Imwas

Imwas

Imwas, early 20th century
Arabic عِمواس
Name meaning possibly "thermal springs"[1]
Also spelled 'Amwas, Amwas
Subdistrict Ramle
Coordinates 31°50′19.21″N 34°59′30.32″E / 31.8386694°N 34.9917556°ECoordinates: 31°50′19.21″N 34°59′30.32″E / 31.8386694°N 34.9917556°E
Palestine grid 149/138
Population 2,015
Date of depopulation 7 June 1967
Cause(s) of depopulation Expulsion by Israeli forces
Current localities Canada Park

Imwas (Arabic: عِمواس‎) was a Palestinian Arab village located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southeast of the city of Ramla and 26 kilometres (16 mi) from Jerusalem in the Latrun salient of the West Bank.[2] Often identified with the biblical Emmaus, over the course of two millennia, Imwas was intermittently inhabited and was ruled by the Romans (including the Byzantines), Arab caliphates, Crusaders, Ottomans, and the British, as part of the Mandate in Palestine. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Imwas fell under Jordanian occupation. Its population at the time was predominantly Arab Muslim, though there was an Arab Christian minority.

Captured by the Israeli Defense Forces during the Six-Day War on June 7, 1967 along with the neighbouring villages of Yalo and Bayt Nuba, the villagers of Imwas were expelled and the village destroyed on the orders of Yitzhak Rabin. Today the area of the former village lies within Canada Park, which was established by the Jewish National Fund in 1973.

Etymology

The name of the town was popularly pronounced by its local inhabitants as 'Imwās. Arabic literary sources indicate the name is also pronounced 'Amwās and 'Amawās, the latter being form transcribed by the Syrian geographer Yakut (1179–1229) drawing from earlier sources.[3] At the time of Jerome, when the city was known as Nicopolis, Charles Clermont-Ganneau notes that it was still also known by the Greek forms of 'Ammaôs or 'Emmaus, both beginning with an 'āyin. Moshe Sharon, drawing upon this observation concludes that the Arabic name more faithfully approximates the town's original ancient name when compared against the name as transcribed in the Talmud, where it begins with an 'alef.[3]

History

Classical antiquity

Imwas has been identified as the site of ancient Emmaus, where according to the Book of Luke (24:13-35), Jesus appeared to a group of his disciples, including Cleopas, after his death and resurrection.[4] Emmaus is also mentioned in the first Book of the Maccabees as the site where Judas Maccabeus defeated the Syrian General Gorgias in the 2nd century BCE.[5] It was subsequently fortified by Bacchides in 160 BCE, and replaced Gezer as the head of a toparchy in 47 BCE.[3] Edward Robinson relates that its inhabitants were enslaved by Cassius, while Josephus relates that the city (called Άμμoὺς) was burned to the ground by Varus after the death of Herod in 4 BCE.[5][6]

Reduced to a small market-town, its importance was recognized by the Emperor Vespasian who established a fortified camp there in 68 CE to house the fifth ("Macedonian") legion, populating it with 800 veterans.[7][3] In 131 CE, the city was destroyed by an earthquake.[3] It was rebuilt and renamed Nicopolis ("City of Victory") by Elagabalus in 221 CE, becoming the chief polis in a region that bore its name.[3][8] Robinson writes that the town was rebuilt "by the exertions of the writer Julius Africanus."[4][5] In 222 CE, a basilica was erected there, which was rebuilt first by the Byzantines and later by the Crusaders.[9] In the 4th century, the city served as an episcopal see.[6] Remains of a Samaritan synagogue point the presence of a Samaritan community in Imwas in the late Roman period.[8]

Described by Eusebius of Caesarea in his Onomasticon, Jerome is also thought to have referred to the town and the building of a shrine-church therein, when he writes that the Lord "consecrated the house of Cleopas as a church."[4] In the 5th century, a second tradition associated with Emmaus emerges in the writings of Sozomen, who mentions a fountain outside the city where Jesus and his disciples bathed their feet, thus imbuing it with curative powers.[4]

Arab caliphate era

After the conquest of Palestine by forces of the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century, a military camp was established at Imwas, which formed part of the newly created administrative district of Jund al-Urdunn (District of Jordan).[10] This military camp, among others established in Tiberias and Homs, was made up of Arabian soldiers who were soon to become citizens of the newly conquered areas. The soldiers brought their wives and concubines to the camps, some of whom, according to Philip Hitti, were no doubt captured native women. The governmental framework of the Byzantine era was preserved, though a commander-in-chief/governor-general was appointed from among the new conquerors to head the government, combining executive, judicial and military roles in his person.[10]

In 639, a plague which began in Imwas and spread out from there, ended up killing some 20,000 people, including the commander-in-chief Abu Ubaydah, and his successor Yazid. The caliph Umar appointed Yazid's younger brother Mu'awiyah to the position of commander-in-chief in 640, and he served as the governor of Syria for 20 years before becoming the caliph himself.[11] Studies on the impact of the plague note that it was responsible for a massive depopulation of the countryside, with the consequence that the new Arab rulers, particularly under the Umayyad caliphate which followed, were prompted to intervene more directly in the affairs of these areas than they had intended.[12] Until as late as the 19th century, a well in the village was known locally as Bir at-Taun ("the plague well"), its name suggesting a derivation from these events.[9]

In 723, Willibald of Eichstätt visited Imwas. In his writings, he notes that the church, which he thought lay over the house of Cleopas, was still intact; he also recalls and describes the miraculous water source mentioned by Sozomen.[13] Hugeburc von Heidenheim, a nun who visited Palestine in the 8th century, mentions both the church and the fountain in Imwas in her work on The Life of St. Willibald.[4] By the 9th century, the administrative districts had been redrawn and Imwas was the capital of a sub-district within the larger district of Jund Filastin.[14] The Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi (c. 945-1000), recalls that Imwas had been the capital of its province, while noting, "that the population [was] removed therefrom to be nearer to the sea, and more in the plain, on account of the wells."[15]

By 1009, the church in Imwas had been destroyed by Yaruk, the governor of Ramla, after the Fatamid caliph of Egypt, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ordered the destruction of Christian sites, affecting some 30,000 churches in the territory under his rule.[13] Carsten Peter Thiede describes this destruction and other acts of suppression against Christian worship as one of the main impetuses behind the First Crusade, in which, "Saving Christian sites and guaranteeing access to them was paramount."[13]

Crusader era

William of Tyre, describing the arrival of the armies of the First Crusade to Imwas from Ramla in 1099, notes the abundance of water and fodder available at the site. Throughout the 12th century, Imwas continued to be identified as the Biblical Emmaus by Eastern Orthodox Christians. For example, in 1106-7, Abbot Daniel writes of Imwas: "Once there was a large village here, and a church was built here, but now all is destroyed by the pagans and the village of Emmaus in empty. It was near the road beyond the mountains on the right hand as you go from Jerusalem to Jaffa."[4] John Phocas (ca.1185) also located Emmaus in the same position.[4] Conversely, Western sources in the late 12th century identified Biblical Emmaus with another village closer to Jerusalem: Qaryat al-'Inab or Abu Ghosh. Denys Pringle and Peter E. Leach attribute the reasons for this shift as stemming from a difference in the description of the distance between Emmaus and Jerusalem in the Gospel texts, versus the distance as transcribed in the earliest Greek Gospel codices. In the Gospel texts, more widely embraced by the West, the distance is transcribed as 60 stades, whereas the Codex Sinaiticus, which was known to Eusebius and Jerome, places the distance at 160 stades.[16][17]

The identification of Biblical Emmaus with two villages in the 12th century has led to some confusion among modern historians when apprehending historical documents from this time. Generally-speaking however, Abu Ghosh was referred to by the Latin Biblical name for Emmaus, Castellum Emmaus, whereas Imwas was referred to simply as Emmaus. In 1141, Robert of Sinjil leased the "land of Emmaus", which included Imwas and six other villages, to Raymond of Le Puy, the master of the Hospitallers for 500 bezants a year.[18] The same year, William, the Patriarch of Jerusalem granted half of the tithes from six surrounding villages to the Hospitallers, one of these villages was nearby Khulda.[19] In February 1151 or 1152 the Hospitallers were still leasing, but the terms of the lease were modified.[20] An 1186 reference to a "bailiff of Emmaus" named Bartholomew suggests that the Hospitallers had an established a commandery in Imwas.[21] There is also archaeological and documentary evidence that suggests that the local Eastern Christian population continued to live in Imwas during this time, and likely attended services alongside the Crusaders at the parish church dedicated to St. George which was constructed in the village by the latter on the site of the ruins of the earlier churches.[22][23]

Imwas was likely abandoned in 1187 and unlike the neighboring villages of Beit Nuba, Yalo, Yazur and Latrun, it is not mentioned in chronicles describing the Third Crusade of 1191-2, and it is unclear whether it was reoccupied by the Hospitallers between 1229 and 1244.[16] The village was re-established just north of where the church had been located.[16]

Ottoman era

Imwas came under the rule of the Ottoman empire in the early 16th century and by the end of that century, the church built by the Crusaders had been converted into a mosque, which itself stood for almost a century before falling into ruin.[4] In 1596 its population was reported as 24 Muslim families.[24]

Edward Robinson visited Imwas during his mid-19th century travels in Syria and Palestine. He describes it as "a poor hamlet consisting of a few mean houses." He also mentions that there are two fountains of living water and that the one lying just beside the village must be that mentioned by Sozomen in the 5th century, Theophanes in the 6th, and by Willibald in the 8th.[25] The ruins of the "ancient church" are described by Robinson as lying just south of the built-up area of the village at that time.[25]

Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau also visited Imwas in the late 19th century and describes a local tradition centered around a bathhouse dating to the Roman era. The upper part of the structure, which protruded above the ground, was known to locals as "Sheikh Obaid" and was considered to be the burial place of Abu Ubayd who succumbed to the plague in 639. The site served as both a religious sanctuary and cemetery until the town's depopulation in 1967.[9][26]

In 1875, the Carmelites of Bethlehem acquired the site containing the ruins of the church of Imwas. The debris was removed in 1887-8, and excavations were conducted intermittently from November 1924 to September 1930 by the Ecole Biblique.[16] In 1884, Dr. C. Schick discovered a baptistry with a well-preserved font dating to the 4th century. The square building housed an apse and a shallow cruciform basin where it is thought that those undergoing baptismal rites would stand.[27]

In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Imwas as an adobe village, of moderate size.[28]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Imwas had a population of 824, all Muslim.[29] This had increased by the time of the 1931 census to 1,029, 2 Christians and 1,027 Muslim, in 224 houses.[30]

In 1945 the population of Imwas was 1,450, all Arabs, while the total land area was 5,151 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[31] Of this, 606 dunams were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 3,612 for cereals,[32] while 148 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[33]

1948-1967

Map of Dayr Ayyub, Imwas, Yalo, Bayt Nuba and the armistice lines

During the 1948 Palestine War, the village held strategic importance due to its location on the Latrun salient, affording control over the road to Jerusalem. Arab Liberation Army forces were there from April to the middle of May until the arrival of the Arab Legion. Israeli forces attacked the position several times but failed to gain control during the Battle of Latrun.[34]

In 1961 the village had a population of 1,955 mostly Arab Muslims with a minority of 40 Arab Christians.[35]

1967, and aftermath

The expulsion of the residents of Imwas, 1967

Imwas was one of three populated Palestinian villages in the Latrun salient which the IDF associated with an historic sense of disappointment for failing to take it in 1948. The town, defended by a few Jordanian and Egyptian units, was overrun and destroyed in June 1967 on the orders of Yitzhak Rabin due to its strategic location, which enabled the route to Jerusalem to be controlled. At the time, Moshe Dayan told the Cabinet he hoped Israel could get up to 300,000 Palestinians to leave: and night operations and "nipping" were used to get them to "take the hint".[36] Villagers from Imwas, together with those of Yalo and Beit Nuba, numbering some 8,000, were ordered by megaphone to abandon their homes and march towards Ramallah, 32 kilometres away.[37] Ten elderly villagers refused to leave and were never heard of again, and were presumed to have been shot or to have been buried under the demolition rubble.[37] This exodus from the Latrun zone, during which 4 villagers died,[37] presented a public relations problem. According to one oral account by a refugee, one week after the expulsion, villagers heard over Israeli radio that they would be allowed to return to the enclave in peace. Those in the West Bank who tried to get back found the villages surrounded by tanks, and heard that a military order had rescinded the earlier decision, and could only stand by and watch as their houses were razed.[37] The order, in violation of Article 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, came from Yitzhak Rabin. In his memoirs Dayan recalled that "(Houses were destroyed) not in battle, but as punishment . . in order to chase away the inhabitants."[37] In response to the public relations problem, Dayan eventually agreed to allow those from Qalqiliya, Habla and Zeta to return to their homes if it was agreed in turn to block the return of the inhabitants of the Latrun villages.[37][36] Israel newspapers of the day depicted the flight as voluntary.[36] Israel further justified the decision by claiming that its residents had taken part in the Siege of Jerusalem two decades earlier, and that they had been present in an attack by Egyptian commandos on Lod just days before the village was taken.[38][39] Dayan stated that the Latrun area fellahin were themselves not responsible for Jordanian shelling from that area during the Six Day War. The decision to destroy the houses was explained to soldiers operating there as necessary in order to "punish the nest of murderers" and stop housing infrastructure from being used in future for terrorist bases.[36] Central Command orders issued to soldiers at the time described the 1948 failure, and the 1967 success in the following way, by writing of:

'terms of disappointment, terms of a long and painful account, which has now been settled to the last cent. Houses suddenly left. Intact. With their potted geraniums, their grapevines climbing up the balconies. The smell-of wood-burning ovens still in the air. Elderly people who have nothing more to lose, slowly straggling along.,'[36]

In August of that year, villagers were told that they return could pick up their stored harvests with trucks.[37]The residents of the three villages then formed a committee to negotiate their return. The villagers' request that Israel allow their leaders, who had fled to Amman, to return and negotiate on their behalf, was turned down by Dayan. [37]Israel offered monetary compensation for the destruction of homes and the expropriation of lands. One committee leader, the father of Abu Gaush replied:

"We will not accept all the money in the world for one dunam in Imwas, and we will not accept one dunum in heaven for one dunam in Inwas!"[37]

According to his son, he was told by his Israeli interlocutors that he had three choices: to share the fate of Sheikh Abdul Hameed Al Sayeh, the first Palestinian to be exiled by Israel after the beginning of the 1967 occupation, after he spoke up for the inalienable right of return of Palestinians; or he could choose to go to prison, or, finally, he could suck on something sweet and keep quiet.[37] but no one was allowed to return.[37] One descendant of the expelled villagers said her father told her they were threatened with prison if they did not agree to compensation [38][40][37] [41][39] An Imwas Human Society now campaigns for the expelled villagers' rights and publicizes what they call the war crimes committed in the Latrun Enclave.[37]

In 1973 the Jewish National Fund in Canada raised $5 million darks to establish a picnic park for Israelis in the area,[37] which it created and still maintains. It descrfibes the area as:-

one of the largest parkls in Israel, covering an area of 7,500 acres in the biblical Ayalon Calley. At peak season, some 30,000 individuals visit the site each day,. enjoying its many play and recreational facilities and installations.'[37]

Since 2003, the Israeli NGO Zochrot ('Remember' in Hebrew) has lobbied the Jewish National Fund for permission to post signs designating the Palestinian villages in Canada Park.[42] After petitioning the Israeli High Court,[43] permission was granted. However, subsequently the signs have been stolen or vandalized.[42] On June 23, 2007, Zochrot joined the refugees of the village Imwas for a tour of the remains of their village.[44]

Artistic representations

Palestinian artist Sliman Mansour made Imwas the subject of one of his paintings. The work, named for the village, was one of a series of four on destroyed Palestinian villages that he produced in 1988; the others being Yalo, Bayt Dajan and Yibna.[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 283
  2. ↑ Wareham and Gill, 1998, p. 108.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Sharon, 1997, p. 79
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Pringle, 1993, p. 52
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 147
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bromiley, 1982, p. 77.
  7. ↑ Josephus, De Bello Iudaico Bk 7,6:6.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Negev and Gibson, 2005, p. 159.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sharon, 1997, p. 80
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hitti, 2002, p. 424.
  11. ↑ Hitti, 2002, p. 425.
  12. ↑ Bray, 2004, p. 40.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Thiede and D'Ancona, 2005, p. 59.
  14. ↑ Gil, 1997, p. 111
  15. ↑ al-Muqaddasi quoted in le Strange, 1890, p.393.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Pringle, 1993, p. 53
  17. ↑ Brownrigg, 2001, p. 49.
  18. ↑ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 50, No 201; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. 53
  19. ↑ de Roziére, 1849, pp. 219-220, No. 117; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 51, No 205; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. 53
  20. ↑ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 61-62, No 244; p. 65, No 257; p. 69, No 274; all cited in Pringle, 1993, p. 53
  21. ↑ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 172, No 649; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. 53
  22. ↑ Levy, 1998, p. 508.
  23. ↑ Thiede and D'Ancona, 2005, p. 60
  24. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 153.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 146
  26. ↑ Clermont-Ganneau, 1899, pp. 483-493
  27. ↑ Schick, 1884, p. 15; cited in Driver et al., 2006, p. 325
  28. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 14
  29. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 15
  30. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 40.
  31. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 66
  32. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 115
  33. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 165
  34. ↑ Morris, 2008, see Latrun and Imwas in the index.
  35. ↑ "Welcome to Imwas". Palestine Remembered. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 Tom Segev, 1967, Abacus Books 2007 pp.489-490.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.9 37.10 37.11 37.12 37.13 37.14 Rich Wiles, "Behind the Wall: Life, Love, and Struggle in Palestine," Potomac Books, Inc., 2010, pp. 17-24.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Oren, 2002, p. 307
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Mayhew and Adams, 2006.
  40. ↑ Segev, 2007, pp. 407–409
  41. ↑ Interview: Ahmad Abughoush: "Imwas : Canada Park's Concealed Crime "
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Out of sight maybe, but not out of mind, by Zafrir Rinat, 13/06/2007 Haaretz
  43. ↑ High Court Petition on Canada Park, Zochrot
  44. ↑ Tour to Imwas, Zochrot
  45. ↑ Ankori, 2006, p. 82

Bibliography

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