Humber River (Ontario)

Humber River
River
The Humber, as seen from a point near the northern border of Toronto
Country Canada
Province Ontario
Region Southern Ontario
Districts Dufferin County, Regional Municipality of Peel, Simcoe County, Regional Municipality of York
Municipalities Toronto, Adjala–Tosorontio, Brampton, Caledon, King, Mono, Vaughan
Part of Great Lakes Basin
Source Humber Springs Ponds
 - location Mono, Dufferin County
 - elevation 421 m (1,381 ft)
 - coordinates 43°56′36″N 80°00′14″W / 43.94333°N 80.00389°W
Mouth Humber Bay, Lake Ontario
 - location Toronto
 - elevation 74 m (243 ft)
 - coordinates 43°37′56″N 79°28′19″W / 43.63222°N 79.47194°WCoordinates: 43°37′56″N 79°28′19″W / 43.63222°N 79.47194°W
Length 100 km (62 mi)
Basin 903 km2 (349 sq mi)
Location of the mouth of the Humber River in Ontario
This article is about the river in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For links to other rivers of the same name, see Humber River (disambiguation). For the two colleges named after this particular river, visit Humber College.

The Humber River (French: Rivière Humber) is a river in Southern Ontario, Canada.[1] It is in the Great Lakes Basin, is a tributary of Lake Ontario and is one of two major rivers on either side of the city of Toronto, the other being the Don River to the east. It was designated a Canadian Heritage River on September 24, 1999.[2]

The Humber collects from about 750 creeks and tributaries in a fan-shaped area north of Toronto that encompasses portions of Dufferin County, the Regional Municipality of Peel, Simcoe County, and the Regional Municipality of York. The main branch runs for about 100 kilometres (60 mi)[2] from the Niagara Escarpment in the northwest, while another other major branch, known as the East Humber River, starts at Lake St. George in the Oak Ridges Moraine near Aurora to the northeast. They join north of Toronto and then flow in a generally southeasterly direction into Lake Ontario at what was once the far western portions of the city.[3] The river mouth is flanked by Sir Casimir Gzowski Park and Humber Bay Park East.

Naming

The Anishinaabe, the most recent native inhabitants of the area, refer to the river as Cobechenonk, for “leave the canoes and go back.”[4] During the 1600s and 1700s, the river was known by several names before it was given the official name of Humber. Popple's map of 1733 shows a prominent river beside the native settlement "Tejajagon" assumed to be the Humber. Its name is given as the Tanaovate River. The river was also known as the "Toronto River." Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe gave the river the name of Humber, likely after the Humber estuary in England.[5]

History

After the old one was destroyed during Hurricane Hazel in 1954, a new footbridge was built in 1995 to span the Humber, between Lions and Raymore Park.
The Humber during a mild winter (February 2006)

The Humber has a long history of human settlement along its banks. Native settlement of the area is well documented archaeologically and occurred in three waves. The first settlers were the Palaeo-Indians who lived in the area from 10,000 to 7000 BC. The second wave, people of the Archaic period, settled the area between 7000 and 1000 BC and began to adopt seasonal migration patterns to take advantage of available plants, fish, and game. The third wave of native settlement was the Woodland period, which saw the introduction of the bow and arrow and the growing of crops which allowed for larger, more permanent villages. The Woodland period was also characterized by movement of native groups along what is known today as the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, running from Lake Ontario up the Humber to Lake Simcoe and eventually to the northern Great Lakes.[2]

Étienne Brûlé was the first European to encounter the Humber while travelling the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail. Brûlé passed through the watershed in 1615 on a mission from Samuel de Champlain to build alliances with native peoples. The Trail became a convenient shortcut to the upper Great Lakes for traders, explorers, and missionaries. A major landmark on the northern end of the trail in Lake Simcoe was used to describe the trail as a whole, and eventually the southern end became known simply as "Toronto" to the Europeans.[2]

A fort, Fort Toronto, was constructed about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) inland from the mouth of the Humber to protect the Trail. During the 1660s this was the site of Teiaiagon, a permanent settlement of the Seneca used for trading with the Europeans. Popple's map of 1733 shows a prominent river beside "Tejajagon" which is assumed to be the Humber. French missionaries used the area for many years, including Jean de Brébeuf and Joseph Chaumonot in 1641, Louis Hennepin in 1678, and Rene-Robert Cavelier de La Salle in 1680.[2]

However, no permanent European settlement occurred until the arrival of Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (not to be confused with Jean-Jacques, the famous author) in the late 18th century. Rousseau piloted John Graves Simcoe's ship into Toronto Bay to officially begin the British era of control in 1793. Most of the British attention was focussed to the east of the Humber, around the protected Toronto Bay closer to the Don River. Settlement was scattered until after the War of 1812 when many loyalists moved to the area, who were joined by immigrants from Ireland and Scotland who chose to remain in British lands.[2]

Upon his arrival in York, Simcoe was keenly aware of the need for a lumber mill and grist mill in the area. He had constructed a sawmill on the west bank of the river near present day Bloor Street in 1793, which was operated by John Wilson. In 1797 Simcoe managed to get a grist mill established on the Humber River. It was owned and operated by John Lawrence. Over the years, numerous mills have been operated along the river by such men as William Cooper, W. P. Howland, Thomas Fisher, John Scarlett, William Gamble and Joseph Rowntree. The last grist mill on the Humber, Hayhoe Mills in Woodbridge, closed in 2007.

By 1860 the Humber Valley was extensively deforested. This decreased the stability of the river banks and increased damages done by periodic flooding. In 1878 a disastrous flood destroyed the remaining water powered mills. As the Toronto area grew, the lands around the Humber became important farming areas; in addition, some areas of the river's flood plain were developed as residential. This led to serious runoff problems in the 1940s, which the Humber Valley Conservation Authority was established to address. But in 1954, Hurricane Hazel raised the river to devastating flood levels, destroying buildings and bridges; on Raymore Drive, 60 homes were destroyed and 35 people were killed.

The Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (MTRCA later TRCA) succeeded the Humber Valley authority in 1957 (the word "Metropolitan" was dropped in 1998).[2] More recently, a task force within the Authority was formed to further clear the Humber as a part of the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund.

Course

For a map showing the river course, see this reference.[3]
The Humber River begins at Humber Springs Ponds on the Niagara Escarpment in Mono, Dufferin County[2] and reaches its mouth at Humber Bay on Lake Ontario in the city of Toronto.

Watershed

The Humber as it exits into Lake Ontario. The bridge carries a cycling path over the river, and is the same path as in the image above, some 20k to the north.

The Humber watershed is a hydrological feature of south-central Ontario, Canada, principally in north and west Toronto. It has an area of 903 square kilometres (349 sq mi), flowing through numerous physio-graphic regions, including the Oak Ridges Moraine and the Niagara Escarpment.[6] The watershed is bounded on the west by the Credit River, Etobicoke Creek and Mimico Creek watersheds, and on the east by the Garrison Creek, Don River and Rouge River watersheds, all six of which empty into Lake Ontario; on the north by the Nottawasaga River which empties into Lake Huron; and on the northeast by the Holland River, which empties into Lake Simcoe.[2]

Unlike the Don to the east, the Humber remained relatively free from industrialization as Toronto grew. Since the flooding of Hurricane Hazel, it has been largely developed or redeveloped as parkland, with the extensive and important wetlands on its southern end remaining unmolested. Whereas the mouth of the Don is often clogged with flotsam and is obstructed by low bridges, the Humber is navigable and used for recreation and fishing.

Today the majority of the Toronto portion of the Humber is parkland, with paved trails running from the lake shore all the way to the northern border of the city some 30 km away. Trails following the various branches of the river form some 50 km of bicycling trails, much of which are in decent condition. Similar trails on the Don tend to be narrower and in somewhat worse condition, but the complete set of trails is connected along the lake shore, for some 100 km of off-road paved trails.

Tributaries

Swimming in the Humber, 1923

Source: Toronto and Region Conservation Authority,[7] The Atlas of Canada.[8]

References

  1. ↑ "Humber River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "Humber River". The Canadian Heritage Rivers System. 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Humber River". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2012-03-15. Shows the course of the river highlighted on a map.
  4. ↑ Roberts, Wayne (July 11, 2013). "Whose land?". Toronto, ON: Now.
  5. ↑ "The real story of how Toronto got its name". Natural Resources Canada.
  6. ↑ "Humber river watershed plan: Pathways to a healthy Humber" (PDF). Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. June 2008. p. iii. ISBN 978-0-9811107-1-4. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
  7. ↑ Humber River: State of the Watershed Report – Aquatic System (PDF) (Report). Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. p. 27.
  8. ↑ "Natural Resources Canada: Toporama". Natural Resources Canada.

Other map sources:

See also

External links

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