Hyphessobrycon
| Hyphessobrycon | |
|---|---|
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| Ornate tetra (H. bentosi) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Characidae |
| Genus: | Hyphessobrycon Durbin, 1908 |
| Type species | |
| Hemigrammus compressus Meek, 1904 | |
| Species | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms | |
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Hyphessobrycon is a genus of freshwater fish in the Characidae family of order Characiformes. The Hyphessobrycon species are among the fishes known as tetras. Almost all species of this genus are native to the Neotropic ecozone in South America; about half a dozen species are from Central America and a single species, H. compressus, is from southern Mexico.
Taxonomy
This large genus of characins includes over 100 species.[1] The systematics of Hyphessobrycon are still largely unresolved.[2] Six groups within this genus have been recognized based on color patterns alone.[1] With no phylogenetic analysis of this genus, species are placed into this genus as anatomically defined by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917.[3] By this definition, Hyphessobrycon is identified by the presence of an adipose fin, incomplete lateral line, two tooth series in the premaxilla, with the teeth of the external series continuous in a single series, teeth not strictly conical, preventral scales arranged in more than one row, and lack of scales in the caudal fin.[3] The characteristic of extension of scales onto the caudal fin that differentiates this genus from Hemigrammus is not satisfactory as it occurs in intermediate conditions.[3]
This genus is not monophyletic.[3] A monophyletic group within Hyphessobrycon has been hypothesized, termed the rosy tetra clade; this group is based upon coloration pattern and the shape of dorsal and anal fins of males.[1] Recognition of monophyletic groups among Hyphessobrycon species is complicated by the difficulty in finding characters useful for hypothesis of relationships among the species.[1] Traditional characters used to identify Hyphessobrycon are phylogenetically unreliable.[1]
Etymology
The generic name, Hyphessobrycon, is of slightly uncertain origin. The second part derives from the Greek βρύκω (to bite); the first, derives from an ostensible Greek hyphesson, which may be an error for υπελάσσων (slightly smaller).[4]
Distribution
The genus is distributed from southern Mexico to Río de la Plata in Argentina, achieving its highest species diversity east of the Andes in northern South America.[2]
Appearance and anatomy
All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about 2–7 cm (0.75–2.75 in). There is great anatomical diversity in this genus.[3] They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red, or yellow markings on their bodies or fins.
Ecology
The Hyphessobrycon species are generally omnivorous, feeding predominantly on small crustaceans, insects, annelid worms, and zooplankton. When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.
Relationship to humans
None of the roughly one hundred fishes in the genus has been rated by the IUCN, but many species have small distributions and at least one, H. flammeus, is believed to be extinct in the wild.[5] Many Hyphessobrycon species are popular aquarium fish.
Species
There are currently 138 recognized species in this genus:
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Bertaco, Vinicius A.; Malabarba, Luiz R. Malabarba (2005). "A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the upper rio Tocantins drainage, with bony hooks on fins" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 3 (1): 83–88. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252005000100004.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lima, Flávio C. T.; Moreira, Cristiano R. (2003). "Three new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Araguaia basin in Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 1 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252003000100003.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 de Lucena, Carlos Alberto Santos (2003). "New characid fish, Hyphessobrycon scutulatus, from the rio Teles Pires drainage, upper rio Tapajós system (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 1 (2): 93–96. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252003000200003.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). Species of Hyphessobrycon in FishBase. June 2013 version.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). "Hyphessobrycon flammeus" in FishBase. November 2012 version.
- ↑ García-Alzate, C. A., Román-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D. C. (2013): Una nueva especie de Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) de la cuenca del río Telembí, vertiente sur del Pacífico, Colombia. Revista de Biologìa Tropical (International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation), 61 (1): 181-192.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Zarske, A. (2014): Zur Systematik einiger Blutsalmler oder „Rosy Tetras“ (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characidae). Vertebrate Zoology, 64 (2): 139–167.
- ↑ Dagosta, F.C.P., Marinho, M.M.F. & Camelier, P. (2014): A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae) from the middle rio São Francisco and upper and middle rio Tocantins basins, Brazil, with comments on its biogeographic history. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (2): 365-375.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 García-Alzate, C.A., Román-Valencia, C. & Ortega, H. (2013): Hyphessobrycon taphorni y H. eschwartzae (Teleostei: Characidae) dos nuevas especies de peces de la cuenca del río Madre de Dios, Perú. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 61 (2): 859-873. (in Spanish)
- ↑ Bertaco, Vinicius A.; Carvalho, Tiago P. (2005). "A new characid fish, Hyphessobrycon hexastichos (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada dos Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology 3 (3): 439–443. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252005000300013.
- ↑ Teixeira, T.F., Lima, F.C.T. & Zuanon, J. (2014): A New Hyphessobrycon Durbin from the Rio Teles Pires, Rio Tapajós Basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Copeia, 2013 (4) [2014]: 612-621.
- ↑ Zarske, Axel (2008). "Hyphessobrycon khardinae sp. n. – ein neuer Blutsalmler aus Brasilien (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)". Vertebrate Zoology 58: 5–13.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Carvalho, Tiago Pinto; Bertaco, Vinicius Araújo (2006). "Two new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from upper rio Tapajós basin on Chapada dos Parecis, Central Brazil" ( – Scholar search). Neotropical Ichthyology 4 (3): 301–308. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252006000300001.
- ↑ Lima, F.C.T., Coutinho, D.P. & Wosiacki, W.B. (2014): A new Hyphessobrycon (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from the middle Amazon basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3872 (2): 167–179.
- ↑ García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn (2008). "Hyphessobrycon oritoensis (Characiformes: Characidae), a new species from the Putumayo River drainage, Colombian Amazon". Zootaxa 1813: 42–50.
- ↑ Ingenito, L.F.S., Lima, F.C.T. & Buckup, P.A. (2013): A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Juruena basin, Central Brazil, with notes on H. loweae Costa & Géry. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (1): 33-44.
- ↑ Carvalho et al. (2008). "Hyphessobrycon rutiliflavidus n. sp., a new characid fish from the upper rio Paraguai, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa 1674: 39–49. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ↑ Carvalho, F.R. & Langeani, F. (2013): Hyphessobrycon uaiso: new characid fish from the rio Grande, upper rio Paraná basin, Minas Gerais State (Ostariophysi: Characidae), with a brief comment about some types of Hyphessobrycon. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (3): 525-536.