Hosni Mubarak

Hosni Mubarak حسني مبارك
4th President of Egypt
In office 14 October 1981 – 11 February 2011
Prime Minister	See list Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin (1982–1984) Kamal Hassan Ali (1984–1985) Ali Lutfi Mahmud (1985–1986) Atef Sedki (1986–1996) Kamal Ganzouri (1996–1999) Atef Ebeid (1999–2004) Ahmed Nazif (2004–2011) Ahmed Shafik (2011)
Vice President	Omar Suleiman[a]
Preceded by	Sufi Abu Taleb (Acting) Anwar El-Sadat
Succeeded by	Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (Acting) Mohamed Morsi[1][2][3]
Prime Minister of Egypt
In office 7 October 1981 – 2 January 1982
President	Sufi Abu Taleb
Preceded by	Anwar Sadat
Succeeded by	Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin
Vice President of Egypt
In office 16 April 1975 – 14 October 1981
President	Anwar Sadat
Preceded by	Hussein el-Shafei
Succeeded by	Omar Suleiman[a]
Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
In office 16 July 2009 – 11 February 2011
Preceded by	Raúl Castro
Succeeded by	Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (Acting)
Commander of the Air Force
In office 23 April 1972 – 16 April 1975
President	Anwar Sadat
Preceded by	Ali Mustafa Baghdady
Succeeded by	Mahmoud Shaker
Director of the Egyptian Air Academy
In office 1967–1969
Preceded by	Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros
Succeeded by	Mahmoud Shaker
Personal details
Born	Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (1928-05-04) 4 May 1928 Kafr-El Meselha, Egypt
Political party	National Democratic Party (1978–2011)
Spouse(s)	Suzanne Thabet (1959–2015)
Children	Alaa Gamal
Alma mater	Egyptian Military Academy Egyptian Air Academy Frunze Military Academy
Religion	Sunni Islam
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Egypt
Service/branch	Egyptian Air Force
Years of service	1950–1975
Rank	– Air Marshal
Commands	Egyptian Air Force Egyptian Air Academy Beni Suef Air Base Cairo West Air Base
a. ^ Office vacant from 14 October 1981 to 29 January 2011 b. ^ as Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces c.^ c. military rank withdrawn after trial

Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسني السيد مبارك‎, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmmæd ˈħosni (ʔe)sˈsæjjed moˈbɑːɾɑk], Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak ; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.

Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal. He was appointed Vice President of Egypt by President Anwar Sadat in 1975 and assumed the presidency on 14 October 1981, eight days after Sadat's assassination. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country from 1805 to 1848.^[4] Mubarak stepped down after 18 days of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.^[5]

On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.^[6][7]

On 13 April, a prosecutor ordered Mubarak and both of his sons (Alaa and Gamal) to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power.^[8]

Mubarak was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution.^[9] These trials began on 3 August 2011.^[10] Egypt's military prosecutors also declared that they were investigating Mubarak's role in Sadat's assassination, caused mainly by an initiative from the late Anwar Sadat's daughter, Ruqaya Al-Sadat.^{[11][12][13][14]} On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial.^[15] On 29 November 2014, Egypt's Northern Cairo Criminal Court acquitted Mubarak, his sons and his Minister of Interior of all murder and corruption charges.^[16]

On 20 August 2013, an Egyptian court ordered Mubarak’s release because there were no legal grounds for his detention.^[17] A day later, interim prime minister Hazem el-Beblawi ordered that Mubarak be put under house arrest.^[18] On 21 May 2014, while awaiting his retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on charges of embezzlement; Mubarak was sentenced to three years in prison, while his sons received four-year sentences. The three were fined the equivalent of US$2.9 million, and were ordered to repay US$17.6 million.^[19] On 13 January 2015, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's and his sons' embezzlement charges, the last remaining conviction against him, and ordered a retrial.^[20]

Early life and Air Force career

Hosni Mubarak was born on 4 May 1928 in Kafr El-Meselha, Monufia Governorate, Egypt.^[21] After leaving high school, he joined the Egyptian Military Academy where he received a Bachelor's degree in Military Sciences in 1949. On 2 February 1949, he left the Military Academy and joined the Air Force Academy, gaining his commission as a pilot officer on 13 March 1950^[22] and eventually receiving a Bachelor's degree in aviation sciences.

Mubarak served as an Egyptian Air Force officer in various formations and units; he spent two years in a Spitfire fighter squadron.^[22] Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959.^[22] From February 1959 to June 1961, Mubarak undertook further training in the Soviet Union, attending a Soviet pilot training school in Moscow and another at Kant Air Base near Bishkek in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic.

Mubarak undertook training on the Ilyushin Il-28 and Tupolev Tu-16 jet bombers. In 1964 he gained a place at the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow. On his return to Egypt, he served as a wing commander, then as a base commander; he commanded the Cairo West Air Base in October 1966 then briefly commanded the Beni Suef Air Base.^[22] In November 1967, Mubarak became the Air Force Academy's commander when he was credited with doubling the number of Air Force pilots and navigators during the pre-October War years.^[23] Two years later, he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force.

In 1972, Mubarak became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defense. On October 6, 1973, the Egyptian Air Force launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots hit 90% of their targets, making Mubarak a national hero.^[24] The next year he was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in recognition of service during the October War of 1973 against Israel.^[22][25] Mubarak was credited in some publications for Egypt's initial strong performance in the war.^[26] The Egyptian analyst Mohamed Hassanein Heikal said the Air Force played a mostly psychological role in the war, providing an inspirational sight for the Egyptian ground troops who carried out the crossing of the Suez Canal, rather than for any military necessity.^[27] Mubarak's was also disputed by Shahdan El-Shazli, the daughter of the former Egyptian military Chief of Staff Saad el-Shazly. She said Mubarak exaggerated his role in the 1973 war. In an interview with the Egyptian independent newspaper Almasry Alyoum (26 February 2011), El-Shazli said Mubarak altered documents to take credit for the initial success of the Egyptian forces in 1973 from her father. She also said photographs pertaining to the discussions in the military command room were altered and Saad El-Shazli was erased and replaced with Mubarak. She stated she intends to take legal action.^[28]

Vice President of Egypt

In April 1975, Sadat appointed Mubarak Vice President of Egypt. In this position, he took part in government consultations that dealt with the future disengagement of forces agreement with Israel.^[29] In September 1975, Mubarak went on a mission to Riyadh and Damascus to persuade the Saudi Arabian and Syrian governments to accept the disengagement agreement signed with the Israeli government ("Sinai II"), but was refused a meeting by the Syrian President Hafez Al-Assad.^[30][31] During his meetings with the Saudi government, Mubarak developed a friendship with the nation's powerful Crown Prince Fahd, whom Sadat had refused to meet or contact and who was now seen as major player who could help mend the failing relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia.^[32] Mubarak also developed friendships with several other important Arab figureheads, including Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud, Oman's Sultan Qaboos, Morocco's King Hassan II, and Sudan's President Jaafar Nimeiry.^[32]

Sadat also sent Mubarak to numerous meetings with foreign leaders outside the Arab world.^[33] Mubarak's political significance as Vice-President can be seen from a conversation held on 23 June 1975 between Foreign Minister Fahmy and US Ambassador Hermann Eilts. Fahmy told Eilts that "Mobarek [sic] is, for the time being at least, likely to be a regular participant in all sensitive meetings" and he advised the Ambassador not to antagonize Mubarak because he was Sadat's personal choice.^[30] Though supportive of Sadat's earlier efforts made to bring the Sinai Peninsula back into Egyptian control,^[32] Mubarak agreed with the views of various Arab figureheads and opposed the Camp David Accords for failing to address other issues relating to the Arab-Israeli conflict.^[32] Sadat even transferred his decisionmaking authority to Mubarak temporarily at times he went on vacations.^[34] This made Mubarak Sadat's most trusted politician.

President of Egypt

Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became the fourth president of Egypt and the chairman of the National Democratic Party (NDP).

Egypt's return to the Arab League

Until Libya's suspension from the Arab League at the beginning of the Libyan Civil War, Egypt was the only state in the history of the organization to have had its membership suspended because of President Sadat's peace treaty with Israel. In 1989, Egypt was re-admitted as a full member and the League's headquarters were moved to their original location in Cairo.^[35]

Gulf War of 1991

Egypt was a member of the allied coalition during the 1991 Gulf War; Egyptian infantry were some of the first to land in Saudi Arabia to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The US Government said Egypt's involvement in the coalition was crucial in gaining wider Arab support for the liberation of Kuwait. Egypt's participation in the war solidified its central role in the Arab World and brought financial benefits for the Egyptian government. Reports that sums of up to US$500,000 per soldier were paid or debt forgiven were published in the news media. According to The Economist:

The programme worked like a charm: a textbook case, says the [International Monetary Fund]. In fact, luck was on Hosni Mubarak's side; when the US was hunting for a military alliance to force Iraq out of Kuwait, Egypt's president joined without hesitation. After the war, his reward was that America, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Europe forgave Egypt around $20 billion of debt.^[36]

Governing style

Throughout the 1980s, Mubarak increased the production of affordable housing, clothing, furniture, and medicine. He closely monitored his officials; he dismissed ministers at the first sign of wrongdoing and fined members of parliament for unnecessary absences. By the time he became President, Mubarak was one of a few Egyptian officials who refused to visit Israel and vowed to take a less enthusiastic approach to normalizing relations with the Israeli government.^[32] Mubarak was quick to deny that his policies would result in difficulties for Egyptian-Israeli dealings in the future.^[32] Egypt's heavy dependence on US aid and its hopes for US pressure on Israel for a Palestinian settlement continued under Mubarak. He quietly improved relations with the former Soviet Union. In 1987, Mubarak won an election to a second six-year term.

In his early years in power, Mubarak expanded the Egyptian State Security Investigations Service (Mabahith Amn ad-Dawla) and the Central Security Forces (anti-riot and containment forces).^[37] According to Tarek Osman, the experience of seeing his predecessor assassinated "right in front of him" and his lengthy military career—which was longer than those of Nasser or Sadat—may have instilled in him more focus and absorption with security than seemed the case with the latter heads of state. Mubarak sought advice and confidence not in leading ministers, senior advisers or leading intellectuals, but from his security chiefs—"interior ministers, army commanders, and the heads of the ultra-influential intelligence services".^[38]

Because of his positions against Islamic fundamentalism and his diplomacy towards Israel, Mubarak was the target of repeated assassination attempts. According to the BBC, Mubarak survived six attempts on his life.^[39] In June 1995, there was an alleged assassination attempt involving noxious gases and Egyptian Islamic Jihad while Mubarak was in Ethiopia for a conference of the Organization of African Unity.^[40] Upon his return, Mubarak is said to have authorized bombings on Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya settlements, which by 1999 had seen 20,000 persons placed in detention related to the revolutionary Islamic organizations. He was also reportedly injured by a knife-wielding assailant in Port Said in September 1999.^[41]

Stance on the invasion of Iraq in 2003

President Mubarak spoke out against the 2003 Iraq War, arguing that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict should have been resolved first. He also said the war would cause "100 Bin Ladens".^[42] However, as President he did not support an immediate US withdrawal from Iraq because he believed it would probably lead to chaos.^[43]

2005 elections

President Mubarak was re-elected by majority votes in a referendum for successive terms on four occasions: in 1987, 1993, and 1999. No other candidates could run against the president because a restriction in the Egyptian constitution in which the People's Assembly played the main role in electing the President of the Republic. After increased domestic and international pressure for democratic reform in Egypt, Mubarak asked Parliament on 26 February 2005 to amend the constitution to allow multi-candidate presidential elections by September 2005. Previously, Mubarak secured his position by having himself nominated by Parliament then confirmed without opposition in a referendum.

The September 2005 ballot was a multiple-candidate election rather than a referendum, but the electoral institutions and security apparatus remain under the control of the President. On 28 July 2005, Mubarak announced his candidacy. The election was scheduled for 7 September 2005; according to civil organizations that observed the election it was marred by mass rigging activities.^[44] In a move widely seen as political persecution, Ayman Nour, a dissident and candidate for the El-Ghad Party ("Tomorrow party") was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years' hard labor on 24 December 2005.^[45]

State corruption during Mubarak's presidency

While in office, political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of the Interior rose dramatically. Political figures and young activists were imprisoned without trial.^[46] Illegal, undocumented, hidden detention facilities were established,^[47][48] and universities, mosques, and newspaper staff were rejected because of political inclination.^[49] Military officers were allowed to violate citizens' privacy using unconditioned arrests under Egypt's emergency law.

In 2005 Freedom House, a non-governmental organization that conducts research into democracy, reported that the Egyptian government under Mubarak expanded bureaucratic regulations, registration requirements, and other controls that often feed corruption. Freedom House said, "corruption remained a significant problem under Mubarak, who promised to do much, but in fact never did anything significant to tackle it effectively".^[50]

In 2010, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report.^[51]

Wealth and allegations of personal corruption

In February 2011, ABC News reported that experts believed the personal wealth of Mubarak and his family was between US$40 billion and US$70 billion from military contracts made during his time as an air force officer.^[52] The Guardian reported that Mubarak and his family might be worth up to US$70 billion garnered from corruption, bribes and legitimate business activities. The money was said to be spread out in various bank accounts, including some in Switzerland and the UK, and invested in foreign property. The newspaper said some of the information about the family's wealth might be ten years old.^[53] According to Newsweek, these allegations are poorly substantiated and lack credibility.^[54]

On 12 February 2011, the government of Switzerland announced it was freezing the Swiss bank accounts of Mubarak and his family.^[55] On 20 February 2011, the Egyptian Prosecutor General ordered the freezing of Mubarak's assets and those of his wife Suzanne, his sons Alaa and Gamal Mubarak, and his daughters-in-law Heidi Rasekh and Khadiga Gamal. The Prosecutor General also ordered the Egyptian Foreign Minister to communicate this to other countries where Mubarak and his family could have assets. This order came two days after Egyptian newspapers reported that Mubarak filed his financial statement.^[56] Egyptian regulations mandate government officials to submit a financial statement listing their assets and sources of income while performing government work. On 21 February 2011, the Egyptian Military Council, which was temporarily given the presidential authorities following 25 January 2011 Revolution, said it had no objection to a trial of Mubarak on charges of corruption.^[57]

On 23 February 2011, the Egyptian newspaper Eldostor reported that a "knowledgeable source" described the order of the Prosecutor General to freeze Mubarak's assets and the threats of a legal action as nothing but a signal for Mubarak to leave Egypt after a number of attempts were made to encourage him to leave willingly.^[58] In February 2011, Voice of America reported that Egypt's top prosecutor had ordered a travel ban and an asset freeze for Mubarak and his family as he considered further action.^[59] On 21 May 2014 a Cairo court convicted Mubarak and his sons of embezzling the equivalent of US$17.6 million of state funds which were allocated for renovation and maintenance of presidential palaces but were instead diverted to upgrade private family homes. The court ordered the repayment of US$17.6 million, fined the trio US$2.9 million, and sentenced Mubarak to three years in prison and each of his sons to four years.^[19]

Presidential succession

In 2009, US Ambassador Margaret Scobey said, "despite incessant whispered discussions, no one in Egypt has any certainty about who will eventually succeed Mubarak nor under what circumstances."^[60] She said presidential son Gamal Mubarak was the most likely successor; some said intelligence chief Omar Suleiman might seek the office, or Arab League Secretary-General Amr Moussa might stand.^[60] President Mubarak and his son denied this; they said "a multi-candidate electoral system introduced in 2005 has made the political process more transparent".^[61] Nigerian Tribune journalist Abiodun Awolaja described a possible succession by Gamal Mubarak as a "hereditary pseudo-monarchy".^[62]

The National Democratic Party of Egypt continued to state that Hosni Mubarak was to be the party's only candidate in the 2011 Presidential Election. Mubarak said on 1 February 2011 that he had no intention of standing in the 2011 presidential election. When this declaration failed to ease the protests, Mubarak's vice president stated that Gamal Mubarak would not run for president. With the escalation of the demonstration and the fall of Mubarak, Hamdy El-Sayed, a former influential figure in the National Democratic Party, said Gamal Mubarak intended to usurp the presidency, assisted by then Interior Minister, Habib El-Adly.^[63]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

During his presidency, Mubarak upheld the U.S. brokered Camp David Accords treaty signed between Egypt and Israel in 1978. Mubarak, on occasion also hosted meetings relating to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and made a number of attempts to serve as a broker between them.^[64] Mubarak was concerned that Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson didn't trust him on the issue and considered meeting him in New York.^[65]

In October 2000, Mubarak hosted an emergency summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheikh to discuss the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In attendance were: U.S. President Bill Clinton, P.L.O. Chairman Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, King Abdullah of Jordan, NATO Sec. General Javier Solana, and U.N. Sec. General Kofi Annan.^[24]

Mubarak was involved in the Arab League, supporting Arab efforts to achieve a lasting peace in the region. At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative,^[66] a Saudi-inspired plan to end the Arab–Israeli conflict.

In June 2007, Mubarak held a summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheik with King Abdullah II of Jordan, President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. On 19 June 2008, the Egypt-brokered pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas went into effect.^[67][68] According to The New York Times, neither side fully respected the terms of the ceasefire.^[69]

The agreement required Hamas to end rocket attacks on Israel and to enforce the ceasefire throughout Gaza. In exchange, Hamas expected the blockade to end, commerce in Gaza to resume, and truck shipments to be restored to 2005 levels.^[69][70] Israel tied an easing of the blockade to a reduction in rocket fire and gradually re-opened supply lines and permitted around 90 daily truck shipments to enter Gaza.^[71] Hamas criticized Israel for its continued blockade^[72] while Israel accused Hamas of continued weapons smuggling via tunnels to Egypt and pointed to continued rocket attacks.^[69]

In 2009, Mubarak's government banned the Cairo Anti-war Conference, which had criticised his lack of action against Israel.^[73]

Revolution and overthrow

Mass protests against Mubarak and his regime erupted in Cairo and other Egyptian cities on 25 January 2011. On 1 February, Mubarak announced he would not contest the presidential election due in September. He also promised constitutional reform.^[74] This did not satisfy most protesters, who expected Mubarak to depart immediately.^[75] The demonstrations continued and on 2 February, violent clashes occurred between pro-Mubarak and anti-Mubarak protesters.^[76]

On 10 February, contrary to rumours,^[77] Mubarak said he would not resign until the September election, though he would be delegating responsibilities to Vice President Omar Suleiman. The next day, Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned.^[6] The announcement sparked cheers, flag-waving, and celebrations from protesters in Egypt. Discussions about the nation's future direction began.^[78] It had been suggested that Egypt be put in the hands of a caretaker government.^[79]

Protests

On 25 January 2011, protests against Mubarak and his government erupted in Cairo and around Egypt calling for Mubarak's resignation.^[78] Mubarak stated in a speech that he would not leave, and would die on Egyptian soil. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei paid no attention to Mubarak's remarks^[78] and labeled it as a trick designed to help Mubarak to stay in power.^[79] In a state televised broadcast on 1 February 2011, Mubarak announced that he would not seek re-election in September but would like to finish his current term and promised constitutional reform. This compromise was not acceptable for the protestors and violent demonstrations occurred in front of the Presidential Palace. On 11 February, then Vice President Omar Suleiman announced Mubarak had resigned and that power would be turned over to the Egyptian military.

Two and a half hours after Mubarak's resignation, an Egyptian military member came on air and thanked Mubarak for "putting the interests of the country first." The statement, which said "The Supreme Council is currently studying the situation," did not state what the council would do next.^[80]

Post-resignation

Mubarak made no media appearances after his resignation. Except for his family and a close circle of aides, he reportedly refused to talk to anyone—even his supporters. His health was speculated to be rapidly deteriorating; some reports said he was in a coma. Most sources said he was no longer interested in performing any duties and wanted to "die in Sharm El-Sheikh".^[81][82]

On 28 February 2011, the General Prosecutor of Egypt issued an order prohibiting Mubarak and his family from leaving Egypt. It was reported that Mubarak was in contact with his lawyer in case of possible criminal charges against him.^[83] As a result, Mubarak and his family were placed under house arrest at a presidential palace in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh.^[84] On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor originally appointed by Mubarak ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power amid growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the revolution. Gamal and Alaa were jailed in Tora Prison; state television reported that Mubarak was in police custody in a hospital near his residence following a heart attack.^[8] Former Israeli Cabinet minister Benjamin Ben Eliezer told Israeli Radio that he had offered Mubarak refuge in the southern Israeli city of Eilat.^[85]

On 11 May 2013, he told El-Watan in his first media appearance since his resignation said, "History will judge and I am still certain that the coming generations will view me fairly." He added that President Mohammed Morsi faced a tough time and that it was too early to judge him.^[86]

Trial

On 24 May 2011, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protesters during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and, if convicted, could face the death penalty. The decision to try Mubarak was made days before a scheduled protest in Tahrir Square. The full list of charges released by the public prosecutor was "intentional murder, attempted killing of some demonstrators ... misuse of influence, deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully making private financial gains and profits".^[9]

On 28 May, a Cairo administrative court found Mubarak guilty of damaging the national economy during the protests by shutting down the Internet and telephone services. He was fined LE200 million—about US$33.6 million—which the court ordered he must pay from his personal assets. This was the first court ruling against Mubarak, who would next have to answer to the murder charges.^[87][88]

The trial of Hosni Mubarak, his sons Ala'a and Gamal, former interior minister Habib el-Adly and six former top police officials began on 3 August 2011 at a temporary criminal court at the Police Academy in north Cairo. They were charged with corruption and the premeditated killing of peaceful protesters during the mass movement to oust the Mubarak government, the latter of which carries the death penalty.^[89] The trial was broadcast on Egyptian television; Mubarak made an unexpected appearance—his first since his resignation. He was taken into the court on a hospital bed and held in a cage for the session. Upon hearing the charges against him, Mubarak pleaded not guilty. Judge Ahmed Refaat adjourned the court, ruling that Mubarak be transferred under continued arrest to the military hospital on the outskirts of Cairo. The second court session scheduled for 15 August.^[90] On 15 August, the resumed trial lasted three hours. At the end of the session, Rifaat announced that the third session would take place on 5 September and that the remainder of the proceedings would be off-limits to television cameras.^[91]

The trial resumed in December 2011 and lasted until January 2012. The defense strategy was that Mubarak never actually resigned, was still president, and thus had immunity.^[92] On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was found guilty of not halting the killing of protesters by the Egyptian security forces; he sentenced to life imprisonment.^[93] The court found Mubarak not guilty of ordering the crackdown on Egyptian protesters. All other charges against Mubarak, including profiteering and economic fraud, were dismissed. Mubarak's sons, Habib el-Adly, and six senior police officials were all acquitted for their roles in the killing of demonstrators because of a lack of evidence.^[94] According to The Guardian, the relatives of those killed by Mubarak's forces were angered by the verdict.^[95][96] Thousands of demonstrators protested the verdict in Tahrir Square, Arbein Square and Al-Qaed Ibrahim Square.^[96]

In January 2013, an appeals court overturned Mubarak's life sentence and ordered a retrial.^[97] He remained in custody and returned to court on 11 May 2013 for a retrial on charges of complicity in the murder of protesters.^[98] On 21 August 2013, a Cairo court ordered his release. Judicial sources confirmed that the court had upheld a petition from Mubarak’s longtime lawyer that called for his release.^[99]

In November 2014, conspiracy to kill charges were dismissed by the Cairo Criminal Court on a technicality.^[100] As the court also cleared Mubarak of his corruption charges he will likely be released within months, after he has served the remainder of his three-year embezzlement sentence.^[101]

Support for al-Sisi

Though mostly out of the public eye, Mubarak granted a rare interview in February 2014 with Kuwaiti journalist Fajer al-Saeed, expressing support for military leader Abdel Fatah al-Sisi as the next president of Egypt, recognizing that al-Sisi was working to restore the confidence of the Egyptian people. "The people want Sisi, and the people’s will shall prevail," Mubarak noted. Mubarak also expressed great admiration and gratitude towards the late Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan al-Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates and his children, for their continuous support of Egypt and its people. However, Mubarak expressed his dislike of opposition politician Hamdeen Sabbahi, a Nasserist following the policies of Gamal Abdel Nasser.^[102]

Health problems

In July 2010, the media said Egypt was about to undergo dramatic change because Mubarak was thought to have cancer and because of the scheduled 2011 presidential election. Intelligence sources said he had esophageal cancer,^[103] stomach or pancreatic cancer; this was denied by Egyptian authorities.^[104][105] Speculation about his ill health increased after his resignation from the presidency.^[106] According to Egyptian media, Mubarak's condition worsened after he went into exile in Sharm el-Sheikh. He was reportedly depressed, refused to take medications, and was slipping in and out of consciousness. According to the source—an unnamed Egyptian security official—"Mubarak wants to be left alone and die in his homeland". The source denied that Mubarak was writing his memoirs, stating that he was almost completely unconscious.^[107] After his resignation, Egypt's ambassador to the United States Sameh Shoukry reported that his personal sources said Mubarak "is possibly in somewhat of bad health", while several Egyptian and Saudi Arabian newspapers reported that Mubarak was in a coma and close to death.^[108] On 12 April 2011, it was reported that he had been hospitalized after suffering a heart attack during questioning over possible corruption charges.^[109]

In June 2011, Mubarak's lawyer Farid el-Deeb said his client "has stomach cancer, and the cancer is growing".^[110] Mubarak had undergone surgery for the condition in Germany in 2010 and also suffered from circulatory problems with an irregular heart beat.^[110] On 13 July 2011, unconfirmed reports stated that Mubarak had slipped into a coma at his residence after giving his final speech, and on 17 July, el-Deeb confirmed the reports.^[111] On 26 July 2011, Mubarak was reported to be depressed and refusing solid food while in hospital being treated for a heart condition and in custody awaiting trial.^[112]

On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was reported as have suffered a health crisis while being transported to prison after his conviction on the charges of complicity in the killing of protestors. Some sources reported he had had a heart attack.^[113][114] Further reports stated that Mubarak's health continued to decline; some said he had to be treated with a defibrillator.^[115][116] On 27 December 2012, Mubarak was taken from Tora Prison to the Cairo military hospital after falling and breaking a rib. He was released from prison in August 2013.^[117]

In a new development, on 19 June 2014, Mubarak slipped in the bathroom at the military hospital in Cairo where he is being held and broke his left leg, also fracturing his left thighbone, requiring surgery. Mubarak is serving a three year sentence for corruption and is also awaiting retrial regarding the killing of protesters during his regime. At one time, his release was ordered. However, Mubarak has remained at the military hospital since January 2014 due to his ongoing health issues.^[118]

Personal life

Hosni Mubarak was married to Suzanne Mubarak and had two sons; Alaa, and Gamal. Both sons are serving four years in Egyptian jail for corruption.^[118] Through his son Alaa Mubarak had two grandsons Muhammed and Omar and through his son Gamal he had a granddaughter Farida.

Political and military posts

Chairman of the Non-aligned Movement Re-elected for a fifth term of office (2005) Chairman of the G-15 (1998 & 2002) Re-elected for a fourth term of office (1999) Chairman of the Arab Summit since June (1996) Chairman of the OAU (1993–94) Re-elected for a third term of office (1993) Chairman of the OAU (1989–90) Re-elected for a second term of office (1987) President of the National Democratic Party (1982)

President of the Republic (1981) Vice-President of the National Democratic Party (NDP) (1979) Vice-President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (1975) Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General / Air Marshal (1974) Commander of the Air Force and Deputy Minister of Defense (1972) Chief of Staff of the Air Force (1969) Director of the Air Force Academy (1968) Commander of Cairo West Air Base (1964) Joined Frunze Military Academy, USSR (1964) Lecturer in Air Force Academy (1952–59)

Awards

• Mubarak was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award in 1995.^[119]
• Honor Star Medal twice.^[120]
• Military Training medal.^[120]
• Military Honor Medal Knight Rank from the President of Syria.^[120]
• Honor Star Medal from the PLO.^[120]
• Decoration of King Abdul Aziz-Excellent Degree from King Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saoud.^[120]
• Hamayon Merit from Emperor Mohamed Reda Bahlawy [Muhammad Reza Phalavi, Iran].^[120]

Monument

A monument to Hosni Mubarak was erected in 2007 in Xırdalan (Azerbaijan).^[121]

See also

• Saad Eddin Ibrahim

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hosni Mubarak.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Hosni Mubarak

• President Mubarak at the Wayback Machine (archived January 7, 2007) at the official Egyptian government site
• Air Marshal Hosni Mubarak at the official Egyptian Air Force site
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Hosni Mubarak at the Internet Movie Database
• Hosni Mubarak collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
• Hosni Mubarak collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Hosni Mubarak collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Works by or about Hosni Mubarak in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Profile: Hosni Mubarak, BBC News, 1 February 2011
• Hosni Mubarak: The Last Pharaoh, slideshow by Life magazine
• European Parliament Resolution on Egypt's Human Rights Situation, 16 January 2008

Military offices
Preceded by Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros	Director of the Egyptian Air Academy 1967–1969	Succeeded by Mahmoud Shaker
Preceded by Ali Mustafa Baghdady	Commander of the Egyptian Air Force 1972–1975	Succeeded by Mahmoud Shaker
Political offices
Preceded by Hussein el-Shafei	Vice President of Egypt 1975–1981	Vacant Title next held by Omar Suleiman
Preceded by Anwar El Sadat	Prime Minister of Egypt 1981–1982	Succeeded by Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin
Preceded by Sufi Abu Taleb Acting	President of Egypt 1981–2011	Succeeded by Mohamed Morsi
Party political offices
Preceded by Anwar El Sadat	Chairman of the National Democratic Party 1982–2011	Succeeded by Ahmed Shafik
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Moussa Traoré	Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity 1989–1990	Succeeded by Yoweri Museveni
Preceded by Abdou Diouf	Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity 1993–1994	Succeeded by Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Preceded by Raúl Castro	Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement 2009–2011	Succeeded by Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Acting

Egyptian Crisis (2011–14) Part of the Arab Spring Timeline Mubarak government Revolution of 2011 Timeline Resignation of Hosni Mubarak Domestic responses International reactions Tantawi government Timeline Muslim Brotherhood (post-Mubarak) Trials and judicial hearings Human rights in Egypt under the SCAF Reform process Constitutional review committee 2011 constitutional referendum 2011 Constitutional Declaration 2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt Maspero demonstrations November 2011 Tahrir clashes Port Said Stadium riot Elections 2011–12 parliamentary election 2012 Shura Council election 2012 presidential election Morsi government Timeline Reform process Constituent Assembly 2012 constitutional referendum 2012 Constitution 2012–13 protests June 2013 protests 2013 coup d'état Mansour government 2013–14 post-coup unrest Republican Guard HQ clashes August 2013 Rabaa Massacre Kerdasa massacre Battle of Kerdasa Bombings December 2013 Mansoura January 2014 Cairo Reform process 2014 constitutional referendum 2014 Constitution 2014 presidential election Sinai insurgency Operation Eagle August 2011 attacks August 2012 attack Operation Sinai 2014 Taba bus bombing October 2014 attacks Places Cairo Tahrir Square Qasr al-Nil Bridge Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque 6th October Bridge Alexandria Sidi Bishr Mubarak government Presidency Hosni Mubarak (President) Omar Suleiman (Vice President) Cabinet Ahmed Nazif (Prime Minister, Cabinet) Ahmed Shafik (Prime Minister, Cabinet) Ahmed Aboul Gheit (Foreign Minister) Habib el-Adly (Interior Minister) NDP figures Gamal Mubarak Ahmed Ezz Zakaria Azmi Ahmad Fathi Sorour Safwat El-Sherif Hussein Salem Tantawi government Armed Forces Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (Chairman) Sami Hafez Anan Mohab Mamish Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen Cabinet Kamal Ganzouri (Prime Minister) Mohamed Kamel Amr (Foreign Minister) Morsi government Presidency Mohamed Morsi (President) Mahmoud Mekki (Vice President) Cabinet Hesham Qandil (Prime Minister, Cabinet) Mohamed Kamel Amr (Foreign Minister) Ahmed Gamal el-Din (Interior Minister) FJP figures Khairat El-Shater Mohammed Badie Essam el-Erian Saad El-Katatni Mohamed Beltagy Safwat Hegazi Opposition groups Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution We are all Khaled Said April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Revolutionary Socialists Strong Egypt Party Costa Salafis Al-Ahly Ultras Zamalek’s Ultras White Knights Mosireen National Association for Change Muslim Brotherhood Youth Tamarod The Third Square Masmou3 Road of the Revolution Front Opposition figures Mohamed ElBaradei Hamdeen Sabahi Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh Bothaina Kamel George Ishak Mohamed Soliman Khaled Ali Kamal Khalil Kamal Abbas Ayman Nour Kamal el-Fayoumi Sameh Naguib Hisham Bastawisy Activists Wael Ghonim Mahmoud Badr Ahmed Maher Hossam el-Hamalawy Gihan Ibrahim Wael Khalil Wael Abbas Nawara Negm Alaa Abd El-Fattah Mona Seif Asmaa Mahfouz Israa Abdel Fattah Maikel Nabil Sanad Ahmed Douma Mohammed Adel

Arab Spring "Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam" Events by country Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iraq Iranian Khuzestan Israeli borders Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Western Sahara Yemen Groups Bahrain: Al Wefaq February 14 Youth Coalition Egypt: April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Muslim Brotherhood (FJP) National Association for Change National Democratic Party National Salvation Front Revolutionary Socialists Shayfeencom Tamarod The Third Square Ultras Ahlawy Libya: National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Mauritania: February 25th Movement Saudi Arabia: Women to drive movement CDHRAP Society for Development and Change Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Regional Command National Command National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Hizb ut-Tahrir Foreign fighters Tunisia: Constitutional Democratic Rally Ennahda Movement Popular Front Tunisian General Labour Union Yemen: Alliance of Yemeni Tribes Al-Islah Hashid Houthis General People's Congress Hiraak Notable people Women in the Arab Spring Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ouyahia Bahrain: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Hasan Mushaima Ali Salman Ali Jawad al-Sheikh Egypt: Hosni Mubarak Omar Suleiman Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Wael Ghonim Kamal Ganzouri Khaled Mohamed Saeed Gihan Ibrahim Essam Sharaf Mohamed ElBaradei Mohamed Morsi Hesham Qandil Bassem Youssef Adly Mansour Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Jordan: King Abdullah II Marouf al-Bakhit Samir Rifai Libya: Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam Gaddafi Mustafa Abdul Jalil Mahmoud Jibril Mohammed Nabbous Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Morocco: Mohammed VI Abbas El Fassi Saudi Arabia: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Khaled al-Johani Manal al-Sharif Sudan: Omar al-Bashir Hassan al-Turabi Syria: Bashar al-Assad Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al-Halqi Maher al-Assad Burhan Ghalioun Moaz al-Khatib Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Mohamed Ghannouchi Moncef Marzouki Fouad Mebazaa Beji Caid Essebsi Hamadi Jebali Mohamed Bouazizi Chokri Belaid United Arab Emirates: Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum UAE Five Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi Tawakkol Karman Abdul Majeed al-Zindani Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Sadiq al-Ahmar Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Mohammed Ali al-Houthi Impact Arab Winter Occupy movement Albania Armenia Azerbaijan 2011 2013 Belarus Burkina Faso China Greece India 2011 2012 Iran Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Maldives Mali Mexico 2011 2012 Portugal Russia Spain Turkey 2011–12 2013 United Kingdom United States UN Resolutions 65/265 1970 1973 2009 2014 2016 International reactions Bahrain Egypt Libya civil war military intervention death of Muammar Gaddafi Syria Tunisia Yemen Domestic reactions Egypt Libya domestic responses state's response Syria Timelines by country Bahrain Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Syria Yemen Category ] Commons Wikiquotes

Presidents of Egypt (List) Muhammad Naguib Gamal Abdel Nasser Anwar Sadat Sufi Abu Taleb Hosni Mubarak SCAF Mohamed Morsi Adly Mansour Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Italic: acting president

Prime Ministers of Egypt (List) Khedivate (1878–1914) Nubar Isma'il1 Tewfik Sharif Tewfik1 Riyad Sharif el-Baroudi Raghib2 Sharif Nubar Riyad Fahmi Fahri Riyad Nubar Fahmi Ghali Said Rushdi Sultanate (1914–1922) Rushdi Said Wahba Nasim Yakan Kingdom (1922–1953) Sarwat Nasim Y. Ibrahim Zaghlul Ziwar Yakan Sarwat Nahhas Mahmoud Yakan Nahhas I. Sedki A. Yahya Nasim Mahir Nahhas Mahmoud Ali Mahir H. Sabry Sirri Nahhas Ahmad Mahir Nukrashi I. Sedki Nukrashi Hadi Sirri Nahhas Ali Mahir Hilali Sirri Hilali Ali Mahir Naguib3 Republic (1953–present) Naguib3 Nasser3 Naguib3 Nasser3,4 A. Sabri4 Z. Mohieddin4 Sulayman4 Nasser4 Fawzi4 A. Sedki Sadat Hegazi Salem Khalil Sadat Mubarak A. F. Mohieddin Ali Lutfi A. M. N. Sedki Ganzouri Ebeid Nazif Shafik Sharaf Ganzouri Qandil Beblawi1 Mahlab Notes ^1 interim ^2 Orabi ^3 headed a government in rebellion, July–September 1882, beginning during Raghib's term ^4 UAR period

Egypt topics History Ancient Achaemenid Ptolemaic Roman Christian Muslim Ottoman Muhammad Ali dynasty Khedivate Modern British occupation Sultanate Kingdom Republic Nasser era Sadat era Mubarak era Crisis since 2011 Geography Climate Deserts Lakes Mountains Suez Canal Wildlife Politics Constitution Crime Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Supreme Council Political parties President list Prime Minister list Subdivisions cities governorates regions Economy Agriculture Companies Egyptian pound Energy Environmental issues International rankings Internet Mining National Bank Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports Water supply and sanitation Society Demographics Education Healthcare Human rights LGBT Public holidays Smoking Culture Cuisine Flag Egyptians Languages Media Music Olympics Religion Outline Index Book Category Portal WikiProject

Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity and the African Union OAU Selassie Nasser Nkrumah Ankrah Selassie Mobutu Boumedienne Ahidjo Kaunda Daddah Hassan II Gowon Barre Amin Ramgoolam Bongo Nimeiry Tolbert Senghor Stevens Moi Mengistu Nyerere Diouf Nguesso Kaunda Traoré Mubarak Museveni Babangida Diouf Mubarak Ben Ali Meles Biya Mugabe Compaoré Bouteflika Eyadéma Chiluba Mwanawasa AU Mbeki Chissano Obasanjo Nguesso Kufuor Kikwete Gaddafi Mutharika Nguema Boni Hailemariam Abdel Aziz Mugabe

Secretaries-General of the Non-Aligned Movement Tito Nasser Kaunda Boumédienne Gopallawa Jayewardene F. Castro Reddy Singh Mugabe Drnovšek Jović Mesić Kostić Ćosić Suharto Samper Pastrana Mandela Mbeki Mahathir Abdullah F. Castro R. Castro Mubarak Tantawi Morsi Ahmadinejad Rouhani

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 2664478 LCCN: n83198443 GND: 118817213 BNF: cb13973486z (data)