Ideophone

Not to be confused with Idiophone, a class of musical instruments.

Ideophones are words that evoke an idea in sound, often a vivid impression of certain sensations or sensory perceptions, e.g. sound, movement, color, shape, or action. Ideophones are found in many of the world's languages, though they are relatively uncommon in Western languages.[1] The word class of ideophones is sometimes called phonosemantic to indicate that it is not a grammatical word class in the traditional sense of the word (like 'verb' or 'noun'), but rather a lexical class based on the special relation between form and meaning exhibited by ideophones. In the discipline of linguistics, ideophones have long been overlooked or treated as mysterious words,[2] though a recent surge of interest in sound symbolism, iconicity and linguistic diversity has brought them renewed attention.[3]

An example of Japanese sound symbolism jaan!

Characteristics

An often-cited definition of the notion of ideophone is the one by Doke 1935:118:

Ideophone
‘A vivid representation of an idea in sound. A word, often onomatopoeic, which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, colour, sound, smell, action, state or intensity.’

Ideophones evoke sensory events. Reduplication figures quite prominently in ideophones, often conveying a sense of repetition or plurality present in the evoked event. A well known instance of ideophones are onomatopoeic words, i.e., words imitating the sound (of the event) they refer to. Some ideophones may be derived from onomatopoeic notions. A case in point is the English ideophonic verb to tinkle, which is likely to be derived from an imitation of a brief metallic sound.

Grammar

The grammatical function of ideophones varies by language – in some cases, such as Hausa, they do not form a separate word category, while in other cases their classification is debated and they may be spread across multiple classes. However, "[i]n the vast majority of cases, however, ideophones perform an adverbial function and are closely linked with verbs."[4]

It is maintained by some[5] that ideophones denote a complete utterance and as such have a sentence-like character, like interjections. While this is true for some ideophones, such as English "ta-da!" or Japanese jaan (ジャーン, ta-da), it is false in general. In many languages (Cantonese, Japanese, Yoruba, Hausa, Ewe, to name a few) ideophones often function as parts of sentences, with various grammatical functions, such as adjectives or adverbs, as in Japanese hatto (はっと, with a start, (be) startled), which is an adverb and verbal noun, as in hatto ki ga tsuita (はっと気が付いた, I noticed with a start) or hatto shita (はっとした, I was startled). This difference of opinion is attributable to the fact that languages vary in the manner they make use of ideophones. Conversely, this may be evidence that several distinct linguistic phenomena have been called ideophones, and that the concept therefore needs to be better defined to be useful in scientific discourse.

Ideophones are restricted to certain grammatical classes in some languages (e.g. Welayta, Yir-Yiront, Finnish). In others, ideophones pervade many different word classes and syntactic constructions (e.g. Mundang, Ewe, Siwu, Sotho). A common feature across languages, especially in narrative contexts, is the possibility of introducing ideophones via a verbum dicendi, grammatically often via a quotative complementizer, for example:

Registers

Languages also differ in the context in which ideophones are used. In some languages, ideophones are primarily used in spoken language (e.g. narrative contexts) and are rarely encountered in written language. In other languages (e.g. Ewe, Japanese), ideophones can be freely used in all registers. In general, however, ideophones tend to occur more extensively in spoken language because of their expressive or dramaturgic function.

Examples

English

Japanese

The Japanese language has hundreds if not thousands of such constructions. The constructions are quite metrical 2-2, or 3-3, where mora plays a role in the symmetry. The second item of the reduplication may become voiced if phonological conditions allow, rendaku. These original or native expressions are used extensively in daily conversations as well as in the written language.

Other languages

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nuckolls 2004
  2. ↑ Voeltz and Kilian-Hatz 2001:2
  3. ↑ Imai et al. 2008, Güldemann 2008, Gasser et al. 2010, Nuckolls 1996
  4. ↑ G. Tucker Childs, "African ideophones", in Sound Symbolism, p. 181
  5. ↑ e.g. Kilian-Hatz 2001:157, Kock 1985