own small air arm that performs attack, liaison and transport duties. It operates 100 aircraft in three helicopter and aircraft squadrons composed mostly of light aircraft and small transports, such as the IPTN produced CN-235.
- Squadron 11 Heli Serbu (light assault) (Semarang)
- Squadron 21 Sena (support) (West Jakarta)
- Squadron 31 Heli Serbu (heavy assault squadron)(Semarang)
- Squadron 12 Heli Serbu (light assault) (Way Kanan Regency)
Equipment
Small arms and infantry weapons
Name | Origin | Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
M203 grenade launcher 'Pindad SPG1' | Indonesia | Under barrel grenade launcher | First locally produced grenade Launcher. |
M79 grenade launcher | United States | Single-shot grenade launcher | |
AT-13 Metis M | Russia | Anti tank missile launchers | |
AT-5 Sprandel | Russia | Anti tank missile launchers | |
MBT LAW | Sweden | Anti tank missile launchers | [17][18][19] |
FGM-148 Javelin | United States | Anti tank guided missile | On order[20][21][22] |
C90-CR (M3) | Spain | Anti tank rocket launchers | |
PF-89 | China | Anti tank rocket launcher | |
M80 Rocket Launcher[23] | Yugoslavia | Shoulder-fired missile |
Tanks
Model | Type | Quantity | Acquired | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leopard 2 | Main Battle Tank | 2+ (IISS 2014) | With approximately U.S. $287 million, Indonesia purchased 40 units of the Leopard 2A4 and 63 units of the Leopard 2 Revolution plus 10 units supporting Leopard 2 tanks.[24] 26 delivered.[25][26][27] | |
AMX-13 | Light tank | 275[28] | Including self-propelled artillery variants. Not all operational and the remaining tanks will be upgraded. | |
FV101 Scorpion 90 | Light tank | 60 (IISS 2014) | Armed with 90mm Cockerill |
Infantry Fighting Vehicles and Armored Personnel Carriers
Model | Type | Quantity | Acquired | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marder 1A3 | Infantry fighting vehicle | 2+ (IISS 2014) | With the assistance of German Rheinmetall, PT Pindad will make the production line from the early stages until finished.[29][30][31] | |
M113A1 | Armoured Personnel Carrier | 80[32] | Acquired from Belgium | |
Alvis Stormer | Armoured Personnel Carrier | 40[33] | Includes the armoured personnel carrier, command post, ambulance, recovery, logistics and bridge laying variants.[34] | |
AMX-VTT | Armoured Personnel Carrier | 75 | 75 figure is IISS Military Balance 2014. | |
Doosan DST Tarantula (6x6) | Amphibious Armored Fighting Vehicle | 28[35] | Equipped with Cockerill 90 mm gun [36][37][38][39] | |
Pindad Panser (6x6) | Armoured Personnel Carrier | 150 (IISS 2014) | ||
Pindad Panser APR-1V (4x4) | Armoured Personnel Carrier | 14 | Early predecessor to the Pindad PS-3. Based on a commercial Isuzu truck chassis. Follow on orders cancelled following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. | |
Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB)(4x4) | Armoured Personnel Carrier | 46[40] | 14 were originally supplied. Another 32 were acquired in 2006 for the Indonesian peacekeeping mission in Lebanon.[41] | |
Cadillac Gage Commando (4x4) | Light Armoured Car | 100 (IISS 2014) | Less than 200 operational | |
Pindad Komodo | Light Tactical Vehicle | 56[42] | . | The Indonesian Army has officially ordered 6 Komodos. The Mistral Mobile SAM launcher is also scheduled for orders with the Indonesian Army with a total of 56 Komodos.[43][44] An additional fifty Komodos are ordered from Pindad.[45] 8 Komodos modified to house communications equipments were also ordered.[46][47] |
Renault Sherpa 2 | Light Tactical Vehicle | 12[48][49] | Announced in July 2011.[50] | |
BTR-40 | Armoured Personnel Carrier | 40 (IISS 2014) | Locally modified from armoured personnel carrier to armoured reconnaissance variants.[51] |
Utility and logistics vehicles
Model | Type | Quantity | Acquired | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
M151 MUTT | Light utility vehicle | |||
Land Rover LWB | Light utility vehicle | |||
Steyr Puch Haflinger 700 AP | Light utility vehicle | |||
Nissan Q4W73 | Light truck | |||
DAF YA400 | Transport truck | |||
Unimog | Medium truck | |||
Isuzu Elf[52][53] | Medium truck | |||
Steyr 680M | Medium truck | |||
Bedford MK | Light truck and light tank transporter | |||
Steyr 17M29 | Medium truck | |||
Iveco Astra | Heavy tank transporter | |||
Cakra FAV | Fast attack vehicle |
Artillery and Air Defence Systems
Model | Type | Quantity | Acquired | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASTROS II | Multiple rocket launcher | 36[54] | on order | |
Rhan 122 | 122mm Multiple rocket launcher | Unknown | 122 mm rockets. Built by PTDI | |
NDL-40 | 77mm Multiple rocket launcher | 50 | 77 mm rockets. Built by PTDI | |
Nexter CAESAR | 155mm Self-propelled howitzer | 37[55] | on order | |
KH-179 | 155mm Towed artillery | 18[56][57] | on order | |
FH-2000[58] | 155mm Towed artillery | 8 | ||
M101 howitzer & KH 178 105mm[58] | 105mm Towed artillery | 54 | ||
ZUR-23-2KG | 23 mm Anti-aircraft artillery | 14 | .[59] | |
Giant Bow I | 23 mm Anti-aircraft artillery | 18 | .[60] | |
57 mm AZP S-60 | 57mm Anti-aircraft artillery | 256 | ||
Bofors 40 mm | 40mm Anti-aircraft artillery | unknown | ||
Oerlikon Skyshield[61] | 35mm Anti-aircraft artillery | 6 | .[62][63][64][65][66] | |
Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon[61] | 35mm Anti-aircraft artillery | unknown | .[67][68] | |
RBS-70 | Surface-to-air missile | 45 | .[69][70][71] | |
TD-2000B | Surface-to-air missile | unknown | .[72][73] | |
Starstreak (missile)[74] | surface-to-air missile | unknown | .[75][76][77] | |
Mistral | Surface-to-air missile | unknown | .[78] | |
QW-3[61] | Surface-to-air missile | unknown | .[72][79] | |
POPRAD Grom (missile) | Surface-to-air missile | 155 | ||
Aircraft
Aircraft | Type | Versions | In service[80] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mil Mi-35 | Attack helicopter | Mi-35 | 6 (IISS 2014) | [81] |
Eurocopter Fennec | Utility helicopter | AS550,AS350,AS355 | 12[82] | on order |
Mil Mi-17 | Transport Helicopter | Mi-17-V5 | 17 (IISS 2014) | One lost to crash 2013.[83] |
Bell UH-1 Iroquois | Utility helicopter | UH-1D | 10 | |
Eurocopter Bo 105 | Utility helicopter | 15[84] | Built under license by PTDI | |
Bell 412 | Utility helicopter | 412 412SP 412EP | 14 14 16 | Built under license by PTDI[85] |
CASA C-212 Aviocar | Tactical transport | 4 | ||
Cessna 310 | Light transport | 4 | ||
Aero Commander | Light transport | 680 | 3 |
List of Army Chief of Staffs
- Col. GPH Djatikusumo (1948–1949)
- Col. AH Nasution (1949–1952)
- Col. / Maj. Gen. Bambang Sugeng (1952–1955)
- Maj. Gen. Bambang Utoyo (1955)
- Maj. Gen. AH Nasution (1955–1962)
- Let. Gen. Ahmad Yani (1962–1965)
- Maj. Gen. Pranoto Reksosamudra (temporary) (1965)[86]
- Maj. Gen. Suharto (1965–1967)
- Gen. Maraden Panggabean (1967–1969)
- Gen. Umar Wirahadikusumah (1969–1973)
- Gen. Surono (1973–1974)
- Gen. Makmun Murod (1974–1978)
- Gen. Widodo (1978–1980)
- Gen. Poniman (1980–1983)
- Gen. Rudini (1983–1986)
- Gen. Try Sutrisno (1986–1988)
- Gen. Edi Sudrajat (1988–1993)
- Gen. Wismoyo Arismunandar (1993–1995)
- Gen. Hartono (1995–1997)
- Gen. Wiranto (1997–1998)
- Gen. Subagyo Hadi Siswoyo (1998–1999)
- Gen. Tyasno Sudarto (1999–2000)
- Gen. Endriartono Sutarto (2000–2002)
- Gen. Ryamizard Ryacudu (2002–2005)
- Gen. Djoko Santoso (2005–2008)
- Gen. Agustadi Sasongko Purnomo (2008–2009)
- Gen. George Toisutta (2009–2011)
- Gen. Pramono Edhie Wibowo (2011–2013)
- Gen. Moeldoko (May 2013–August 2013)
- Gen. Budiman (2013–July 2014)[87]
- Gen. Gatot Nurmantyo (25 July 2014 – present)[88][89]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 IISS Military Balance 2012, 248. Figure may have not been updated by IISS since 2006 at least.
- ↑ Daves, Joseph H (2013) The Indonesian Army from Revolusi to Reformasi ISBN 978-1492930938, p 15
- ↑
- ↑ Friend (2003), page 35
- ↑ Reid (1974), page 78
- ↑ David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (2007). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 pp. 80–81.
- ↑ Schwarz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s Allen & Unwin ISBN 1-86373-635-2, p 215
- ↑ Hill-Smith, Charlie (2009) Strange Birds in Paradise: A West Papuan Story
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 IISS, The Military Balance 1976-77, p.55, ISBN 0-900492-98-8
- ↑ Ken Conboy, Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces, Equinox Publishing, Jakarta/Singapore, 2003, p.79
- ↑ Library of Congress Country Study, Indonesia, November 1992, Organization of the Armed Forces
- ↑ The Military Balance 2006, International Institute for Strategic Studies
- ↑ For further authoritative details on Kopassus, see Ken Conboy (2003) KOPASSUS Inside Indonesia's Special Forces, Equinox Publishing, ISBN 979-95898-8-6.
- ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2008, 382.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 "TNI Angkatan Darat - Situs Resmi TNI Angkatan Darat" (in Indonesian). 19 March 2011.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Kopassus & Kopaska - Specijalne Postrojbe Republike Indonezije" (in Croatian). Hrvatski Vojnik Magazine. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ↑ Pertahanan Bangsa. "TNI AD Membeli ATGM NLAW dan ATGM JAVELIN 1". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "TNI-AD Uji Terima Roket Anti Tank NLAW". March 21, 2013.
- ↑ Indonesia & Jordan; Javelin missile order - Dmilt.com, May 26, 2013
- ↑ "TNI Borong Rudal Anti-Tank Buatan Amerika Serikat". June 10, 2013.
- ↑ "Raytheon - Lockheed Martin's Javelin JV Gets Contract to Produce Block I Javelin Missile for Indonesia and Other Countries". November 18, 2013.
- ↑ ANNUAL REPORT ON THE TRANSFERS OF CONTROLLED GOODS IN 2008 - Serbia (PDF), Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 24 September 2010
- ↑ "Approves Sale of Tanks to Indonesia". May 8, 2013.
- ↑ Indonesia takes delivery of first Leopard 2A4 tanks and Marder armoured vehicles from Germany - Armyrecognition.com, 25 September 2013
- ↑ "Rheinmetall to Supply the Indonesian Army With Leopard 2 Simulators". May 23, 2014.
- ↑ "Tank Leopard dan Marder Datang di Tanjung Priok". August 31, 2014.
- ↑ "AMX-13 : Tank Tempur Utama TNI-AD". IndoMiliter. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ Garuda Militer. "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ Satria. "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Beli 114 tank Leopard, Indonesia dapat 50 tank". May 15, 2013.
- ↑ "M113 A1: Transformasi Dari APC Hingga IFV Berdaya Gempur Sedang". IndoMiliter. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Alvis Stormer : Tank APC Modern TNI-AD". IndoMiliter. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Stormer - Light Armoured Vehicles - Jane's Land Forces". Jane's Information Group. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009.
- ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Production of Tarantula 6x6 has been Completed". May 21, 2013.
- ↑ "Korea Selatan Segera Kirim Panser Tarantula Pesanan TNI AD". May 25, 2013.
- ↑ "Tarantula 6×6 Armoured Fire Support Vehicle". June 12, 2013.
- ↑ "[Foto] Sengatan sang Laba-Laba". October 10, 2013.
- ↑ "VAB : Kisah Panser Perisai Ibu Kota". IndoMiliter. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "TNI defends purchase of 32 armored vehicles". The Jakarta Post. 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ↑ Satria. "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Mistral Komodo Akan Memperkuat Arhanud". October 6, 2012.
- ↑ "Pindad Produksi Lima Varian Rantis Komodo". November 13, 2012.
- ↑ "Kopassus & Brimob, Pengguna Pertama Komodo Tempur" (in Indonesian). Medan Bisnis. 2013-04-22. Archived from the original on 2013-06-08. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
- ↑ "PINDAD Kebut Pesanan KOMODO". January 13, 2013.
- ↑ "Komodo, Other Milestone for PT Pindad?". May 5, 2013.
- ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Renault APCs set for Indonesian army". UPI. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ http://www.renault-trucks-defense.com/en/news/renault-trucks-defense-receive-new-orders-from-indonesia.html
- ↑ BTR-40 series of wheeled armoured vehicles
- ↑ "Kemhan dan Isuzu Bahas Pengadaan Truk Militer". April 4, 2013.
- ↑ "TNI Pesan 965 Truk Isuzu". November 15, 2013.
- ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ Iwan Hermawan. "ARCinc - Kh-179, Artileri Negeri Ginseng Untuk TNI-AD". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 http://pussenarmed.kodiklat-tniad.mil.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=57
- ↑ "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 pensosbud. "Air Force Orders Anti-Aircraft Weapons". Embassy of Indonesia in Oslo. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Senjata Oerlikon Skyshield TNI AU". May 28, 2013.
- ↑ "Perkuat Dirgantara, Indonesia Beli Perisai Udara". May 29, 2013.
- ↑ "Indonesia has ordered Rheinmetall-made Oerlikon Skyshield air defence system". February 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Indonesia orders more German air defense systems". February 20, 2014.
- ↑ "Skyshield 35 Mk-2 Tameng Denhannud Paskhas". September 17, 2014.
- ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Paskhas Akan Dapat OERLIKON 35 mm, Denhanud disiapkan". May 18, 2013.
- ↑ Satria. "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ Garuda Militer. "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ Satria. "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Thales Announces Order for FORCESHIELD Integrated Air Defence System and STARSTREAK Missiles for Indonesian Ministry of Defence". January 15, 2014.
- ↑ "Sistem Pertahanan Udara Terintegrasi ForceSHIELD". January 20, 2014.
- ↑ "Indonesian SAMs Break Cover, Promising Enhanced Anti-UAV Capability". June 27, 2014.
- ↑ Garuda Militer. "Garuda Militer". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Lanud Supadio Kini Dilengkapi dengan Rudal QW-3". June 6, 2013.
- ↑ "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15, 2007.
- ↑ "OrBat Indonesia - MilAvia Press.com: Military Aviation Publications". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ "Indonesian Army and Navy Expand Fleets". Aviation International News. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ↑ http://idrw.org/?p=29067
- ↑ http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/world-air-forces-2014-108161.aspx
- ↑ "PT DI Serahkan 3 CN 295 dan 6 Bell 412 EP kepada Kemenhan". December 17, 2013.
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v14i2a02p_0007.htm
- ↑ "Letjen Budiman Ditunjuk Gantikan Jenderal Moeldoko". August 30, 2013.
- ↑ "Presiden SBY Resmi Lantik Gatot Nurmantyo Menjadi KSAD". July 25, 2014.
- ↑ "KSAD Resmi Berpangkat Jenderal TNI". August 9, 2014.
Further reading
- Harold Crouch, The Army and Politics in Indonesia, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1978
- Sukarti Rinakit, The Indonesian Military after the New Order, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen and Singapore, 2005
External links
- IndoWiki KODAMs
- Official website of TNI-AD (Army)
- Unofficial site of Indonesian Armed Forces
- Unofficial site of Indonesian Special Forces
- Jane's Intelligence Review - January 1997 and March 1997
- Indonesian Civil-Military Relations - Civil-Military Relations in Post-Suharto Indonesia and the Implications for Democracy Today: A Preliminary Analysis
- Israel, Fauzi. Tactical Assault & Combat Training. 2008
- "ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet"
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