Indian Head, Saskatchewan

Indian Head, Saskatchewan
Town

Indian Head Statue
Motto: Beautiful Historic Indian Head
Indian Head, Saskatchewan
Coordinates: 50°19′12″N 103°24′00″W / 50.320°N 103.400°W
Country Canada
Province Saskatchewan
Region South Eastern Saskatchewan
Census division 6
Rural Municipality Indian Head
Established 1882
Incorporated (Town) 1902
Government
 • Mayor Al Hubbs
 • Governing body Indian Head Town Council
Area
 • Total 3.17 km2 (1.22 sq mi)
Population (2011)
 • Total 1,815
 • Density 572.1/km2 (1,482/sq mi)
Time zone CST
Postal code S0G 2K0
Area code(s) 306
Highways Trans-Canada Highway
Highway 56
Website Town of Indian Head
[1][2][3][4]

Indian Head (Assiniboine: owáʾecų [5]) is a town in southeast Saskatchewan, Canada, 69 kilometers (43 mi) east of Regina. The town is directly north of the Trans-Canada Highway. It "had its beginnings in 1882 as the first settlers, mainly of Scottish origin, pushed into the area in advance of the railroad, most traveling by ox-cart from Brandon."[6] The town is known for its federally operated experimental farm and tree nursery, which has produced and distributed seedlings for shelter belts since 1901. For many years the programme was run by the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA).

It was incorporated as a town in 1902. In that year the Canadian Journal, published by James McAra, noted that Indian Head was the largest point of initial shipment of wheat in the world. Today it is run by the Agroforestry Development Centre. Today "[the town] has a range of professional services and tradespeople, financial institutions, and a large number of retail establishments."[6] The television sitcom "Little Mosque on the Prairie" which aired on CBC Television 2007-12 was filmed in Toronto, Ontario and Indian Head.

Geography

Indian Head is located in the Indian Head Plain of the Aspen Parkland ecoregion[7] on the parkland of the Qu'Appelle flood plain.[7] Qu'Appelle's elevation is 579.10 m (1,899.9 ft) above sea level placing it within the topographical region of the Squirrel Hills.[8] The area is characterised by lush rolling grasslands, interspersed with poplar bluffs (in prairie Canadian terminology poplar groves surrounding sloughs) and open sloughs. Indian Head is located in the transition zone between the Qu'Appelle River and the corresponding Qu'Appelle Valley and the Canadian Prairies.[7] The Indianhead Creek flows through Indian Head into the Qu'Appelle River to the north. The legal land description is section 24 - township 18 - range 13 - west of the 2nd meridian. 10 miles (16 km) north of Indian Head are the Fishing Lakes which are part of the Qu'Appelle Valley.[9]

Weather

Shelter Belt Centre Sk Hwy 56 junction on Highway 1, the Trans Canada

Indian Head has a humid continental climate, with extreme seasonal temperatures. It has warm summers and cold winters, with the average daily temperatures ranging from −16 °C (3.2 °F) in January to 18 °C (64.4 °F) in July. Annually, temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F) on an average in late July Typically, summer lasts from late June until late August, and the humidity is seldom uncomfortably high. Winter lasts from November to March, and varies greatly in length and severity. Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable.[8]

Climate data for Indian Head
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9
(48)		 13.9
(57)		 24.4
(75.9)		 33.3
(91.9)		 38
(100)		 40.6
(105.1)		 42.8
(109)		 39.4
(102.9)		 36.7
(98.1)		 31.7
(89.1)		 22.8
(73)		 14.4
(57.9)		 42.8
(109)
Average high °C (°F) −10.8
(12.6)		 −7
(19)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 10.5
(50.9)		 18.2
(64.8)		 22.6
(72.7)		 25
(77)		 24.5
(76.1)		 17.9
(64.2)		 10.8
(51.4)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −8.1
(17.4)		 8.6
(47.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −16.2
(2.8)		 −12.3
(9.9)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 4
(39)		 11.4
(52.5)		 16.1
(61)		 18.4
(65.1)		 17.5
(63.5)		 11.4
(52.5)		 4.6
(40.3)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −13.3
(8.1)		 2.6
(36.7)
Average low °C (°F) −21.5
(−6.7)		 −17.5
(0.5)		 −10.6
(12.9)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 4.5
(40.1)		 9.7
(49.5)		 11.7
(53.1)		 10.5
(50.9)		 4.8
(40.6)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 −10.1
(13.8)		 −18.5
(−1.3)		 −3.4
(25.9)
Record low °C (°F) −45.6
(−50.1)		 −46.7
(−52.1)		 −44.4
(−47.9)		 −30.6
(−23.1)		 −15
(5)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −2.8
(27)		 −13.3
(8.1)		 −30
(−22)		 −38.9
(−38)		 −41.5
(−42.7)		 −43
(−45)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 19.7
(0.776)		 16.2
(0.638)		 24.1
(0.949)		 24.6
(0.969)		 55.7
(2.193)		 78.9
(3.106)		 67.1
(2.642)		 52.7
(2.075)		 41.3
(1.626)		 24.3
(0.957)		 17.3
(0.681)		 25.3
(0.996)		 447.3
(17.61)
Source: Environment Canada[10]

Demographics

Historical Population
YearPop.±%
1901 768—    
1906 1,545+101.2%
1910 1,285−16.8%
19161,334+3.8%
1996 1,833+37.4%
20011,758−4.1%
20061,634−7.1%
[11][12][13]

The 2006 Statistics Canada data estimates the town's population at 1,634[11] residents, continuing a slight trend of population decline in the town since the 2001 Census. Forty-nine per cent were male and 51 per cent were female. Children under five accounted for approximately 6.1 per cent of the resident population of Indian Head.[11]

Between 2001 and 2006, Indian Head's population decreased by 3.7 percent. During the same time period, the population of Saskatchewan decreased by 1.1 percent, while that of Canada grew by 5.4 percent. A recent economic boom in Saskatchewan and an atypical persistence of prosperity during the 2008 worldwide slump will have altered this trend. The population density of Indian Head averaged 515/km2 (1,330/sq mi), compared with an average of 1.6/km2 (4.1/sq mi) for the province.[11] According to data from 2001 (although with so small a population percentages are not especially informative) more than 33.6% of the town's residents identify themselves as Catholic; 48.9% of residents are Protestant, and 12.3% of residents do not practise a religion.[12]

Indian Head is a part of Census Division No. 6. Indian Head is a part of the South East Saskatchewan Economic Development Association (SEDA).[12]

Government

Indian Head streetscape with Film Rescue International (centre left) and Royal Bank (right)

The town of Indian Head has a mayor as the highest ranking government official. The town also elects aldermen or councillors to form the municipal council. Currently the mayor is Allan Hubbs, and is serving with councillors Sherry Karpa, Lisa Craigie, Tim Reihl, Ronald Braithwaite, Steven Cole, and Ben Friesen. The town administrator is Cam Thauberger.[17]

Provincially Indian Head is within the constituency of Indian Head-Milestone served by their Member of legislative assembly, the Honourable Don McMorris.[3] This district was created before the 8th Saskatchewan general election in 1934 by combining the constituencies of South Qu'Appelle and Wolseley. Redrawn and renamed "Indian Head-Wolseley" in 1975. This constituency was created through the Representation Act, 1994 (Saskatchewan) by combining the district of Indian Head-Wolseley with part of the constituency of Bengough-Milestone.

Federally the Regina—Qu'Appelle riding is represented by their Member of Parliament, Andrew Scheer.[4] Qu'Appelle riding was first created in 1903 and covered the Northwest Territories, including what would later be Saskatchewan. In 1905, the district was amended to just cover Saskatchewan.[18]

In 1966, Qu'Appelle riding was abolished when it was redistributed among Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain, Regina—Lake Centre, Regina East and Assiniboia ridings.[19]

In 1987, Regina—Qu'Appelle was created from parts of the districts of Assiniboia, Humboldt—Lake Centre and Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain ridings. It was known as Qu'Appelle from 1996 to 1998.[20]

It was abolished in 1996 when it was redistributed among Wascana, Regina—Arm River, Qu'Appelle and Yorkton—Melville ridings.

A new Qu'Appelle riding was created in 1996 from Regina—Qu'Appelle, Regina—Lumsden and Mackenzie ridings.[21]

In 1998, its name was changed back to Regina—Qu'Appelle.[22]

Infrastructure

Even though the provincial government Saskatchewan Air Ambulance system was not established until 1946, Indian Head did call to Charlie Skinner, a pilot in Regina in 1935. Transport was needed to get the doctor from Indian Head to Odessa to treat a critically ill patient during a time when the roads were blocked by snow. Thus began Skinner's Air Service.[23]

The first telephone system in Saskatchewan was on the Bell Farm built in 1882 by Major Bell on ten miles (16 km) square or 60,000 acres (240 km2) at Indian Head. The telecommunications system utilised barbed wire for the phone lines.[24]

Transportation

Indian Head grain elevator on a winter day

Indian Head is served by the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is located at the junction of the Trans Canada Highway (Saskatchewan Highway 1) and highway 56. It is located 70 kilometers (43 mi) east of the provincial capital city of Regina and 315 miles (507 km) west of Winnipeg.[25]

An Indian trail used by fur traders, and red river carts pulling settlers effects was the first path between Moosomin and Fort Ellice, Manitoba. The transcontinental CPR paralleled this trail when coming through in the late 19th century and early 20th century.[26]

Indian Head next 2 exits. Katepwa Point Provincial park Sk Hwy 56 North between Qu'Appelle and Regina Saskatchewan Highway 1, the Trans Canada Highway

Provincial Highway 4, the precursor of the Trans–Canada Saskatchewan Highway 1, followed the surveyed grade of the transcontinental CPR between the Alberta and Manitoba border. Travel along Provincial Highway 4 before the 1940s would have been traveling on the square following the township road allowances, barbed wire fencing and rail lines. As the surveyed township roads were the easiest to travel, the first highway was designed on 90 degree right angle corners as the distance traversed the prairie along range roads and township roads.[27] Two-horse then eight-horse scrapers maintained these early dirt roads.

One of the problems that came about was when the Manitoba survey met the Saskatchewan survey. The Manitoba survey allowed for 100 feet (30 m) road allowances placed east and west every 1 mile (1.6 km). This system was followed west of Manitoba until just north of Indian Head. However, the Saskatchewan survey conducted in 1887, allowed for 66-foot (20 m) road allowances and placed roads east and west every 2 miles (3.2 km). The two surveys needed a 2 miles (3.2 km) correction which took years to smooth out.[28]

Originally roadwork was done by horsepower, and the municipality owned its horses and equipment. It was found that roadwork under the supervision of a councilor cost half as much as that under a road commission system. There were problems with labor. One cold November payday the whole crew quit, with not one left to even feed the horses. In 1909 a foreman shot one of his crew; the [Indian Head] council minutes make no further comment.

— History of Indian Head and District Inc., Indian Head: history of Indian Head and district (1981)[28]

Agriculture is Saskatchewan's main industry, and taking grain to elevators was first accomplished by horse and cart, to be replaced around World War I by truck travel. Long haul trucking flourished between 1950 and 1970, and the trans–Canada was completed across Canada by 1970. Since the 1970s, 17 times the number of grain trucks and 95 per cent of goods transported now are hauled by truck across the Saskatchewan.[29]

Education

Public school, Indian Head, 190-?.

The Indian Head High School hosts the Broncs athletic teams and is part of the Prairie Valley School Division No. 208 along with the Indian Head Elementary School. Indian Head Elementary School features classes Kindergarten to grade 6 with about 205 enrolled. The high school supports grades 7 to 12 with an enrollment of about 225 pupils.[30][31][32]

The Southeast Regional College has a district campus office located in Indian Head which will support grade 12 equivalency general education development, post secondary classes supported by the University of Regina, University of Saskatchewan, SIAST and the Certified General Accountants Association. Some post secondary skills and career services are additionally available.[33]

Historically there were quite a number of one room school houses in the area of Indian Head the first, Indian Head School District #49, was established in 1886. It was followed soon after by Wide Awake School District #54. Other schools were Sunny South School District #61, Katepwe School District #116, Rose Valley School District # 191 Fair Play School District #192, Blackwood School District #241, Flen Lynn School District #333 Burnsdale School District #777, Jubilee School District #1122, Interlake School District #1565, Sunny Slope School District #1843, Squirrel Hills School District #4058, Lake Marqerite School District #1237 and Spring Coulee School.[34]

Indian Head Hospital

General Hospital, Indian Head, opened in 1905.

Indian Head hospital opened in 1905 with an attached nursing training school. "Nursing training continued until 1925 at Indian Head"; the hospital remained open in 2006 with 15 beds.[35]

It "provides inpatient, emergency and outpatient/ambulatory care services" with "[o]utpatient/[a]mbulatory Care provid[ing] scheduled services or services ordered by [a] physician. Laboratory and x-ray services are provided on weekdays during regular hours with an order from [a] physician [and] [v]isiting professional services...available at various times each month."[36]

Museums and other points of interest

Indian Head museum

Charhead Ranch Farm features Charolais cattle, dairy operation and Welsh ponies on this 75-year-old farm.[37]

The Bell Farm is amongst the top ten most endangered sites listed by the Heritage Canada Foundation.[38] Having the silo centrally located in the round barn greatly reduced labour involved in livestock feeding and resulted in a stronger facility than the rectangular structures.[39] It is currently undergoing re-construction and preservation.

Thirty-two hectares of federal crown land comprise the Indian Head Migratory Bird Sanctuary located 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) south of Indian Head. The Canada Agriculture Experimental Farm Tree Nursery is a part of the sanctuary lands The Canadian Wildlife Service on its last review felt that the sanctuary should be abolished.[40]

The Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA) and PFRA shelterbelt centre set up in 1902 features a picnic area with nature trails along with tree nursery, and flora displays. The nursery still establishes farm shelterbelts with its shipments of trees every year across Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.[37][41]

Indian Head Experimental Station or Indian Head Research Farm established in 1887 provides innovative research into crops and soil types.[37][42]

The Indian Head Museum features pioneer artifacts and is hosted in the 1907 fire hall. In the museum yards is a 1926 one-room school house and an 1883 Bell Farm cottage.[37]

Sports and recreation

As early as 1889, Indian Head had established its own curling rink, and in 1904 it was a provincial sport.[43] Indian Head was one of four rinks which competed in the first curling bonspiel of the Northest Territories in 1892 playing against Calgary, Regina, and Qu'Appelle.[44]

Indian Head established its hockey team by 1900, one of the first of a dozen or so in the Northwest Territories.[45]

After World War II, for a period of time, baseball tournaments were held in Saskatoon and Indian Head offering thousands of dollars in prize money.[46]

Indian Head is home to the Saskatchewan Rural Sports Hall of Fame and Museum established in 1992 which commemorates athletes from rural Saskatchewan who achieved fame in the big leagues.[37][43][47]

Media

The local Internet news program Indian Head Today has been featured on CBC's The National.[48]

Indian Head was a major filming location for the Canadian television sitcome Little Mosque on the Prairie,[49] which aired on CBC.

History

First non-aboriginal settlers

The first settlers were from Ontario and of Scottish origin. They moved into the district in 1882, ahead of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[6] The Bell Farm at Indian Head comprised 53,000 acres (210 km2). Such settlement was so huge and out of the ordinary that on many occasions the passenger trains would stop and let the passengers watch the harvesting operation.

Historical economy

Holden Farm
Reaping, Indian Head, Assiniboia, on Canadian Pacific Railway.

Historically, according to the Department of Agriculture, the Indian Head district ranked highest for wheat production in the North West Territories in 1903, 1904 and 1905. The Indian Head Experimental Station exceeded the Brandon Experimental station by seven bushels of wheat per acre for ten years.[50] For a town of population 1,800 in 1905, it boasted twelve grain elevators which were erected along the Canadian Pacific Railway, with each elevator having the capacity to hold approximately 350,000 bushels.[51] This location handled a higher quantity of grain in 1902 in the initiatory shipment stage than any other inland port in the world.[52]

The North-West Rebellion in 1885 caused the farm land of the Qu'Appelle Valley Farming Company to lie untended as their horses and wagons were used in the military engagement. The summer of 1886 provided a good crop as the land was allowed to collect moisture. The Indian Head Experimental Farm then followed up and said "fallowing the land is the best preparation to ensure a crop."[53]

Reaping near Indian Head, 190-

The Territorial Grain Growers’ Association (TGGA) was formed in the winter of 1901 at Indian Head. It was a collective of farmers in the Qu'Appelle Valley responding to the Sinatluta Case. In the fall of 1901 farmers were trying to ship a large harvest and they could not sell it due to a boxcar shortage. The existing elevators neighter were set up to hold the amount of grain that year. Farmers lost about half of a record wheat crop.[54] William Richard Motherwell became the first president and pressed for a change to the Manitoba Act which would allow farmers access to railway cars on a first come first serve basis.[55]

In the early 20th century Indian Head was the financial centre of the district and distribution point. Three banks established branches, the Opera House was erected by Mr. Osment, and The Club conducted its operations within the opera house block. The Lady Minto Hospital was erected for a cost of CA$6,000.[56] ($6,000 is equivalent to $157 thousand in present day terms.[57][58][59] Streetscapes were extremely lively before the arrival of motorised automobiles, trucks and farm implements. Farmers' drives to Indian Head were extremely frequent; expeditions to Regina, the nearest city, the Qu'Appelle Valley and near towns were considerably less convenient than they became once car and truck engines existed and Number 1 Highway was vastly upgraded from the 1950s onwards: trips were most easily made by the frequent trains, which carried passengers in early days until substantially replaced by road vehicles.

Dominion Experimental Farm

Town from the Experimental Farm, 190-
Dominion Experimental Farm, 1911

In 1887 the Dominion Experimental Farm was founded as one of the original research stations in Canada. Today it is still doing research and giving valuable information to farmers.[60] Settlement began to accelerate seriously after 1900 and by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 its population had reached 1200.[6] In 1902, the PFRA tree nursery was inaugurated and is still shipping out several million trees each year for farm shelterbelts in the three prairie provinces. “The Indian Head Experimental Farm [was] responsible for the whole of the North-West Territories. The intent of the farm was to meet the needs of new settlers for reliable information on the best farming methods and practices for local conditions. Long-term studies with field crops, animal husbandry and horticulture were initiated….During the 1930s, a concerted effort against the blowing topsoil by the Indian Head Experimental Farm and [other] …stations … was effective in developing tillage methods that reduced soil erosion. The post-war years saw great changes with the introduction of selective chemicals to control insects, plant diseases and [w]eeds. Programs were set up at all stations to advise farmers on the use of these new chemicals. Nutrition and management studies at Indian Head [and other stations] have done much to improve livestock production in the province."[61]

Early centre of arrival in and departure from the North-West Territories

In the days of the last two decades of the 19th century Indian Head was a significant centre for people arriving in the North-West Territories by train from Ontario. It was necessary for the town to have hotel accommodation for travellers and several were on hand.

Their appearance now seems extraordinarily substantial but at the beginning of settlement of what was later to become the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta it appeared certain that the population of the eventual provinces would be substantially greater than it turned out and that the provincial capital, whatever it might be, would be vastly larger.

Indian Head streetscapes were remarkably lively in the town's early days, when automobiles and trucks had not yet arrived and agricultural, shopping and social expeditions to town were extremely frequent compared to later days when expeditions to Regina or the Qu'Appelle Valley became significantly faster and more convenient than after World War I, when automobiles and trucks began to become common: until then, expeditions to the city generally conducted by train — with a lengthy interruption with little travel of any kind from the 1929 onset of the Great Depression until the 1945 end of World War II.

Philharmonic Society

The Philharmonic Society in Indian Head was established in the early 20th century.[62] "In 1914, A.S. Vogt (founder of the Mendelssohn Choir) claimed that Saskatchewan’s excellent choral work was one benefit of the province’s isolation and corresponding need to create its own art."[62]

Churches

At its outset Indian Head had substantial churches, though as elsewhere in Canada religiosity significantly declined beginning in the late 1960s. In the beginning the denominations were principally Presbyterian, Methodist, Anglican and Roman Catholic.

Indian Head's Methodist church became United Church in 1925 but as in nearby Qu'Appelle the Presbyterian church divided, with a portion of the congregation constituting a continuing separate Presbyterian church. The Indian Head and Qu'Appelle Presbyterian churches were demanding if not downright prestigious and obtained clergy of considerable talent, who on leaving proceeded to urban congregations such as First Presbyterian in Regina. Thereafter the Presbyterians shared a clergyman with the Presbyterian church in Qu'Appelle, which had withdrawn from the old Presbyterian church there upon church union. "In 1923 the Orange Benevolent Society, then a substantial service club of the Loyal Orange Lodge established the Orange Home and Orange Home Farm for children from distressed families."[63]

The Anglican Church (until 1955 the "Church of England") Diocese of Qu'Appelle was originally centred in the nearby town of Qu'Appelle, whose parish church was the pro-cathedral for southern Saskatchewan. The Hon. Edgar Dewdney was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories (sic) December 3, 1881 and it was not immediately clear that he would chose Pile-of-Bones, renamed Regina in 1882—where he had acquired land to sell for private profit—as capital of the Territories. It had previously been thought likely that other sites would be chosen, including Prince Albert, the seat-of-government of the Territories' District of Saskatchewan, Fort Qu'Appelle and Qu'Appelle: this accounts for the Church of England's original choice of Qu'Appelle and uncertainty as to what to choose in the alternative. Bishop's Court, the residence of the diocesan bishop, was relocated from Qu'Appelle to Indian Head in 1895 before being further relocated to Regina. Such matters were of substantially greater interest back then, and would remain so until the end of the 1960s when in Indian Head as in other Canadian cities and towns participation in religion generally began steadily decreasing. Nevertheless, St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church had "[t]he first...built in the early 1900’s, and the present church was completed in 1961.[64][65]

Notable residents

Notes

  1. ↑ National Archives, Archivia Net. "Post Offices and Postmasters". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  2. ↑ Government of Saskatchewan, MRD Home. "Municipal Directory System". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Canadian Textiles Institute. (2005). "CTI Determine your provincial constituency". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Commissioner of Canada Elections, Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (2005). "Elections Canada On-line". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  5. ↑ "AISRI Dictionary Database Search--prototype version. Assiniboine.". Retrieved 2012-07-07.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 McLennon
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Fung, Ka-iu; Barry, Bill (1999). Atlas of Saskatchewan (Celebrating the Millennium ed.). Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan. ISBN 0-88880-387-7.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000". Environment Canada. Retrieved 2009.
  9. ↑ "Peel 2807: Indian Head, Saskatchewan (1905)" (DIGITISED ONLINE BY UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA IN 2003-2008). Peel. 1905. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  10. ↑ Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000, accessed 28 July 2010
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "2006 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "2001 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  13. ↑ Taché, J. de Labroquerie (print version); Adamson, Julia (online version) (17 October 2000) [1918]. "Census of Prairie Provinces Population and Agriculture Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta". Ottawa: Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. Table 3 Towns page 121 Alameda, Sk to Watson, Sk.
  14. ↑ "2011 Community Profiles". Canada 2011 Census. Statistics Canada. July 5, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
  15. ↑ "2006 Community Profiles". Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. March 30, 2011. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  16. ↑ "2001 Community Profiles". Canada 2001 Census. Statistics Canada. February 17, 2012.
  17. ↑ "Indian Head, Saskatchewan". Municipal Directory System. Government of Saskatchewan. December 9, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  18. ↑ "QU'APPELLE, Saskatchewan (1905 - 1966)". History of Federal Ridings since 1867. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  19. ↑ "QU'APPELLE--MOOSE MOUNTAIN, Saskatchewan (1966 - 1987)". History of Federal Ridings since 1867. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  20. ↑ "REGINA--QU'APPELLE, Saskatchewan (1987 - 1996)". History of Federal Ridings since 1867. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  21. ↑ "QU'APPELLE, Saskatchewan (1996 - 1998)". History of Federal Ridings since 1867. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  22. ↑ "REGINA--QU'APPELLE, Saskatchewan (1998 - )". History of Federal Ridings since 1867. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  23. ↑ Crone, Ray (2006). "Air Ambulance". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  24. ↑ Love, Ronald S (2006). "Telecommunications". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  25. ↑ "Welcome to Indian Head, Saskatchewan - Beautiful Historic Indian Head". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  26. ↑ Moosomin, Saskatchewan. Board of Trade (2006). "Progressive Moosomin, industrial and commercial centre of Saskatchewan". Our Roots Nos Racines. University of Calgary, Université Laval. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  27. ↑ Adamson, J (14 Oct 2003). "Canadian maps 1926 Highway Map". Department of Highways. Canadian Maps Online Digitization Project. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 History of Indian Head and District Inc. (2006). Indian Head : history of Indian Head and district. Our Roots Nos Racines (2006 University of Calgary, Université Laval). p. 9. ISBN 0-919781-26-8.
  29. ↑ Rediger, Pat (2006). "Truck Transport". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan (Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina). Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  30. ↑ "Indian Head High School - Home". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  31. ↑ "Prairie Valley School Division". Schools. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  32. ↑ "Prairie Valley School Division". Indian Head Elementary School. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  33. ↑ "Educational Institutions". Indian Head. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  34. ↑ Adamson, Julia (15 Mar 2006). "City town and village schoolhouse listing". Saskatchewan One Room School Project. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  35. ↑ Houston, C. Stuart (2006). "Hospitals". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  36. ↑ "Indian Head Hospital." Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region. http://www.rqhealth.ca/finding/indian_head/indianhead_hospital.shtml 15 August 2012.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 "Trans-Canada Highway: Indian Head, Saskatchewan". FoundLocally.com. 1999–2008. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  38. ↑ Wray, Erin (July–August 2006). "Vanishing History -". National Geographic.
  39. ↑ "Efficiency of the Round Barn". Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Eighteenth Biennial Report, 1911-1912, pgs. 139-142. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  40. ↑ "Indian Head Migratory Bird Sanctuary". Environment Canada. Government of Canada. 2007-06-20. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  41. ↑ "Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Shelterbelt Centre". Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Government of Canada. 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  42. ↑ "Photo #3585 - Town of Indian Head, Saskatchewan Welcome to Indian ...". Mile By Mile Media. 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Rediger, Pat (2006). "Sports and Recreation in Saskatchewan - History". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  44. ↑ Zemlak, Karen (2006). "Curling". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  45. ↑ Chaput, John (2006). "Hockey". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  46. ↑ Chaput, John (2006). "Baseball". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  47. ↑ Wasiak, Edwin B. (2006). "Sports and Recreation in Saskatchewan - History". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  48. ↑ "Indian Head Today". 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  49. ↑ "- Little Mosque on the Prairie Blog: A BIG THANKS TO INDIAN HEAD!!". CBC Television. 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  50. ↑ "Peel 2807: Indian Head, Saskatchewan (1905)" (DIGITISED ONLINE BY UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA IN 2003-2008). Peel. 1905. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  51. ↑ "The Changing Face of the Saskatchewan Prairie Image Gallery: I 75. Indian Head". University of Saskatchewan Archives. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  52. ↑ "Peel 2807: Indian Head, Saskatchewan (1905)" (DIGITISED ONLINE BY UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA IN 2003-2008). Peel. 1905. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  53. ↑ McClinton, Blair (2006). "Summerfallow". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  54. ↑ Stoffel, Holden (2006). "Sintaluta Case, The". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  55. ↑ Coneghan, Damian (2006). "Saskatchewan Grain Grower's Association (SGGA)". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  56. ↑ "Peel 2807: Indian Head, Saskatchewan (1905)" (DIGITISED ONLINE BY UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA IN 2003-2008). Peel. 1905. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  57. ↑ Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2014. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  58. ↑ "A History of the Canadian Dollar". Le Site De Justiceplus - The Justiceplus Site. Retrieved 2009-05-08. Rationale to use US currency conversion template. $10 Canadian was equivalent to US$10 gold eagle 1851-1867. 1879-1914 the US and Canadian dollar traded again at par.
  59. ↑ "The Canadian Dollar under the Gold Standard (1854-1914)" (PDF). Bank of Canada. Retrieved 2009-05-08. Rationale to use US currency conversion template. Bank of Canada notes that from 1854 to 1914 the US and Canadian dollar traded at par)
  60. ↑ Cherry, Evelyn (1943). "Windbreaks on the Prairies". Documentary film. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  61. ↑ Allan E. Smith, “Agriculture Canada Research Stations.” Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/agriculture_canada_research_stations.html 21 January 2013.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Swales, Robin (2006). "Choirs". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  63. ↑ "Postcard Views of Indian Head." http://library2.usask.ca/postcardsquappelle/ihlxx1238.html Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  64. ↑ "St. Joseph Parish Indian Head, Saskatchewan," Archdiocese of Regina Parishes. http://www.archregina.sk.ca/parishes/rural-parishes August 16, 2012.
  65. ↑ Adamson, Julia (16 Feb 2013). "Saskatchewan Roman Catholic Churches ~ Online Parish Registers ~ History". Saskatchewan Gen Web. Ancestry.com. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  66. ↑ Dishaw, Garnet (2006). "Davies, William Gwynne (1916–99)". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  67. ↑ Prokosh, Kevin (July 22, 2000). "LOVABLE IZZY Heart-stealing clown from last summer's fest returns for more laughs, tears". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2009-05-10. A profile of Calcutt from the Winnipeg Free Press
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  73. ↑ Eric Peterson at the Internet Movie Database
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  76. ↑ http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5447

Chester McBain - Known as "Saskatchewan's Finest Magician" resides in Indian Head. Considered the 1st person in Saskatchewan to attempt and successfully escape from the legendary "Under Water Packing Box".

Bibliography

External links

 Fort Qu'Appelle Lebret Blackwood
Qu'Appelle Dingley
   Indian Head  
Odessa Kendal Montmartre

Coordinates: 50°32′N 103°40′W / 50.533°N 103.667°W

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