Hyacinth macaw

Hyacinth macaw
In the Brazilian Pantanal
Conservation status
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Superfamily:	Psittacoidea
Family:	Psittacidae
Subfamily:	Arinae
Tribe:	Arini
Genus:	Anodorhynchus
Species:	A. hyacinthinus
Binomial name
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Latham, 1790)

The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), or hyacinthine macaw, is a parrot native to central and eastern South America. With a length (from the top of its head to the tip of its long pointed tail) of about 100 cm (3.3 ft) it is longer than any other species of parrot. It is the largest macaw and the largest flying parrot species, though the flightless kakapo of New Zealand can outweigh it at up to 3.5 kg. While generally easily recognized, it can be confused with the far rarer and smaller Lear's macaw. Habitat loss and trapping wild birds for the pet trade has taken a heavy toll on their population in the wild, and as a result the species is classified as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List,^[1] and it is protected by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Taxonomy

English physician, ornithologist and artist John Latham first described the hyacinth macaw in 1790 based on a taxidermic specimen sent to England. It is one of two extant and one probably extinct species of the South American macaw genus Anodorhynchus.

Description

Upper body

The largest parrot by length in the world, the hyacinth macaw is 100 cm (3.3 ft) long from the tip of its tail to the top of its head and weighs 1.2–1.7 kg (2.6–3.7 lb).^[2][3] Each wing is 388–425 mm (15.3–16.7 in) long.^[2] The tail is long and pointed.^[2] Its feathers are entirely blue, lighter above. However, sometimes, the neck feathers can be slightly grey.

Behavior

Food and feeding

The majority of the hyacinth macaw diet is nuts from native palms, such as acuri and bocaiuva palms.^[4] They have a very strong beak for eating the kernels of hard nuts and seeds. Their strong beaks are even able to crack coconuts, the large brazil nut pods and macadamia nuts. The birds also boast large, powerful beaks that easily crack nuts and seeds, while their dry, smooth tongues have a bone inside them that makes them an effective tool for tapping into fruits.^[5] The acuri nut is so hard that the parrots cannot feed on it until it has passed through the digestive system of cattle.^[4] In addition, they eat fruits and other vegetable matter. The hyacinth macaw in as a whole generally eats fruits, nuts, nectar, and various kinds of seeds. Also they will travel for the ripest of foods over a vast location.^[6]

In the Pantanal, hyacinth macaws feed almost exclusively on the nuts of Acrocomia aculeata and Attalea phalerata palm trees. This behaviour was recorded by the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates in his 1863 book The Naturalist on the River Amazons, where he wrote that

It flies in pairs, and feeds on the hard nuts of several palms, but especially of the Mucuja (Acrocomia lasiospatha). These nuts, which are so hard as to be difficult to break with a heavy hammer, are crushed to a pulp by the powerful beak of this macaw.

—Bates^[7]

Charles Darwin remarked on Bates's account of the species, calling it a "splendid bird" with its "enormous beak" able to feed on these palm nuts.^[8]

Tool use

Limited tool use has been observed in both wild and captive hyacinth macaws. There exist reported sightings of tool use in wild parrots going as far back as 1863. Examples of tool use that have been observed usually involve a chewed leaf or pieces of wood. Macaws will often incorporate these items when feeding on harder nuts. The use of these items allows the nuts the macaws eat to remain in position (prevent slipping) while they gnaw into it. It is not known whether this is learned social behavior or an innate trait but observation on captive macaws shows that hand-raised macaws exhibit this behavior as well. Comparisons show that older macaws were able to open seeds more efficiently.^[9]

Reproduction

A pair and their nest in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Nesting takes place between July and December, nests are constructed in tree cavities or cliff faces depending on the habitat.^[10] In the Pantanal region, 90% of nests are constructed in the manduvi tree (Sterculia apetala). The hyacinth depends on its predator, the toucan, for its livelihood. The toucan contributes largely to seed dispersal of the Manduvi tree that the macaw needs for reproduction.^[11] However, the toucan is responsible for dispersing 83% of the seeds of Sterculia apetala, but also consumes 53% of eggs predated^[12] Hollows of sufficient size are only found in trees of around 60 years of age or older, and competition is fierce.^[13] Existing holes are enlarged and then partially filled with wood chips.^[14] The clutch size is one or two eggs,^[4] although usually only one fledgling survives^[4] as the second egg hatches several days after the first, and the smaller fledgling cannot compete with the first born for food. A possible explanation for this behavior is what is called the insurance hypothesis. The macaw will lay more eggs than can be normally fledged to compensate for earlier eggs that failed to hatch or first born chicks that did not survive.^[15] The incubation period lasts about a month, and the male will tend to his mate whilst she incubates the eggs.^[4] The chicks leave the nest, or fledge, at around 110 days of age, and remain dependent on their parents until six months of age.^[4] They are mature and begin breeding at seven years of age.

General traits

Hyacinth macaws are the largest psittacine. They are also very even-tempered and can be calmer than other macaws, being known as "gentle giants".^[16] An attending veterinarian needs to be aware of specific nutritional needs and pharmacologic sensitivities when it comes to dealing with them. Possibly due to genetic factors or captive rearing limitations, this species can become neurotic/phobic, which is problematic.^[17]

In captivity, as pets

Hyacinths are known to make excellent pets, but require an owner with extensive knowledge of how to care for them, preferably an expert. Their beaks are extremely powerful, making it important that they are taught, while young, to not bite people. However, if this is done properly they can have excellent interactions with humans. The macaws also need plenty of space for roaming and exercise; without this they may not remain healthy, with possible impacts on conservation efforts and may lead to being aggressive, and vicious.^[16]

Distribution and habitat

Hyacinth macaws in their natural habitat, the Pantanal, Bolivia.

The hyacinth macaw survives today in three main populations in South America: In the Pantanal region of Brazil, and adjacent eastern Bolivia and northeastern Paraguay, in the Cerrado region of the eastern interior of Brazil (Maranhão, Piauí, Bahia, Tocantins, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais), and in the relatively open areas associated with the Tocantins River, Xingu River, Tapajós River, and the Marajó island in the eastern Amazon Basin of Brazil. It is possible that smaller, fragmented populations occur in other areas. It prefers palm swamps, woodlands, and other semi-open wooded habitats. It usually avoids dense humid forest, and in regions dominated by such habitats, it is generally restricted to the edge or relatively open sections (e.g. along major rivers). In different areas of their range these parrots are found in savannah grasslands, in dry thorn forest known as caatinga, and in palm stands,^[10] particularly the Moriche Palm (Mauritia flexuosa).^[18]

Conservation and threats

At La Palmyre Zoo, France

At Disney's Animal Kingdom Park, Florida, United States.

The hyacinth macaw is an endangered species due to the cage bird trade and habitat loss.^[10] In the 1980s, it is estimated that at least 10,000 birds were taken from the wild and at least 50% were destined for the Brazilian market.^[19] Throughout the macaw's range, habitat is being lost or altered due to the introduction of cattle ranching and mechanised agriculture, and the development of hydroelectric schemes.^[10] Annual grass fires set by farmers can destroy nest trees, and regions previously inhabited by this macaw are now unsuitable also due to agriculture and plantations. Locally, it has been hunted for food, and the Kayapo Indians of Gorotire in south-central Brazil use its feathers to make headdresses and other ornaments. While overall greatly reduced in numbers, it remains locally common in the Brazilian Pantanal, where many ranch-owners now protect the macaws on their land.^[20]

The hyacinth macaw is protected by law in Brazil and Bolivia,^[10] and commercial export is banned by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).^[21] There are a number of long-term studies and conservation initiatives in place; the Hyacinth Macaw Project in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso do Sul, has carried out important research by ringing individual birds and has created a number of artificial nests to compensate for the small percentage of sites available in the region.^[4]

The Minnesota Zoo with BioBrasil^[22] and the World Wildlife Fund^[14] are involved in hyacinth macaw conservation.

Causes of endangerment

Parrots as a whole, being of the family Psittacidae, are one of the most threatened birds in the world. This family has the most endangered species of all bird families, especially in the Neotropics, the natural home of the hyacinth macaw, where 46 out of 145 species are at a serious risk of global extinction ^[23] This species qualifies as endangered on the IUCN Red List because the population has suffered rapid reductions with the remaining threats of illegal trapping for the cage bird trade and habitat loss ^[24] A few serious threats to the survival of the species in the Pantanal include human activities; mainly those resulting in habitat loss, the burning of land for pasture maintenance, and illegal trapping ^[25] The exceptionally noisy, fearless, curious, sedentary, and predictable nature of this species, along with its specialization to only one or two species of palm in each part of its range makes them especially vulnerable to capture, shooting, and habitat destruction.^[26] Eggs are also regularly predated by corvids, possums, and coatis.^[27] Adults have no known natural predators.^[3] The young are parasitized by larvae of flies of the genus Philornis.^[28]

Although the species has a low genetic variability, it does not necessarily pose a threat to their survival. This genetic structure accentuates the need for protection of hyacinth macaws from different regions in order to maintain the genetic diversity of this species. Nevertheless, the most important factors negatively affecting the wild population prove to be habitat destruction and nest poaching.^[29]

In the Pantanal, habitat loss is largely contributed to the creations of pastures for cattle; while in many other regions it is the result of clearing out land for colonization.^[30] Similarly, large amounts of habitat in Amazonia have been lost for cattle-ranching and hydroelectric power schemes on the Tocantins and Xingu rivers. Many young manduvi trees are then being grazed on by cattle or burnt by fire, and the Gerias is speedily being converted to land for mechanized agriculture, cattle ranching, and exotic tree plantations.^[31] Annual grass fires set by farmers destroy a great deal of nest trees, and the rise of agriculture and plantations has made habitats formerly populated by the macaws unsuitable to maintain their livelihoods.^[24] Moreover, increase in commercial demand for feather art by the Kayapo Indians threatens the species as up to 10 macaws are needed to make a single headdress.^[26]

In the event of the macaw being taken from its natural environment, a variety of factors alter their health such as inadequate hygiene conditions, feeding and overpopulation during the illegal practice of pet trade. Once captured and brought into captivity, mortality rates can become very high.^[30] Records reveal a Paraguayan dealer receiving 300 unfeathered young in 1972, with all but three not surviving. Due to the poor survival rates of the young, poachers concentrate more heavily on adult birds, which depletes the population at a rapid pace.^[26]

According to Article 111 of Bolivian Environmental Law #1333, all persons involved in the trade, capture and transportation without authorization of wild animals will suffer a 2-year prison sentence, along with a fine equivalent to 100% of the value of the animal.^[32] While many trackers have been arrested, the illegal pet trade still largely continues in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Unfortunately, animal trafficking is not necessarily viewed as a priority in the city, leaving National departmental and municipal governments unwilling to halt the trade in city centers, and local police reluctant to get involved. This ideology has in turn resulted in a lack of enforcement regarding trade in both CITES-restricted species and threatened species, with little to no restrictions regarding humane treatment of the animals, disease control or proper hygiene. In the trade centers, the hyacinth macaw demanded the highest price of 1,000 USD, proving it to be a very desirable and valued bird in the pet trade industry.^[33]

Conservation steps taken to preserve the hyacinth macaw

In 1989 the European Endangered Species Programme for the hyacinth macaw was founded as a result of concerns about the status of the wild population and the lack of successful breeding in captivity.^[32] Breeding in captivity still remains difficult, being that hand-reared hyacinth macaw offspring have demonstrated to have higher mortality rates, especially within the first month of life. Additionally, they have a higher incidence of acute crop stasis than other macaw species due, in part, to their specific dietary requirements.^[34] The hyacinth macaw is protected by law in Brazil and Bolivia, and international trade is prohibited by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.^[24] Appendix I has banned exporting the bird in all countries of origin, and several studies and conservational initiatives have been taken.^[31] The Hyacinth Macaw Project in the Caiman Ecological Refuge, located in the Pantanal, has employed artificial nests and chick management techniques, along with effectively raising awareness among cattle ranchers. Many ranch-owners in the Pantanal and Gerais no longer allow trappers on their properties to protect the birds.^[31]

A number of conservation actions have been proposed, including the study of the current range, population status and extent of trading in different parts of its range. Additionally, propositions have been made to assess the effectiveness of artificial nest-boxes, enforce legal measures preventing trade, and experiment with ecotourism at one or two sites to encourage donors.^[31] Furthermore, the Hyacinth Macaw Project in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso do Sul, has carried out important research by ringing individual birds and has created a number of artificial nests to compensate for the small percentage of sites available in the region.^[24] Furthermore, there have been propositions to list the species as Endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act to further protective measures in the USA and to create Bolivian and Paraguayan trade management authorities under presidential control.^[26]

Long Term Prospects

It has been argued that each of the three main populations must be managed as a separate biological entity so as to avoid numbers dropping below 500. While the birds may be in decline in the wild, there are notably higher populations of captive macaws as thousands are being held in zoos and private collections. If there is success in managing and replanting the macaw’s food-trees and erecting nest boxes as an experiment in the Pantanals, the species could survive with strong population numbers. Survival rates could also be enhanced if ranch owners would leave all large and potential nest trees standing and eliminate all trapping on their properties. Ultimately, would these factors work in tandem with erection of nest boxes, fencing off of certain saplings and the planting of others, the long-term prospects of the hyacinth macaw species would be greatly improved.^[26]

• List of macaws

References

Cited texts

• Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09251-6. 

Further reading

• del Hoyo et al., 1997. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 4.
• Caldas, Sergio T. and L Candiasani. 2005. Arara-Azul. DBA Dórea Books and Art, São Paulo, São Paulo.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus.

• Hyacinth macaw on the Internet Bird Collection
• Hyacinth macaw media at ARKive
• The Blue Macaws website
• How the Hyacinth Macaw got its Markings - a folk tale
• Audio File of the hyacinth macaw