Hudson County, New Jersey

Hudson County, New Jersey
View north on Hudson Waterfront
Map of New Jersey highlighting Hudson County
Location in the state of New Jersey
Map of the United States highlighting New Jersey
New Jersey's location in the U.S.
Founded 1840
Named for Henry Hudson
Seat Jersey City[1]
Largest city Jersey City
Area
 • Total 62.31 sq mi (161 km2)
 • Land 46.19 sq mi (120 km2)
 • Water 16.12 sq mi (42 km2), 25.87%
Population
 • (2010) 634,266[2]
 • Density 13,495/sq mi (5,241/km²)
Congressional districts 8th, 9th, 10th
Website www.hudsoncountynj.org

Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, lies west of the lower Hudson River and New York City. The county was named for Henry Hudson, the sea captain who explored the area in 1609.[3] Part of New Jersey's Gateway Region in the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is its largest city and county seat.[1][4]

As of 2014, Hudson County's Census-estimated population was 669,115,[5] an increase of 5.5% from the 2010 United States Census, when its population was enumerated at 634,266,[2] in turn an increase of 25,291 (+4.2%) from the 608,975 enumerated in the 2000 Census[6] and making it the fourth-most populous county in the state.[7][8] Hudson County is the geographically smallest and most densely populated county in New Jersey and the sixth-most densely populated county in the United States, with 13,731.4 residents per square mile of total area in 2010.[9]

Geography and topography

Municipalities

Hudson County municipalities index map

There are 12 municipalities in Hudson County, listed with area in square miles and 2010 Census data for population and housing.[10] North Hudson and West Hudson each comprise municipalities in their distinct areas.

Municipality
(with map key)		 Municipal
type		 Population
(2010)		 Housing
units		 Total
area		 Water
area		 Land
area		 Pop.
density		 Housing
density
Bayonne (1) city 63,024 27,799 11.08 5.28 5.80 10,858.3 4,789.4
East Newark (10) borough 2,406 794 0.12 0.02 0.10 23,532.1 7,765.8
Guttenberg (6) town 11,176 4,839 0.24 0.05 0.20 57,116.0 24,730.2
Harrison (9) town 13,620 5,228 1.32 0.12 1.20 11,319.3 4,344.9
Hoboken (3) city 50,005 26,855 2.01 0.74 1.28 39,212.0 21,058.7
Jersey City (2) city 247,597 108,720 21.08 6.29 14.79 16,736.6 7,349.1
Kearny (8) town 40,684 14,180 10.19 1.42 8.77 4,636.5 1,616.0
North Bergen (11) township 60,773 23,912 5.57 0.44 5.13 11,838.0 4,657.8
Secaucus (7) town 16,264 6,846 6.60 0.78 5.82 2,793.7 1,175.9
Union City (4) city 66,455 24,931 1.28 0.00 1.28 51,810.1 19,436.9
Weehawken (12) township 12,554 6,213 1.48 0.68 0.80 15,764.6 7,801.9
West New York (5) town 49,708 20,018 1.33 0.32 1.01 49,341.7 19,870.5
Hudson County county 634,266 270,335 62.31 16.12 46.19 13,731.4 5,852.5

Landforms and borders

Satellite image showing the core of the New York metropolitan area. Over 10 million people live in the imaged area. Much of Hudson County is located on peninsula on left

According to the 2010 Census, the county had a total area of 62.31 square miles (161.4 km2), of which 46.19 square miles (119.6 km2) of it (74.1%) was land and 16.12 square miles (41.8 km2) of it (25.9%) was water.[11] Based on land area, it is the smallest of New Jersey's 21 counties, less than half the size of the next smallest (Union County)[11] and the eighth-smallest of all counties in the United States.[12]

Hudson is located in the heart of New York metropolitan area in northeastern New Jersey. It is bordered by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay to the east; Kill van Kull to the south; Newark Bay and the Hackensack River or the Passaic River to the west; its only land border is shared Bergen County to the north and west.[13]

Midtown New York from Hoboken

The topography is marked by the New Jersey Palisades in the north with cliffs overlooking the Hudson to the east and less severe cuesta, or slope, to the west. They gradually level off to the southern peninsula, which is coastal and flat. The western region, around the Hackensack and Passaic is part of the New Jersey Meadowlands. Much of the land along the county's extensive shoreline was created by land reclamation.[14]

The highest point, at 260 feet (79 m) above sea level, is in West New York;[15][16] the lowest point is at sea level.

Ellis Island and Liberty Island, opposite Liberty State Park, lie entirely within Hudson County's waters, which extend to the New York state line. Liberty Island is wholly part of New York. Largely created through land reclamation, Ellis Island covers a land area of 27.5 acres (11.1 ha), with the 2.74-acre (1.11 ha) natural island and contiguous areas comprising an 3.3 acres (1.3 ha) exclave of New York.[17][17][18] Shooters Island, in the Kill van Kull, is also shared with New York. Robbins Reef Light sits atop a reef which runs parallel the Bayonne and Jersey City waterfront.

The Hudson and the Palisades

Much of the county lies between the Hackensack and Hudson Rivers on geographically long narrow peninsula, (sometimes called Bergen Neck), that is a contiguous urban area where it's often difficult to know when one's crossed a civic boundary. These boundaries and the topography-including many hills and inlets-create very distinct neighborhoods. Kennedy Boulevard runs the entire length of the peninsula.[19] Numerous cuts for rail and vehicular traffic cross Bergen Hill.

Counties adjacent to Hudson are New York County, New York and Kings County, New York to the east; Essex County, New Jersey and Union County, New Jersey to west; Richmond County, New York to the south; and Bergen County, New Jersey, the only one with which it shares a land border, to the north and west. Given its proximity to Manhattan, it is sometimes referred to as New York City's sixth borough.[20][21][22]

 Bergen County
Essex County
(Newark) and Union County
(Elizabeth) and Bergen County
(New Jersey Meadowlands District)		 New York County, New York
(Manhattan) and Kings County, New York
(Brooklyn)
   Hudson County, New Jersey  
Richmond County, New York
(Staten Island)

History

The Lenape and New Netherland

A map of the Hudson River Valley c. 1635 (North is to the right) Hudson County is called Oesters Eylandt, or Oyster Island

At the time of European contact in the 17th century, Hudson County was the territory of the Lenape (or Lenni-Lenape), namely the bands (or family groups) known as the Hackensack, the Tappan, the Raritan, and the Manhattan. They were a seasonally migrational people who practiced small-scale agriculture (companion planting) augmented by hunting and gathering which likely, given the topography of the area, included much (shell)fishing and trapping. These groups had early and frequent trading contact with Europeans. Their Algonquian language can still be inferred in many local place names such as Communipaw, Harsimus, Hackensack, Hoboken, Weehawken, Secaucus, and Pamrapo

Henry Hudson, for whom the county and river on which it sits is named, established a claim for the area in 1609 when anchoring his ship the Halve Maen (Half Moon) at Harsimus Cove and Weehawken Cove.[23] The west bank of the North River (as it was called) and the cliffs, hills, and marshlands abutting and beyond it, were settled by Europeans (Dutch, Flemish, Walloon, Huguenot) from the Lowlands around the same time as New Amsterdam. In 1630, Michael Pauw received a land patent, or patroonship and purchased the land between the Hudson and Hackensack Rivers, giving it the Latin-ized form of his name, Pavonia.[24] He failed to settle the area and was forced to return his holdings to the Dutch West India Company. Homesteads were established at Communipaw (1633), Harsimus (1634), Paulus Hook (1638) and Hoebuck (1643). Relations were tenuous with the Lenape, and eventually led to Kieft's War, which began as a slaughter by the Dutch at Communipaw and is considered to be one of the first genocides of Native Americans by Europeans. A series of raids and reprisals across the province lasted two years, and ended in an uneasy truce. Other homesteads were established at Constable Hook (1646), Awiehaken (1647), and other lands at Achter Col on Bergen Neck. In 1658, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant of New Netherland negotiated a deal with the Lenape to re-purchase the area named Bergen, "by the great rock above Wiehacken," including the whole peninsula from Sikakes south to Bergen Point/Constable Hook.[25] In 1661, a charter was granted the new village/garrison at the site of present-day Bergen Square, establishing what is considered to be the oldest self-governing municipality in New Jersey. The British gained control of the area in 1664, and the Dutch finally ceded formal control of province to the English in 1674.

The British and early America

Alexander Hamilton fights his fatal duel with Aaron Burr.

By 1675, the Treaty of Westminster finalized the transfer and the area became part of the British colony of East Jersey, in the administrative district of Bergen Township. The county's seat was transferred to Hackensack in 1709, after Bergen County was expanded west. Small villages and farms supplied the burgeoning city of New York, across the river, notably with oysters from the vast beds in the Upper New York Bay, and fresh produce, sold at Weehawken Street, in Manhattan. During the American Revolutionary War the area was under British control which included garrisons at Bulls Ferry and the fort at Bergen Neck. Colonialist troops used the heights to observe enemy movements. The Battle of Paulus Hook, a surprise raid on a British fortification in 1779, was seen as an a victory and morale booster for revolutionary forces. Many downtown Jersey City streets bear the name of military figures Mercer, Greene, Wayne, and Varick among them. Weehawken became notorious for duels, including the nation's most famous between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr in 1804. Border conflicts for control of the waterfront with New York (which claimed jurisdiction to the high water line [26] and the granting of ferry concessions) restricted development though some urbanization took place in at Paulus Hook and Hoboken, which became a vacation spot for well-off New Yorkers. The Morris Canal, early steam railroads, and the development of the harbor stimulated further growth. In September 1840, Hudson County was created by separation from Bergen County and annexation of some Essex County lands, namely New Barbadoes Neck. During the 19th century, Hudson played an integral role in the Underground Railroad, with four routes converging in Jersey City.[27]

Boundaries

Most of Hudson County, apart from West Hudson, was part of Bergen Township, which dates back to 1661 and was formally created by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of the first group of 104 townships formed in New Jersey, while the area was still a part of Bergen County.[28] As originally constituted, Bergen Township included the area between the Hudson River on the east, the Hackensack River to the west, south to Constable Hook/Bergen Point and north to the present-day Hudson-Bergen border. For the next 127 years civic borders within the county took many forms, until they were finalized with the creation of Union City in 1925.

The City of Jersey was incorporated by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28, 1820, from portions of Bergen Township. The city was reincorporated on January 23, 1829, and again on February 22, 1838, at which time it became completely independent of Bergen Township and was given its present name. On February 22, 1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County.[28] As Jersey City grew, several neighboring communities were annexed: Van Vorst Township (March 18, 1851), Bergen City and Hudson City (both on May 2, 1870), and Greenville Township (February 4, 1873).[28]

North Bergen was incorporated as a township on April 10, 1843, by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature, from Bergen Township. Portions of the township have been taken to form Hoboken Township (April 9, 1849, now the City of Hoboken), Hudson Town (April 12, 1852, later part of Hudson City), Hudson City (April 11, 1855, later annexed by Jersey City), Guttenberg (formed within the township on March 9, 1859, and set off as an independent municipality on April 1, 1878), Weehawken (March 15, 1859), Union Township and West Hoboken Township (both created on February 28, 1861), Union Hill town (March 29, 1864) and Secaucus (March 12, 1900).[28]

Hoboken was established in 1804, and formed as a township on April 9, 1849, from portions of North Bergen Township and incorporated as a full-fledged city, and in a referendum held on March 29, 1855, ratified an Act of the New Jersey Legislature signed the previous day, and the City of Hoboken was born.[28][29]

Weehawken was formed as a township by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 15, 1859, from portions of Hoboken and North Bergen. A portion of the township was ceded to Hoboken in 1874. Additional territory was annexed in 1879 from West Hoboken.[28]

West New York was incorporated as a town by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on July 8, 1898, replacing Union Township, based on the results of a referendum held three days earlier.[28]

Kearny was originally formed as a township by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1867, from portions of Harrison Township. Portions of the township were taken on July 3, 1895, to form East Newark. Kearny was incorporated as a town on January 19, 1899, based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier.[28]

Bayonne was originally formed as a township on April 1, 1861, from portions of Bergen Township. Bayonne was reincorporated as a city by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 10, 1869, replacing Bayonne Township, subject to the results of a referendum held nine days later.[28]

Soon after the Civil War the idea of uniting all of the town of Hudson County in one municipality of Jersey City began to gain favor. In 1868 a bill for submitting the question of consolidation of all of Hudson County to the voters was presented to the board of chosen freeholders. The bill did not include the western towns of Harrison and Kearny but included all towns east of the Hackensack River.[30]

The bill was approved by the State legislature on April 2, 1869 and the special election was scheduled for October 5, 1869. An element of the bill provided that only contiguous towns could be consolidated. The results of the election were as follows:

In Favor/Against

While a majority of the voters approved the merger, only Jersey City, Hudson and Bergen could be consolidated since they were the only continuous approving towns. Both the Town of Union and Union Township could not be included due to the dissenting vote of West Hoboken which lay between them and Hudson City. On March 17, 1870, Jersey City, Hudson City and Bergen merged into Jersey City. Only three years later the present outline of Jersey City was completed when Greenville agreed to merge into the Greater Jersey City.

Union City was incorporated as a city by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 1, 1925, replacing both Union Hill and West Hoboken Township.[28]

Urbanization and immigration

Hudson Waterfront ca. 1900

During the latter half of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries, Hudson experienced intense industrial, commercial and residential growth.[24][31] Construction, first of ports, and later railroad terminals, in Jersey City, Bayonne, Hoboken, and Weehawken (which significantly altered the shoreline with landfill) fueled much of the development. European immigration, notably German-language speakers and Irish (many fleeing famine) initiated a population boom that would last for several decades.

Neighborhoods grew as farms, estates, and other holdings were sub-divided for housing, civic and religious architecture. Streets (some with trolley lines) were laid out. Stevens Institute of Technology and Saint Peter's University were established.

Before the opening, in 1910, of the Pennsylvania Railroad's North River Tunnels under the Hudson, trains terminated on the west bank of the river, requiring passengers and cargo to travel by ferry or barge to New York. Transfer to the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes (now PATH) became possible upon its opening in 1908. Hoboken Terminal, a national historic landmark originally built in 1907 by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad to replace the previous one, is the only one of five major rail/ferry terminals that once dotted the waterfront still in operation. West Shore Railroad Terminal in Weehawken, Erie Railroad's Pavonia Terminal and Pennsylvania Railroad's Exchange Place in Jersey City were all razed.

Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, 1902

Central Railroad of New Jersey's Communipaw Terminal, across a small strait from Ellis Island and The Statue of Liberty, played a crucial role in the massive immigration of the period, with many newly arrived departing the station to embark on their lives in America. Many, though, decided to stay, taking jobs on the docks, the railroads, the factories, the refineries, and in the sweatshops and skyscrapers of Manhattan. Many manufacturers, whose names read as a "who's who" in American industry established a presence, including Colgate, Dixon Ticonderoga, Maxwell House, Standard Oil, and Bethlehem Steel.

Bergenline Avenue then and now: Facing south toward 32nd Street, circa 1900 (left), and in 2010 (right).

North Hudson, particularly Union City became the "embroidery capital of America". Secaucus boasted numerous pig farms and rendering plants.

It was during this period that much of the housing stock, namely one and two family homes and low-rise apartment buildings, was built; municipal boundaries finalized, neighborhoods established. Commercial corridors such as Bergenline, Central, Newark and Ocean Avenues came into prominence. Journal Square became a business, shopping, and entertainment mecca, home to The Jersey Journal, after which it is named, and movie palaces such as Loew's Jersey Theater and The Stanley.

World Wars and New Deal

Bayonne Bridge at sunset
New Jersey-New York border in the newly constructed Holland Tunnel.
Roosevelt Stadium entrance circa 1940

Upon entry to World War I, the U.S. government took over control of the Hamburg-American Line piers in Hoboken under eminent domain, and Hudson became the major point of embarkation for more than three million soldiers, known as "doughboys". In 1916, an act of sabotage literally and figuratively shook the region when German agents set off bombs at the munitions depot in New York Bay at Black Tom. The fore-runner of Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was established on April 30, 1921. Huge transportation projects opened between the wars: The Holland Tunnel in 1927, The Bayonne Bridge in 1931, and The Lincoln Tunnel in 1937, allowing vehicular travel between New Jersey and New York City to bypass the waterfront. Hackensack River crossings, notably the Pulaski Skyway, were also built. What was to become New Jersey City University opened. Major Works Progress Administration projects included construction of stadiums in Jersey City and Union City. Both were named for President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who attended the opening of the largest project of them all, The Jersey City Medical Center, a massive complex built in the Art Deco Style. During this era the "Hudson County Democratic Machine", known for its cronyism and corruption, with Jersey City mayor Frank Hague at its head was at its most powerful. Industries in Hudson were crucial to the war effort during WWII, including the manufacture PT boats by Elco in Bayonne. Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne (MOTBY) was opened in 1942 as a U.S. military base and remained in operation until 1999.

Post-war years

After the war maritime and manufacturing industries still dominated the local economy, and union membership provided guarantees of good pay packages. Though some returning servicemen took advantage of GI housing bills and moved to close-by suburbs, many with strong ethnic and familial ties chose to stay. Baseball legend Jackie Robinson made his minor league debut at Roosevelt Stadium and "broke" the baseball color line. Much of Hudson County experienced the phenomenon of ethnic/economic groups leaving and being replaced by others, as was typical of most urban communities of the New York Bay region. When the big businesses decided to follow them or vice versa, Hudson County's socioeconomic differences became more profound. Old economic underpinnings disintegrated. Attempts were made to stabilize the population by demolishing so-called slums and build subsidized middle-income housing and the pockets of so-called "good neighborhoods" came in conflict with those that went into decline. Lower property values allowed the next wave of immigrants, many from Latin America, to rent or buy in the county. North Hudson, particularly Union City, saw many émigrés fleeing the Cuban revolution take up residence. Riots occurred in Jersey City in 1964.

Pre/post-millennium

Exchange Place as seen from Liberty State Park, in Jersey City. At 781 feet (238 m), the Goldman Sachs Tower is New Jersey's tallest building.[32]
Pavonia and downtown Hoboken on the Hudson

The county since the mid-1990s has seen much real estate speculation and development and a population increase, as many new residents purchase existing housing stock as well as condominiums in high and mid rise developments, many along the waterfront. What had started as a gentrification in the 1980s became a full-blown "redevelopment" of the area as many suburbanites, transplanted Americans, internationals, and immigrants (most focused on opportunities in NY/NJ region and proximity to Manhattan) began to make the "Jersey" side of the Hudson their home, and the "real-estate boom" of the era encouraged many to seek investment opportunities. The exploitation of certain parts of the waterfront and other brownfields led to commercial development as well, especially along former rail yards. Hudson felt the short- and long-term impact of the destruction of the World Trade Center intensely: its proximity to lower Manhattan made it a place to evacuate to, many residents who worked there lost their jobs (or their lives), and many companies sought office space across the river. Re-zoning, the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail, and New Jersey State land-use policy of transit villages have further spurred construction. Though very urban and with some of the highest residential densities in the United States the Hudson communities have remain fragmented, due in part to New Jersey's long history of home rule in local government; geographical factors such as Hudson River inlets/canals, the cliffs of the New Jersey Palisades and rail lines; and ethnic/demographic differences in the population. As the county sees more development this traditional perception is challenged.

Demographics

India Square, Jersey City, known as Little Bombay,[33] home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere.[34]
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18409,483—
185021,822130.1%
186062,717187.4%
1870129,067105.8%
1880187,94445.6%
1890275,12646.4%
1900386,04840.3%
1910537,23139.2%
1920629,15417.1%
1930690,7309.8%
1940652,040−5.6%
1950647,437−0.7%
1960610,734−5.7%
1970607,839−0.5%
1980556,972−8.4%
1990553,099−0.7%
2000608,97510.1%
2010634,2664.2%
Est. 2014669,115[5][35]5.5%
Historical sources: 1790-1990[36]
1970-2010[8] 2000[6] 2010[2][37]

Hudson County is the most densely populated county in the state.

Advocates for the homeless counted 2,227 people without homes in Hudson County as of January 2008.[45] In 2009, the Hudson County Alliance to End Homelessness counted 1,779 homeless people.[46] The same number was counted in 2010. Three homeless shelters are located in the county: Lucy's Shelter in Jersey City, Palisades Emergency Residence Corp. in Union City and the Hoboken Homeless Shelter in Hoboken.[47]

Census 2010

At the 2010 United States Census, there were 634,266 people, 246,437 households, and 148,355 families residing in the county. The population density was 13,731.4 per square mile (5,301.7/km2). There were 270,335 housing units at an average density of 5,852.5 per square mile (2,259.7/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 54.05% (342,792) White, 13.23% (83,925) Black or African American, 0.64% (4,081) Native American, 13.39% (84,924) Asian, 0.05% (344) Pacific Islander, 14.25% (90,373) from other races, and 4.39% (27,827) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 42.23% (267,853) of the population.[2]

There were 246,437 households, of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.2.[2]

In the county, 20.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 36% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.2 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.[2]

Census 2000

As of the 2000 United States Census, the population was 608,975. It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area. There were 230,546 households and 143,630 families residing in the county. The population density was 13,044 people per square mile (5,036/km²). It is the sixth-most densely populated county in the United States, trailing only four of New York City's boroughs (all except Staten Island) and San Francisco County, California.[48][49] There were 240,618 housing units at an average density of 5,154 per square mile (1,990/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 55.58% White, 13.48% Black or African American, 0.42% Native American, 9.35% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 15.48% from other races, and 5.63% from two or more races. 39.76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[6][50] According to Census 2000, 10.0% were of Italian and 6.7% Irish ancestry, according to Census 2000.[50][51]

There were 230,546 households out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.8% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.27.[6]

In the county the population was spread out with 22.6% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 35.6% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 96.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.20 males.[6]

The median income for a household in the county was $40,293, and the median income for a family was $44,053. Males had a median income of $36,174 versus $31,037 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,154. About 13.3% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 15.7% of those age 65 or over.[50][52]

Government and administration

Justice William J. Brennan Jr. Courthouse

The County Executive is elected by a direct vote of the electorate. The executive, together with the Board of Chosen Freeholders in a legislative role, administer all county business. Nine members are elected concurrently to serve three-year terms as Freeholder, each representing a specified district which are equally proportioned based on population. Each year, in January, the Freeholders select one of their nine to serve as Chair and one as Vice Chair for a period of one year.

As of 2014, Hudson County's County Executive is Thomas A. DeGise, whose term of office expires December 31, 2015.[53] Hudson County's Freeholders (all serving concurrent terms that end on December 31, 2014) are:[54][55]

Hudson County's Clerk is Barbara A. Netchert,[74] the Sheriff Frank Schillari[75] and the Surrogate is Donald W. De Leo.[76]

The county seat of Hudson County is located near Five Corners on Newark Avenue in Jersey City, northeast of Journal Square. The Hudson County Courthouse, and the adjacent Hudson County Administration Building, at 595 Newark Avenue, are home to various courts, agencies and departments. The Hudson County court system consists of several municipal courts, including the busy Jersey City Court, plus the Hudson County Superior Court.

Many county offices and Hudson County Sheriff's patrol headquarters are located at Hudson County Plaza at 257 Cornelison Avenue in Jersey City.[77][78][79] The Hudson County Correctional Facility is located in South Kearny. The Hudson County Meadowview Psychiatric Hospital is on County Avenue, Secaucus.

Three federal Congressional Districts cover the county, including portions of the 8th, 9th and 10th districts.[80][81] New Jersey's Eighth Congressional District is represented by Albio Sires (D, West New York).[82] New Jersey's Ninth Congressional District is represented by Bill Pascrell (D, Paterson).[83] New Jersey's Tenth Congressional District is represented by Donald Payne, Jr. (D, Newark).[84]

The county is part of the 31st, 32nd and 33rd Districts in the New Jersey Legislature.[85] At 6.4 square miles (17 km2), the 33rd Legislative District has the smallest land area for a Legislative District.[44]

Politics

Edwin A. Stevens Building

Hudson County is very favorable for the Democratic Party. According to The Hudson Reporter, the most conservative town in the county is Secaucus.[86]

Education

Colleges and universities are Hudson County Community College (HCCC), New Jersey City University (NJCU), Saint Peter's College, all in Jersey City, and Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken. The University of Phoenix and Rutgers University offer classes within the county. The Christ Hospital School of Nursing was established in 1890 and since 1999 has run a cooperative program with HCCC.[93] In 2014 it will merge with the Bayonne Medical Center nursing school.[94]

Each municipality has a public school district. All but two have their own public high schools. East Newark students attend Harrison High School[95] and Guttenberg students attend North Bergen High School.[96] Hudson County Schools of Technology is a public secondary and adult vocational-technical school with locations in North Bergen, Jersey City, Union City and Harrison.[97] There are private and parochial elementary and secondary schools located throughout Hudson, many of which are members of the Hudson County Interscholastic Athletic Association.[98]

Transportation

The confluence of roads and railways of the Northeastern U.S. megalopolis and Northeast Corridor passing through Hudson County make it one of the Northeast's major transportation crossroads and provide access to an extensive network of interstate highways, state freeways and toll roads, and vehicular water crossings. Many long distance trains and buses pass through the county, though Amtrak and the major national bus companies – Greyhound Lines and Trailways – do not provide service within it. There are many local, intrastate, and Manhattan-bound bus routes, an expanding light rail system, ferries traversing the Hudson, and commuter trains to North Jersey, the Jersey Shore, and Trenton. Much of the rail, surface transit, and ferry system is oriented to commuters traveling to Newark, lower and midtown Manhattan, and the Hudson Waterfront. Public transportation is operated by a variety of public and private corporations, notably New Jersey Transit, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and NY Waterway, each of which charge customers separately for their service. Hudson is the only county in New Jersey where more residents (127,708) used public transportation than who drove (124,772).[99]

Hubs

Hoboken Terminal, Bergenline Avenue at 32nd Street, 48th Street, and Nungessers in North Hudson, and Journal Square Transportation Center and Exchange Place in Jersey City are major public transportation hubs. The Port Authority Bus Terminal and Penn Station in midtown Manhattan, the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan, and Newark Penn Station also play important roles within the county's transportation network. Secaucus Junction provides access to eight commuter rail lines.[100]

Rail

Bergenline Station at 49th Street between Bergenline Avenue and Kennedy Boulevard at the border of Union City, West New York and North Bergen
Exchange Place

Bus

New Jersey Transit bus routes 120 -129 provide service within Hudson and to Manhattan. New Jersey Transit bus routes 1-89 provide service within the county and to points in North Jersey. Additionally, private bus companies, some of which operate dollar vans (mini-buses or carritos) augment the state agency's surface transport.

Water

CRRNJ Terminal in Liberty State Park, with ferry slips in foreground.

Located at the heart of the Port of New York and New Jersey, Hudson has since the 1980s seen the restoration of it once extensive ferry system.

Roads and highways

As of 2010, the county had a total of 616.81 miles (992.66 km) of roadways, of which 515.38 miles (829.42 km) are maintained by the local municipality, 47.31 miles (76.14 km) by Hudson County, 33.23 miles (53.48 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 20.89 miles (33.62 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[107]

Major highways include New Jersey Routes 3, 7, 139, 185, 440, 495, Interstates 78, 95, and 280, and U.S. Routes 1 and 9, as well as the New Jersey Turnpike and the Pulaski Skyway. Automobile access to New York City is available through the Lincoln Tunnel (via Weehawken to midtown Manhattan) and the Holland Tunnel (via Jersey City to lower Manhattan), and over the Bayonne Bridge to Staten Island. County Route 501 runs the length of Hudson as Kennedy Boulevard.

In 2013, two main thoroughfares in Hudson County, Kennedy Boulevard and U.S. Route 1/9, were included among the Tri-State Transportation Campaign's list of the top ten most dangerous roads for pedestrians in New Jersey, New York and Connecticut. Kennedy Boulevard was ranked #6 for the six pedestrian fatalities that occurred on it from 2009 to 2011, while Route 1/9 was tied for the #10 place on the list for the five pedestrian deaths during the same period. Route 1/9 is monitored by state police, while Kennedy Boulevard is patrolled by the respective municipalities through which that road runs. In total, 37 pedestrians – 12 in 2009, 14 in 2010 and 11 in 2011 – were killed on Hudson County roads. According to state police statistics there were nine pedestrian fatalities in the county in 2012, which was not included in the study. From 2010 through 2012, 25 people were killed each year in Hudson County motor vehicle accidents.[108]

Air

Most airports which serve Hudson County are operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

Parks, promenades, and open spaces

Hudson has many county parks, including Hudson County Park, Mercer Park, Lincoln Park, Washington Park, Columbus Park, and North Hudson Park, West Hudson Park and the newest, Laurel Hill.[109]

There are many municipal parks and plazas, some of which were developed as "city squares" during the 19th century, such as Hamilton Park, Church Square Park and Ellsworth (locally known as Pigeon) Park.

The German-American Volksfest has taken place annually since 1874 at Schuetzen Park[110] This private park and the many nearby cemeteries-Flower Hill Cemetery, Grove Church Cemetery, Hoboken Cemetery, Macphelah Cemetery and Weehawken Cemetery that characterize the western slope create the "green lung" of North Hudson County.

Reservoir #3

Jersey City Reservoir No.3 and Pershing Field constitute one of the largest "green spaces" in the county. The reservoir, no longer in use, is site of a passive recreation area/nature preserve. Hackensack Number Two, the other remaining reservoir in Weehawken Heights, is not accessible to the public. Extensive athletic fields opened in 2009 in Weehawken and Union City, the latter on the site of the former Roosevelt Stadium.

Promenades are being developed along the rivers. The Hudson River Waterfront Walkway and Hackensack RiverWalk. Sections of the Secaucus Greenway are in place and eventually will connect different districts of the town including the North End, site Schmidts Woods (which contains an original hard wood forest) and Mill Creek Point Park, and Harmon Meadow Plaza. Kearny Riverbank Park runs along the Passaic River. The future of the Harsimus Stem Embankment is uncertain, though many community groups hope the landmark will be opened to the public as elevated greenway, possibly as part of East Coast Greenway.

Liberty State Park, the county's largest, is sited on land that had once been part of a vast oyster bed, was filled in for industrial, rail, and maritime uses, and was reclaimed in the 1970s. Ellis Island and Liberty Island, a national protected area and home to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, lie entirely within Hudson's waters across from Liberty State Park, from which ferry service is available.[111]

The New Jersey Meadowlands Commission has designated several areas within its jurisdiction as wetlands preservation zones including the Riverbend Wetlands Preserve, Eastern Brackish Marsh, and Kearny Marsh, an extension of De Korte Park, home of the Meadowlands Environment Center.[112]

Hudson County is home to the Bayonne Golf Club and Liberty National Golf Club, both located on Upper New York Bay.[113]

Business

Various businesses and industries are headquartered or had their start in Hudson County. Secaucus is home to My Network TV's flagship station WWOR-TV,[114] Red Bull New York,[115] MLB Network,[116] NBA Entertainment,[117][118][119] Goya Foods,[120] The Children's Place[121] and Hartz Mountain.[122] Jersey City is home to Verisk Analytics[123] and WFMU 91.1FM (WMFU 90.1FM in the Hudson Valley), the longest running freeform radio station in the United States.[124] Hoboken is the birthplace of the first Blimpie restaurant,[125] and home to one of the headquarters of publisher John Wiley & Sons.[126] In the 20th century, Union City was the "embroidery capital of the United States", the trademark of that industry appearing on that city's seal.[127][128][129] North Bergen is home to The Vitamin Shoppe's headquarters.[130] Weehawken is home to the headquarters of NY Waterway,[131] as well as offices for Swatch Group USA,[132] UBS[133] and Hartz Mountain.[134]

Television producers had long held an attraction for New Jersey, and Hudson County in particular, due to the tax credits afforded such various productions. The HBO prison drama Oz was filmed in an old warehouse in Bayonne, with much of the series filmed around the now-defunct Military Ocean Terminal Base.[135] The NBC drama Law and Order: Special Victims Unit filmed police station and courtroom scenes at NBC's Central Archives building in North Bergen,[136][137] and filmed other scenes throughout the county, such as a 2010 episode filmed at the Meadowlands Parkway in Secaucus.[135] The short-lived hospital drama Mercy filmed at a warehouse in Secaucus, a private residence in Weehawken and a public school in Jersey City.[138] The Law and Order and Mercy productions left New Jersey for New York in 2010 after New Jersey Governor Chris Christie suspended the tax credits for film and television production for the Fiscal Year 2011 to close budget gaps.[135]

Landmarks and historic places

Museums, galleries, exhibitions

Liberty Science Center in Liberty State Park, Jersey City

There are several museums and other exhibitions spaces throughout the county, some of which maintain permanent collections. Other are focused on local culture, history, or the environment. There are events throughout the year where architecture, local artists or ethnic culture are highlighted. There are also private galleries. The venues include:

Climate and weather

Jersey City, New Jersey
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
3.7
 
 
38
27
 
 
3.2
 
 
42
29
 
 
4.4
 
 
50
35
 
 
4.5
 
 
61
45
 
 
4.2
 
 
71
54
 
 
4.4
 
 
79
64
 
 
4.6
 
 
84
69
 
 
4.4
 
 
83
68
 
 
4.3
 
 
75
61
 
 
4.4
 
 
64
50
 
 
4
 
 
54
42
 
 
4
 
 
43
32
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: The Weather Channel[168]

Average temperatures in the county seat of Jersey City have ranged from a low of 27 °F (−3 °C) in January to a high of 84 °F (29 °C) in July, although a record low of −15 °F (−26 °C) was recorded in February 1934 and a record high of 106 °F (41 °C) was recorded in July 1936. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 3.21 inches (82 mm) in February to 4.60 inches (117 mm) in July.[168]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hudson County, NJ, National Association of Counties. Accessed January 20, 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 DP1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 21, 2013.
  3. ↑ Kane, Joseph Nathan; and Aiken, Charles Curry. The American Counties: Origins of County Names, Dates of Creation, and Population Data, 1950-2000, p. 140. Scarecrow Press, 2005. ISBN 0810850362. Accessed January 21, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "State & County QuickFacts - Hudson County, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 DP-1 - Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000; Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 21, 2013.
  7. ↑ NJ Labor Market Views, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, March 15, 2011. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 New Jersey: 2010 - Population and Housing Unit Counts; 2010 Census of Population and Housing, p. 6, CPH-2-32. United States Census Bureau, August 2012, backed up by the Internet Archive as of July 31, 2013. Accessed October 3, 2013.
  9. ↑ Staff. "Census 2010 data show population and diversity trends", USA Today. Accessed October 4, 2013. Click on "Population per Square Mile" to sort counties nationwide by descending population density."
  10. ↑ GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Census 2010 U.S. Gazetteer Files: New Jersey Counties, United States Census Bureau, Backed up by the Internet Archive as of June 11, 2012. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  12. ↑ 2010 Census: State and County Quick Facts, United States Census Bureau, backed up by the Internet Archive as of September 30, 2013. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  13. ↑ Hudson County New Jersey Street Map. Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. 2008. ISBN 0-88097-763-9.
  14. ↑ "Historic Fill of the Jersey City Quadrangle: Historic Fill Map HFM-53" (PDF). New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection. 2004. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  15. ↑ New Jersey County High Points, Peakbagger.com. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Hudson County High Point, New Jersey". Peakbagger.com.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Richard G. Castagna; Lawrence L. Thornton; John M. Tyrawski. "GIS and Coastal Boundary Disputes: Where is Ellis Island?". ESRI. Retrieved 2014-09-10. The New York portion of Ellis Island is landlocked, enclaved within New Jersey's territory.
  18. ↑ Shaw, Tammy L. "Supreme Court Decides Ownership of Historic Ellis Island". Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Legal Program. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  19. ↑ New Jersey County Route 501 straight-line diagram from the New Jersey Department of Transportation
  20. ↑ Holusha, John. "Commercial Property / The Jersey Riverfront; On the Hudson's West Bank, Optimistic Developers", The New York Times, October 11, 1998. Accessed September 30, 2013. "'That simply is out of the question in midtown,' he said, adding that some formerly fringe areas in Midtown South that had previously been available were filled up as well. Given that the buildings on the New Jersey waterfront are new and equipped with the latest technology and just a few stops on the PATH trains from Manhattan, they become an attractive alternative. 'It's the sixth borough,' he said."
  21. ↑ Kannapell, Andrea. "On the Waterfront", The New York Times, February 15, 1998. Accessed September 30, 2013.
  22. ↑ Garbarine, Rachelle "Commercial Property/North Bergen, N.J.; Work Begins on a 350,000-Sq.-Ft. Retail Center", The New York Times, April 19, 1998. Accessed September 30, 2013.
  23. ↑ Hoboken's earliest days: Before becoming a city, 'Hobuck' went through several incarnations, Hudson Reporter, January 16, 2005. "On October 2, 1609, Henry Hudson anchored his ship, the Half Moon, in what is now Weehawken Cove. Robert Juet, Hudson's first mate, wrote in the ship's log, "[W]e saw a good piece of ground ... that looked of the color of white green." The rock of which Juet wrote makes up Castle Point in Hoboken; nowhere else along the Hudson River exists a white-green rock formation."
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Hudson County Directory 2004–2005
  25. ↑ Winfield, Charles H. History of the County of Hudson, New Jersey, from Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, p. 62, Kennard & Hay Stationery Mfg. and Printing Co., 1874. Accessed September 30, 2013.
  26. ↑ charter text
  27. ↑ "Jersey City's Underground Railroad history," Jersey City Magazine, Spring & Summer 2005.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 146. Accessed September 30, 2013.
  29. ↑ "How Hoboken became a city," Part I, Part II, Part III, Hoboken Reporter, March 27, April 3, and April 10, 2005.
  30. ↑ Staff. "Consolidation in New Jersey; A Proposition to Consolidate Jersey City, Hoboken, Hudson City, Bergen, &c., into One City", The New York Times, August 14, 1869. Accessed September 30, 2013.
  31. ↑ Staff. "INDUSTRY GROWING IN HUDSON COUNTY; More Than $25,000,000 Being Spent in Public and Corporate Improvements.INQUIRIES FOR GOOD SITES New Steamship Terminal Plannedfor North Bergen--Increase in Building. Improving Waterways. Expending $125,000,000", The New York Times, April 21, 1929. Accessed September 30, 2013.
  32. ↑ Kelley, Tina. "Trump Unveils Condo Plan in Jersey City", The New York Times, September 23, 2005. Accessed March 12, 2008. "At 560 feet, the tallest of the towers would still rank below the state's tallest building, the 781-foot Goldman Sachs tower nearby at 30 Hudson Street."
  33. ↑ Kiniry, Laura. "Moon Handbooks New Jersey", Avalon Travel Publishing, 2006. pg. 34 ISBN 1-56691-949-5. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  34. ↑ Laryssa Wirstiuk (April 21, 2014). "Neighborhood Spotlight: Journal Square". Jersey City Independent. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  35. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - 2014 Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  36. ↑ Forstall, Richard L. Population of states and counties of the United States: 1790 to 1990 from the Twenty-one Decennial Censuses, pp. 108-109. United States Census Bureau, March 1996. ISBN 9780934213486. Accessed October 3, 2013.
  37. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau Delivers New Jersey's 2010 Census Population Totals, United States Census Bureau, February 3, 2011. Accessed February 5, 2011.
  38. ↑ PEPANNRSIP-Geography-United States: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 50,000, Ranked by July 1, 2012 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012 - United States -- Places Over 50,000 Population 2012 Population Estimates, United States Census Bureau data archived by the Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  39. ↑ 2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density, Demographia. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Sullivan, Al. "Stand up and be countedCensus 2010 brings its road show to Hudson County", Hudson Reporter, January 13, 2010. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  41. ↑ Most liquor licenses? Bumpiest town? Local municipalities hold unusual distinctions, Hudson Reporter, August 27, 2006
  42. ↑ Top 100 Most Racially Diverse Cities (pop. 5,000+), accessed February 25, 2007
  43. ↑ Top 100 Cities with Highest Percentage of Foreign-Born Residents (pop. 5000+), accessed February 25, 2007
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book Available for Order", Rutgers Continuing Education News Center. Accessed December 13, 2014.
  45. ↑ Wright, E. Assata. "Hudson County Counts Homeless". The Union City Reporter. February 8, 2009
  46. ↑ Wright, E. Assata. "They're not forgotten". The Union City Reporter. December 12, 2010, page 5
  47. ↑ Wright, E. Assata. "Three deaths raise concerns". The Union City Reporter. July 31, 2001
  48. ↑ Stansfield, Jr., Charles A. Geography of New Jersey; The City in the Garden, ISBN 0-8135-2579-9.
  49. ↑ United States -- County by State, and for Puerto Rico GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000, United States Census Bureau. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Tables DP-1 to DP-4 from Census 2000 for Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau, backed up by the Internet Archive as of August 10, 2011. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  51. ↑ DP-2 - Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000 from the Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data for Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 30, 2013.
  52. ↑ DP-3 - Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000 from Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data for Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 30, 2013.
  53. ↑ Thomas A. Degise, Hudson County Executive, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  54. ↑ Message From The Chair, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  55. ↑ 2014 County Data Sheet, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  56. ↑ Freeholder District 1, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  57. ↑ Dr Doreen M. DiDomenico, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  58. ↑ Freeholder District 2, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  59. ↑ William O'Dea, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  60. ↑ Freeholder District 3, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  61. ↑ Jeffrey Dublin, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  62. ↑ Freeholder District 4, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  63. ↑ E. Junior Maldonado, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  64. ↑ Freeholder District 5, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  65. ↑ Anthony Romano, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  66. ↑ Freeholder District 6, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  67. ↑ Tilo Rivas, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  68. ↑ Freeholder District 7, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  69. ↑ Jose C. Muñoz, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  70. ↑ Freeholder District 8, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  71. ↑ Thomas Liggio, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  72. ↑ Freeholder District 9, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  73. ↑ Albert J. Cifelli, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  74. ↑ A Message from the Clerk of Hudson County, Office of the Hudson County Clerk. Accessed September 20, 2013.
  75. ↑ Home page, Hudson County Sheriff's Office. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  76. ↑ Home page, Surrogate's Court of Hudson County. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  77. ↑ Al Sullivan. "Open for business" The Union City Reporter; November 29, 2009; Page 6.
  78. ↑ - County Clerk
  79. ↑ Hudson County Plaza
  80. ↑ 2012 Congressional Districts by County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  81. ↑ Plan Components Report, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2011. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  82. ↑ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 5, 2012.
  83. ↑ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 5, 2012.
  84. ↑ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 5, 2012.
  85. ↑ 2011 Legislative Districts by County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  86. ↑ Wright, E. Assata (November 3, 2013). "Same-sex marriages around the county." The Union City Reporter. p. 3.
  87. ↑ New Jersey Presidential Election Returns by County 2004, Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University. Accessed August 31, 2008.
  88. ↑ Hudson County NJ US President, ourcampaigns.com. Accessed July 30, 2007.
  89. ↑ Hudson County NJ Governor, ourcampaigns.com. Accessed July 30, 2007.
  90. ↑ Hudson County, New Jersey Official General Election November 2, 2004, Hudson County Clerk. Accessed July 30, 2007.
  91. ↑ Hudson County General Election Official Results November 8, 2005, Hudson County Clerk. Accessed July 30, 2007.
  92. ↑ Kaulessar, Ricardo. "Corzine's out, Christie's in" The Union City Reporter; November 8, 2009; Page 4
  93. ↑ History, Christ Hospital School of Nursing. Accessed December 13, 2014.
  94. ↑ Staff. "Nursing schools in Hudson County set to merge", The Jersey Journal, April 2, 2013. Accessed December 13, 2014.
  95. ↑ Duger, Rose. "East Newark Harrison merging dispatch service", The Jersey Journal, December 30, 2010. Accessed December 13, 2014. "Kearny handles all health-related functions through its Board of Health, while East Newark high school children attend Harrison High School and the borough contracts with Harrison to provide street cleaning, snow removal, ambulance and library services."
  96. ↑ Shortell, Tom. "3 candidates on ballot to be Guttenberg's mayor", The Jersey Journal, November 2, 2008. Accessed December 13, 2014. "Scoullos said in the late 1990s, North Bergen overcharged the town for services at North Bergen High School, which takes Guttenberg students as part of a sending/receiving network."
  97. ↑ Schools and Programs, Hudson County Schools of Technology. Accessed December 13, 2014.
  98. ↑ League Memberships – 2014-2015, New Jersey Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed December 13, 2014.
  99. ↑ Higgs, Larry. N.J. commutes are the worst and getting worse, Census survey says", The Star-Ledger, December 4, 2014. Accessed December 13, 2014.
  100. ↑ Secaucus Junction, New Jersey Transit. Accessed December 13, 2014.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 HBLR/Meadowlands Rail map
  102. ↑ Ellis Island and Liberty Island Ferry Map
  103. ↑ Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island information at Star Cruises; Accessed August 31, 2010
  104. ↑ Ferry Schedules - Battery Park Ferry & Liberty State Park Ferry, Statue Cruises. Accessed December 13, 2014.
  105. ↑ Passenger Cruise Ships, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  106. ↑ About the Port, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  107. ↑ Hudson County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed July 25, 2014.
  108. ↑ Zeitlinger, Ron; Machcinski, Anthony J. (March 1, 2013). "6th and 10th Most Fatalities". The Jersey Journal. p. 5.
  109. ↑
  110. ↑ Germany in NYC: Schuetzen Park in North Bergen
  111. ↑ Liberty State Park, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  112. ↑ Parks and Trails, New Jersey Meadowlands Commission. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  113. ↑ Strunsky, Steve. "The Greening of the Gold Coast", The New York Times, February 26, 2006. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  114. ↑ About Us, WWOR-TV. Accessed November 6, 2007.
  115. ↑ Red Bull New York Inc, Merchant Circle, accessed February 20, 2011.
  116. ↑ About page, MLB Network, accessed February 20, 2011
  117. ↑ NBA Entertainment, Goliath, accessed February 20, 2011.
  118. ↑ Durand, John. "MLB Network’s Harlem plans an unnecessary distraction", Sports Business Journal Daily, August 4, 2008
  119. ↑ Maurer, Mark. "MLB Network in Secaucus works to expand digital archives", NJ.com, October 13, 2010
  120. ↑ Contact Us, Goya Foods. Accessed November 6, 2007.
  121. ↑ Vernon, Joan. "Secaucus, N.J.-Based Children's Place Seeks to Convert Browsers into Buyers.", The Record, February 27, 2004. Accessed July 16, 2008.
  122. ↑ Contact Us, Hartz Mountain, accessed February 19, 2011
  123. ↑ Todd, Susan. "Verisk Analytics of Jersey City raises $1.9B in stock offering", The Star-Ledger, October 8, 2009. Accessed October 8, 2009.
  124. ↑ WFMU. "About WFMU FAQ". Wfmu.org. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  125. ↑ Kleinfield, N.R. (1987-12-13). "Trying to Build a Bigger Blimpie". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  126. ↑ Wright, Robert E.; Timothy C. Jacobson; George David Smith (2007). Knowledge for Generations: Wiley and the Global Publishing Industry, 1807–2007. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-75721-7.
  127. ↑ Union City 2000 Calendar, 2000, culled from History of West Hoboken and Union Hill by Ella-Mary Ryman; 1965 and "The Historical Background of Union City" by Daniel A. Primont, William G. Fiedler and Fred Zuccaro, 1964
  128. ↑ Cunningham, John (2004). This is New Jersey 4th ed. Yonkers, NY: Rutgers University Press & Hudson River Museum. p. 100. ISBN 0-8135-2141-6.
  129. ↑ "Little Havana (Miami) & Little Havana on the Hudson (Union City, New Jersey)" BarryPopkik.com; August 15, 2006
  130. ↑ Garbarine, Rachele. "COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE: NEW JERSEY; After a False Start, a Big Building Awaits Its Tenant", The New York Times, May 29, 2002
  131. ↑ Contact, NY Waterway. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  132. ↑ Subsidiaries in the Americas, Swatch Group. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  133. ↑ Directions to Our U.S. Headquarters, UBS. Accessed October 4, 2013.
  134. ↑ Major Employer's List, Hudson County Economic Development Corporation, January 2014. Accessed August 31, 2014.
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 Wright, E. Assata. "Getting the film crews back to NJ", The Union City Reporter, February 13, 2011, Pages 5 and 7
  136. ↑ Green, Susan; Dawn, Randee (2009), Law & Order: Special Victims Unit: The Unofficial Companion, Dallas: BenBella Books, ISBN 1-933771-88-7
  137. ↑ Kimpton, Roger. "Hollywood on the Palisades", Palisade magazine, Summer 2010, Pages 12-15
  138. ↑ "The Tipsheet: ‘Mercy’ Brings Jersey City to the Small Screen, AhoraJC, Biking the Studio Tour and More". The Jersey City Independent. September 30, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
  139. ↑ Afro-American Historical Society Museum
  140. ↑ Afro-American Historical and Cultural Society Museum
  141. ↑ "Bayonne museum eyes opening". NJ.com. October 22, 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-20. City officials plan to open the new Bayonne Community Museum in the former Fleet Bank building at 231 Broadway by early spring next year, said Henry Sanchez, president of the Board of Trustees for Bayonne Community Museum.
  142. ↑ Bayonne Firefighter's Museum
  143. ↑ Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal
  144. ↑ The Cultural Thread/El Hilo, Embroidery Museum
  145. ↑ Danforth Avenue Station
  146. ↑ Danforth Avenue station photos
  147. ↑
  148. ↑ National Park Service Ellis Island
  149. ↑ "2008 Hoboken Artists Studio Tour kicks off at noon". NJ.com. October 19, 2008. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  150. ↑ Hoboken Historical Museum
  151. ↑ Hoboken House Tour
  152. ↑ Hoboken Public Library
  153. ↑ Kearny Museum
  154. ↑ Youth Art Month
  155. ↑ ProArts JC Artists Studio Tour
  156. ↑ Jersey City Museum
  157. ↑ JC Museum
  158. ↑ New Jersey Room
  159. ↑ http://www.manafinearts.com Mana Contemporary
  160. ↑ MLK Station photos
  161. ↑ MLK Drive Station information
  162. ↑ Exposition Center
  163. ↑ Monroe Center
  164. ↑ NJCU Galleries
  165. ↑ American Abstract Artists at SPC
  166. ↑ "Statue of Liberty National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  167. ↑ Mestanza, Jean-Pierre (June 3, 2011). "Union City naming new Cultural Center for discredited ex-mayor". NJ.com
  168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 "Monthly Averages for Jersey City, New Jersey". The Weather Channel. Retrieved October 13, 2012.

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Coordinates: 40°44′N 74°05′W / 40.73°N 74.08°W