Immigration to Europe

Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially in the later 20th century. Especially Western European countries saw a dramatic growth in immigration after World War II and many European nations today (particularly those of the EU-15) have sizeable immigrant populations, both of European and non-European origin.

Recent immigrants fall into the categories of migrant/foreign workers (both legal and illegal) and refugees.

Beginning in 2004, the European Union has granted EU citizens a freedom of movement and residence within the EU, the term "immigrant" has since mostly been used to refer to extracomunitarian (i.e. non-EU) citizens.

Historical migration

Early historical migration into or within Europe has mostly taken the form of military invasion, but there have been exceptions; this concerns notably population movements within the Roman Empire under the Pax Romana; the Jewish diaspora in Europe was the result of the First Jewish–Roman War of AD 66–73.

With the collapse of the Roman Empire, migration was again mostly coupled with warlike invasion, not least during the so-called Migration period (Germanic migrations), the Slavic migrations, the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, the Islamic conquests and the Turkic expansion into Eastern Europe (Kipchaks, Tatars, Cumans). The Ottomans once again established a multi-ethnic imperial structure across Western Asia and Southeastern Europe, but Turkification in Southeastern Europe was due more to cultural assimilation than to mass immigration. In the late medieval period, the Romani people migrated into Europe both via Anatolia and the Maghreb.

There were substantial population movements within Europe throughout the Early Modern period, mostly in the context of the Reformation and the European wars of religion, and again as a result of World War II.

Until the late 1960s and 1970s, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Norway,[1] Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom[2] were primarily sources of emigration, sending large numbers of emigrants to the Americas and Australia. A number also went to other European countries (notably France, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium). As living standards in these countries have risen, the trend has reversed and they were a magnet for immigration (most notably from Morocco, Somalia, Egypt to Italy and Greece; from Morocco, Algeria and Latin America to Spain and Portugal; and from Ireland, India, Pakistan, Germany, the United States, Bangladesh, and Jamaica to the United Kingdom).

Migration within Europe after the 1985 Schengen Agreement

As a result of the 1985 Schengen Agreement, there is free travel within Europe. Citizens of European Union member states and their families have the right to live and work anywhere within the EU because of EU citizenship but citizens of non-EU or non-EEA states do not have those rights unless they possess the EU Long Term Residence Permit or are family members of EU citizens. Nevertheless, all holders of valid residence permits of a Schengen State have the unrestricted right to travel within the Schengen Area for tourist purposes only, and for up to three months. This is seen by many experts as an encouragement to work illegally within the Schengen zone.

A large proportion of immigrants in western European states have come from former eastern bloc states in the 1990s, especially in Spain, Greece, Germany, Italy, Portugal and the United Kingdom. There are frequently specific migration patterns, with geography, language and culture playing a role. For example, there are large numbers of Poles who have moved to the United Kingdom and Ireland, while Romanians and also Bulgarians have chosen Spain and Italy.[3] In fact, with the earlier of the two recent enlargements of the EU, although most countries restricted free movement by nationals of the acceding countries, the United Kingdom did not restricted for the 2004 enlargement of the European Union and received Polish, Latvian and other citizens of the new EU states. Spain was not restricted for the 2007 enlargement of the European Union and received many Romanians and Bulgarians as well other citizens of the new EU states.

Many of these Polish immigrants to UK have since returned to Poland, after the serious economic crisis in the UK. Nevertheless, free movement of EU nationals is now an important aspect of migration within the EU, since there are now 28 member states, and has resulted in serious political tensions between Italy and Romania, since Italy has expressed the intention of restricting free movement of EU nationals (contrary to Treaty obligations and the clear jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice).

Another migration trend has been that of Northern Europeans moving toward Southern Europe. Citizens from the European Union make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Spain, coming chiefly from the United Kingdom and Germany, but also from Italy, France, Portugal, The Netherlands, Belgium, etc. British authorities estimate that the population of UK citizens living in Spain is much larger than Spanish official figures suggest, establishing them at about 1,000,000, with 800,000 being permanent residents. According to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for Western Europeans considering to move from their own country and seek jobs elsewhere in the EU.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Immigration from outside Europe since the 1980s

Some scholars, like sociolinguists Hayley Johnson and Katlyn Archer, have said that the increase in immigration flows from the 1980s, are an expression of the growing of global inequalities between poor and rich countries.[11]

In May 2009 the European Commission adopted the EU Blue Card. This permit will make it easy for skilled third-country workers to live and work in any of the participating EU member states. Legislation is now in place on a European level, gradually member states will start accepting applicants to this program. Pre-registration started in January 2010.

France

Main article: Immigration to France

As of 2008, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 5.3 million foreign-born immigrants and 6.5 million direct descendants of immigrants (second generation born in France with at least one immigrant parent) lived in France representing a total of 11.8 million and 19% of the country's population. About 5.5 million are of European origin, 4 million of Maghrebi origin, 1 million of Sub-Saharan African origin and 400,000 of Turkish origin. Among the 5.3 million foreign-born immigrants, 38% are from Europe, 30% are from Maghreb, 12.5% from Sub-Saharan Africa, 14.2% from Asia and 5.3% from America and Oceania[12][13] The most important individual countries of origin as of 2008 were Algeria (713,000), Morocco (653,000), Portugal (580,000), Italy (317,000), Spain (257,000), Turkey (238,000) and Tunisia (234,000). However, immigration from Asia (especially China), as well as from Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Mali) is gaining in importance.

The region with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Île-de-France (Greater Paris), where 40% of immigrants live. Other important regions are Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (Marseille).

Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010, 27.3% had at least one foreign-born parent and about one quarter (23.9%) had at least one parent born outside Europe.[14][15] Including grandparents, almost 40% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent (11% born in another European country, 16% born in Maghreb and 12% born in another region of the world).[16]

Norway

Main article: Immigration to Norway

In 2014 the "immigrant population" in Norway consisted of approximately 759,000 people, including 633,000 foreign-born and 126,000 born in Norway having two immigrant parents. This corresponds to 14.9% of the total population.[17] The cities with the highest share of immigrants are Oslo (31.1%) and Drammen (26.2%). The six largest immigrant groups in Norway are Poles, Swedes, Somalians, Lithuanians, Pakistanis and Iraqis.

In the years since 1970, the largest increase in the immigrant population has come from countries in Asia (including Turkey), Africa and South America, increasing from about 3500 in 1970 to about 300,000 in 2011. In the same period, the immigrant population from Nordic countries and Western Europe has increased modestly from around 42,000 to around 130,000.

The governmental public report called the "Integration Barometer 2009" (Integreringsbarometeret 2009), based on a survey from 2005 to 2009, showed widespread dissatisfaction with the country's immigration policy. The survey found that more than half of Norwegians wished that Norway should not let in more immigrants to the country, and one of every two citizens thought that the integration of immigrants worked poorly.[18]

United Kingdom

In 2004 the number of people who became naturalised British citizens rose to a record 140,795 - a 12% increase from the previous year, and a dramatic increase since 2000. Most new citizens came from Asia (40%) or Africa (32%); the largest three countries of origin were India, Pakistan and Bangladesh[19] with Indians making the largest group. In 2005, an estimated 565,000 migrants arrived to live in the United Kingdom for at least a year, primarily from Asia and Africa,[20] while 380,000 people emigrated from the country for a year or more, chiefly to Australia, Spain and the United States.[21]

Italy

Main article: Immigration to Italy

The total immigrant population of the country is now of 5 million and 73 thousand, about 8.3 percent of the population (2014). Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European nations, particularly Eastern Europe, and increasingly Asia, replacing North Africa as the major immigration area. Some 933,000 Romanians are officially registered as living in Italy, replacing Albanians and Moroccans as the largest ethnic minority group, but independent estimates put the actual number of Romanians at double that figure or perhaps even more. Others immigrants from Central-Eastern Europe are Ukrainians (230,000), Polish (110,000), Moldovans (150,000), Macedonians (100,000), Serbs (110,000), Bulgarians (54,000) East German people (41,000), Bosnians (40,000), Russians (39,600), Croatians (25,000), Slovakians (9,000), Hungarians (8,600). (As of 2014, the distribution of foreign born population is largely uneven in Italy: 84.9% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 15.1% live in the southern half of the peninsula.)[22][23][24][25]

Spain

Main article: Immigration to Spain

Since 2000, Spain has absorbed around six million immigrants, adding 12% to its population. The total immigrant population of the country now exceeds 5,730,677 (12.2% of the total population). According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 710,000 were Moroccan, another 410,000 were Ecuadorian, 300,000 were Colombian, 230,000 were Bolivian and 150,000 were Chinese; from the EU around 800,000 were Romanian, 370,000 (though estimates place the true figure significantly higher, ranging from 700,000 to more than 1,000,000) were British,[26][27][28][29] 190,000 were German, 170,000 were Italian and 160,000 were Bulgarian. A 2005 regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people that year.[30][31][32][33][34] By world regions, in 2006 there were around 2,300,000 from the EU-27, 1,600,000 from South America, 1,000,000 from Africa, 300,000 from Asia, 200,000 from Central America & Caribbean, 200,000 from the rest of Europe, while 50,000 from North America and 3,000 from the rest of the world.[35]

Portugal

Portugal, long a country of emigration,[36] has now become a country of net immigration, from both its former colonies and other sources. By the end of 2003, legal immigrants represented about 4% of the population, and the largest communities were from Cape Verde, Brazil, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, the United Kingdom, Spain, China and Ukraine.[37]

Sweden

Main article: Immigration to Sweden
Immigrants (red) and emigrants (blue), Sweden 1850-2007

In 2013 1.53 million people or 15.9% of the inhabitants in Sweden were foreign-born. A further 468,000 have been born in Sweden by two immigrant parents. The "immigrant population" therefore consist of about 2 million people (or 20.7% of the population).

Of the major cities Malmö has the largest immigrant population, estimated to be 41.1% in 2013.[38] However, the smaller municipalities Botkyrka (55.7%), Haparanda (55.4%) and Södertälje (47.9%) all have a higher share of immigrants. In the Swedish capital Stockholm 30.7% (in 2013) of the population are either foreign-born or born in Sweden by two foreign-born parents.[39]

In 2014 117,000 people immigrated to Sweden, while 45,000 left the country. Net immigration was 72,000.[40]

Sweden has been transformed from a nation of emigration ending after World War I to a nation of immigration from World War II onwards. In 2009, Sweden had the fourth largest number of asylum applications in the EU and the largest number per capita after Cyprus and Malta.[41][42] Immigrants in Sweden are mostly concentrated in the urban areas of Svealand and Götaland and the five largest foreign born populations in Sweden come from Finland, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Poland and Iran.[43]

Finland

Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of Finland. The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity, economic benefits, jobs for non-immigrants, settlement patterns, impact on upward social mobility, crime, and voting behavior.

At the end of 2010, there were 248,135 foreign born people residing in Finland, which corresponds to 4.6% of the population. Proportionally speaking, Finland has had one of the fastest increases in its foreign-born population between 2000 and 2010 in all of Europe. The majority of immigrants in Finland settle in the Helsinki area, although Tampere, Turku and Kuopio have had their share of immigrants in recent years.

Slovenia

On 1 January 2011 there were almost 229,000 people (11.1%) living in Slovenia with foreign country of birth. At the end of March 2002 when data on the country of birth for total population where for the first and last time collected by a conventional (field) census, the number was almost 170,000 (8.6%). Immigration from abroad, mostly from republics of former Yugoslavia, was the deciding factor for demographic and socioeconomic development of Slovenia in the last fifty years. Also after independence of Slovenia the direction of migration flows between Slovenia and abroad did not change significantly. Migration topics remain closely connected with the territory of former Yugoslavia. Slovenia was and still is the destination country for numerous people from the territory of former Yugoslavia. The share of residents of Slovenia with countries of birth from the territory of former Yugoslavia among all foreign-born residents was 88.9% at the 2002 Census and on 1 January 2011 despite new migration flows from EU Member States and from non-European countries still 86.7%.

Other countries

Opposition

Further information: Überfremdung and Immigrant criminality

France

In France, the National Front seeks to limit immigration. Major media, political parties, and a large share of the public believe that anti-immigration sentiment has increased since the country's riots of 2005.

Italy

Public anti-immigrant discourse started in Italy in 1985 by the Bettino Craxi government, which in a public speech drew a direct link between the high number of clandestine immigrants and some terrorist incidents.[44][45][46][47] Public discourse by the media hold that the phenomenonr of immigration is uncontrollable and of undefined proportions.[48]

United Kingdom

Criticism in the United Kingdom is frequently targeted at the many South Asians, particularly Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Indians, who have moved there in recent decades.

Germany

In Germany, the National Democratic Party opposes immigration.

Denmark

In Denmark, the parliamentary party most strongly associated with anti-immigration policies is the Danish People's Party.

Norway

In Norway, the only parliamentary party that seeks to limit immigration is the Progress Party. Minor Norwegian parties seeking to limit immigration are the Democrats in Norway, the Christian Unity Party, the Pensioners' Party and the Coastal Party.

Switzerland

Switzerland has a history of anti-immigration which dates to the early 1970s and the campaigns of James Schwarzenbach. Since the 1990s, the topic has been dominated by the conservative-liberal Swiss People's Party, led by Christoph Blocher.

Sweden

The largest party in Sweden that seeks to reduce immigration are the national conservative Sweden Democrats. In the recent election, the party garnered 13% of the vote.

Statistic data on immigrant populations

By host country

2010 data for European Union

In 2010, 47.3 million people lived in the EU, who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and The Netherlands (1.4 million).[49][50]

CountryTotal population (millions)Total Foreign-born (millions)%Born in other EU state (millions)%Born in a non-EU state (millions)%
Germany81.8029.81212.03.3964.26.4157.8
France64.7167.19611.12.1183.35.0787.8
United Kingdom62.0087.01211.32.2453.64.7677.7
Spain46.0006.42212.02.3285.14.0948.9
Italy61.0004.7988.51.5922.63.2055.3
Netherlands16.5751.83211.10.4282.61.4048.5
Greece11.3050.9609.60.3202.30.6406.3
Ireland3.7580.76620.00.55514.80.2115.6
Sweden9.3401.33714.30.4775.10.8599.2
Austria8.3671.27615.20.5126.10.7649.1
Belgium 10.6661.38012.90.6956.50.6856.4
Portugal10.6370.7937.50.1911.80.6025.7
Denmark5.5340.5009.00.1522.80.3486.3
Slovenia2.0500.22811.10.0211.80.2079.3
EU 28501.09847.3489.415.9803.231.3686.3

2005 data

According to the list of countries by immigrant population, based on the United Nations report World Population Policies 2005. The European countries that have the highest net foreign populations are:

CountryPopulationPercentageNotes
 Russia12,080,0008.5
 Germany10,144,00012.3
 Ukraine 6,833,000 14.7
 France6,471,00010.2
 United Kingdom5,408,0009
 Spain4,790,00010.85.7 million, 12.2% (2010).[51]
 Italy2,519,0004.3The number of immigrants has risen steeply since the publication of the UN report.[52] According to a 2010 British report, the number is now close to 4.3 million, 8%.[53] According to a 2010 Italian report, the total number of foreigners has risen up to 5 million, 10%.[54]
  Switzerland1,660,00023
 Netherlands1,638,00010
 Austria1,234,00015

The European countries with the highest proportion or percentage of non-native residents are small nations or microstates. Andorra is the country in Europe with the highest percentage of immigrants, 77% of the country's 82,000 inhabitants. Monaco is the second with the highest percentage of immigrants, they make up 70% of the total population of 32,000; and Luxembourg is the third, immigrants are 37% of the total of 480,000; in Liechtenstein they are 35% of the 34,000 people; and in San Marino they comprise 32% of the country's population of 29,000.

Countries in which immigrants form between 25% and 10% of the population are: Switzerland (23%), Latvia (19%), Estonia (15%), Austria (15%), Croatia (15%), Ukraine (14.7%), Cyprus (14.3%), Ireland (14%), Moldova (13%), Germany (12.3%), Sweden (12.3%), Belarus (12%), Slovenia (11.1%), Spain (10.8%, 12.2% in 2010), France (10.2%), and the Netherlands (10%).[55] The United Kingdom (9%), Greece (8.6%), Russia (8.5%), Iceland (7.6%), Norway (7.4%), Portugal (7.2%), Denmark (7.1%), Belgium (6.9%) and the Czech Republic (6.7%),[56] each have a proportion of immigrants between 10% and 5% of the total population.

The European countries with the smallest proportion of immigrants as follows are: Finland (4.6% in 2012), Italy (4.3%, 8.3% in 2014), Albania (2%), Poland (2%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1%), Bulgaria (1%) and Romania (0.5%).

2006 data

Eurostat data[57] reported in 2006 that some EU member states as receiving "large-scale" immigration. The EU in 2005 had an overall net gain from international migration of 1.8 million people, which accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth that year.[58] In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from elsewhere in Europe.[59] In 2005, the total number of immigrants fell slightly, to 135,890.[60]

By origin

Further information: Islam in Europe, Hinduism in Europe and Buddhism in Europe

Approximate populations of non-European origin in Europe (about 20 - 30+ millions, or 3 - 4% (depending on the definition of non-European origin), out of a total population of approx. 831 million):

Potential migrants

Gallup has published a study estimating potential migrants in 2010.[65] The study estimated that 700 million adults worldwide would prefer to migrate to another country. Potential migrants were asked for their country of preference if they were given free choice.

The total number of potential migrants to the European Union is estimated at 200 million, comparable to the number for North America (USA and Canada). In addition, an estimated 40 million potential migrants within the EU desire to move to another country within the EU, giving the EU the highest intra-regional potential migration rate.[66]

The study estimates that about 500 million out of the 700 million potential migrants would be attracted by fifteen countries (the United States being most popular, attracting 166 million). Apart from the United States and Canada, the top desired target countries were predominantly European: the United Kingdom (46 million), France (39 million), Spain (31 million), Germany (26 million).[67]

The study also compared the number of potential migrants to their desired destination's population, resulting in a Net Migration Index expressing potential population growth. This list is headed by Singapore, which would experience population growth by +219%. Among European countries, Switzerland would experience the highest growth, by +150%, followed by Sweden (+78%), Spain (+74%), Ireland (+66%), the United Kingdom (+62%) and France (+60%). The European countries with highest potential population loss are Kosovo and Macedonia, with -28% each.[68]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/BLD/IMA/Report_oecd_2010_final.pdf
  2. ↑ Johnston, Philip (15 November 2007). "Emigration soars as Britons desert the UK". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  3. ↑ BBC Europe diary: Romanian emigration
  4. ↑ BBC article: Brits Abroad
  5. ↑ BBC article: Btits Abroad Country by Country
  6. ↑ Guardian article: Spain attracts record levels of immigrants seeking jobs and sun
  7. ↑ Bye Bye Blighty article: British Immigrants Swamping Spanish Villages?
  8. ↑ Guardian article: An Englishman's home is his casa as thousands go south
  9. ↑ BCC article: 5.5m Britons 'opt to live abroad'
  10. ↑ BBC article: More Britons consider move abroad
  11. ↑ Calefato (1994) pp.80-1 quote:
    La presenza di questi immigrati in Europa non e' semplicemente finalizzata alla ricerca di un lavoro, (per lo piu' come camerieri, venditori ambulanti, braccianti stagionali, ecc.). Le migrazioni del nostro tempo pongono con forza una "domanda di accoglienza" (v. Ponzio 1993), cioe' una domanda non contenibile nel mercato e nell'"integrazione", che evidenzia, anche inconsapevolmente, le divaricazioni crescenti sul nostro pianeta tra poverta' e ricchezza.
  12. ↑ Être né en France d’un parent immigré, Insee Première, n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee
  13. ↑ Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008, Insee, October 2011
  14. ↑ Naissances selon le pays de naissance des parents 2010, Insee, septembre 2011
  15. ↑ Parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France.
  16. ↑ Les immigrés, les descendants d'immigrés et leurs enfants, Pascale Breuil-Genier, Catherine Borrel, Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee 2011
  17. ↑ http://www.ssb.no/en/innvandring-og-innvandrere/nokkeltall
  18. ↑ Brustad, Line (29 May 2010). "Mener integreringen er mislykket". VG Nett.
  19. ↑ BBC Thousands in UK citizenship queue
  20. ↑ 1,500 immigrants arrive in Britain daily, report says
  21. ↑ Indians largest group among new immigrants to UK
  22. ↑ .
  23. ↑ Non-EU citizens legally residing Jan 2014
  24. ↑ "Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente per sesso e cittadinanza al 31 Dicembre 2012 Italia - Tutti i Paesi".
  25. ↑ "Италианските българи" (in Bulgarian). 24 Chasa.
  26. ↑ "Brits Abroad: Country-by-country". BBC News. 11 December 2006.
  27. ↑ Tremlett, Giles (26 July 2006). "Spain attracts record levels of immigrants seeking jobs and sun". The Guardian (London).
  28. ↑ British Immigrants Swamping Spanish Villages?
  29. ↑ Burke, Jason (9 October 2005). "An Englishman's home is his casa as thousands go south". The Guardian (London).
  30. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística: Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2006. Datos provisionales
  31. ↑ Immigration Shift: Many Latin Americans Choosing Spain Over U.S.
  32. ↑ Spain: Immigrants Welcome
  33. ↑ Immigrants Fuel Europe's Civilization Clash
  34. ↑ Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs
  35. ↑ 5,598,691 foreign population in Spain (2009), Spanish National Statitistic Institute press report, INE (Spain). June 3, 2009. (Spanish)
  36. ↑ Portugal - Emigration
  37. ↑ Charis Dunn-Chan, Portugal sees integration progress, BBC
  38. ↑ http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Topplistor-kommuner/290738/
  39. ↑ http://www.stockholm.se/OmStockholm/Fakta-och-kartor/
  40. ↑ http://www.scb.se/en_/Finding-statistics/Statistics-by-subject-area/Population/Population-composition/Population-statistics/Aktuell-Pong/25795/Monthly-statistics--The-whole-country/25890/
  41. ↑ http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100504/local/malta-has-highest-per-capita-rate-of-asylum-applications
  42. ↑ Statistics Sweden. Befolkningsutveckling; födda, döda, in- och utvandring, gifta, skilda 1749–2007
  43. ↑ http://www.scb.se/Pages/PublishingCalendarViewInfo____259923.aspx?PublObjId=11400
  44. ↑ Guild and Minderhoud (2006) p.173
  45. ↑ Dal Lago p.122
  46. ↑ Ministero degli Interni (1985) Relazione al Parlamento sull'attività delle Forze di Polizia e sullo stato dell'ordine e della sicurezza pubblíca nel territorio nazionale
  47. ↑ Palidda, S. (1996) Verso il fascismo democratico? Note su emigrazione, immigrazione e società dominanti', Aut Aut 275: 143–68
  48. ↑ Marazziti and Riccardi (2005) pp.40-1 quote:
    La «vulgata» difunde la idea de que el fenomeno es de dimensiones incontrolables e indefinibles, y se llega a formular la afirmacion comun de que hay tantos, o mas, extranjeros clandestinos como extranjeros visibles y regulares.
    [...] la inmigracion [...] ha entrado en el imaginario de los miedos o de las extrañezas. Progresivamente, el lenguaje que se utilizara sera el de orden publico, de las varias «tolerancia cero».
    [...] Se evocan banalmente los choques de civilizaciones para dar dignidad al prejuicio. El mecanismo es antiguo, pero la sociedades no estan vacunadas contra ellos.
  49. ↑ 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad, Eurostat, Katya VASILEVA, 34/2011.
  50. ↑ MoveEurope - immigration to Europe process research team, Artis Zelmenis, 2/2014.
  51. ↑ 5.6 million foreign population in Spain (2009). Spanish National Statitistic Institute press report, INE (Spain). June 3, 2009. (Spanish) 5.7 million foreigners in Spain (2010). El País
  52. ↑ “Immigrants should be citizens”, press report, ANSA. November 3, 2009.
  53. ↑ “Italy wakes up to the realities of immigration”, The Guardian. February 21, 2010.
  54. ↑ "Immigrazione in Italia, 5 milioni di stranieri regolari."
  55. ↑ UN statistics as of 2005, see list of countries by immigrant population.
  56. ↑
  57. ↑ Eurostat News Release on Immigration in EU
  58. ↑ Europe: Population and Migration in 2005
  59. ↑ Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality
  60. ↑ Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections
  61. ↑ Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 367, ISBN 1-59884-302-8
  62. ↑ France's blacks stand up to be counted
  63. ↑ Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe
  64. ↑ Youths bring violence from a war-torn land
  65. ↑ Neli Esipova, Julie Ray, and Rajesh Srinivasan, The World’s Potential Migrants, Gallup, 2010.
  66. ↑ Esipova, Ray and Srinivasan (2010), p. 8.
  67. ↑ Esipova, Ray and Srinivasan (2010), p. 3.
  68. ↑ Esipova, Ray and Srinivasan (2010), Appendix A, pp. 21–22.

Bibliography

External links